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Guedes J, da Costa Neto AB, Fernandes BF, Faneli AC, Ferreira MA, Amaral DC, Mora-Paez DJ, Ambrósio R. Myopia Prevalence in Latin American Children and Adolescents: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Cureus 2024; 16:e63482. [PMID: 38952594 PMCID: PMC11216118 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.63482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/03/2024] Open
Abstract
Although myopia is a growing global concern, comprehensive studies on its prevalence among Latin American (LATAM) children and adolescents are still lacking. Thus, we conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the prevalence of myopia in LATAM children and adolescents aged three to 20. The study conducted a thorough literature search from January 1, 1975, to February 28, 2023, identifying 24 studies on the prevalence of myopia in LATAM that met the inclusion criteria. Quality assessment and standardized data collection were performed. The meta-analysis used a random-effects model due to heterogeneity and calculated prevalence rates. Finally, the analysis of data from 24 eligible studies revealed a myopia prevalence of 8.61% (range 0.80-47.36%, 95% confidence interval (CI): 5.22-13.87%, p < 0.05) among 165,721 LATAM children and adolescents. No significant age-based associations or temporal trends were observed in this study. Studies with non-cycloplegic or objective assessment exhibited a numerically higher, although statistically non-significant, myopia prevalence (10.62%, 95% CI: 4.9-21.6%) compared to studies using cycloplegia (7.17%, 95% CI: 3.40-14.50%). In conclusion, myopia affects approximately one in 11 LATAM children and adolescents. Given the increasing exposure of LATAM youth to known myopia risk factors, such as extensive near-work, online learning, and limited outdoor activities, it is crucial to monitor myopia trends in this region. Further research is imperative to address and prevent myopia in LATAM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Guedes
- Ophthalmology, Glaucoma Research Center, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, USA
| | | | | | - Adriano C Faneli
- Medicine, Bahiana School of Public Health and Medicine, Salvador, BRA
| | | | - Dillan Cunha Amaral
- Faculty of Medicine, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, BRA
| | - Denisse J Mora-Paez
- Ophthalmology, Glaucoma Research Center, Wills Eye Hospital, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Renato Ambrósio
- Department of Ophthalmology, Federal University of the State of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, BRA
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Ramírez-Ortiz MA, Amato-Almanza M, Romero-Bautista I, Klunder-Klunder M, Aguirre-Luna O, Kuzhda I, Resnikoff S, Eckert KA, Lansingh VC. A large-scale analysis of refractive errors in students attending public primary schools in Mexico. Sci Rep 2023; 13:13509. [PMID: 37598286 PMCID: PMC10439951 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-40810-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2023] [Accepted: 08/16/2023] [Indexed: 08/21/2023] Open
Abstract
A cross-sectional, retrospective study was conducted from September 2013 through July 2014 to determine the prevalence of refractive errors among students attending public primary schools in Mexico. Among 3,861,156 students at 14,566 public primary schools in all 32 states of Mexico, teachers identified reduced visual acuity in 1,253,589 (32.5%) using visual acuity measurement. Optometrists confirmed 391,498 [31.2%, mean (SD) age: 8.8 (1.9) years; 204,110 girls (52.9%)] had refractive errors using visual acuity measurement and noncycloplegic static retinoscopy. Among 288,537 (72.4%) of children with previous eyeglasses usage data reported, 241,505 (83.7%) had uncorrected refractive errors. Before prescription eyeglasses were provided, 281,891 students (72%) had logMAR visual acuity ≤ 0.2; eyeglasses corrected vision loss in 85.6% (n = 241,352) of them. Simple myopic astigmatism was the most frequent refractive error (25.7%, n = 100,545). Astigmatism > - 1.00 diopters was present in 54.6% of all students with ametropia. The anisometropia rate based on spherical equivalent difference between right and left eye ≥ 1.50 diopters was 3.9% (n = 15,402). Uncorrected refractive errors are an important issue in primary school students in Mexico. An updated study is needed to analyze the evolving trends over the past decade.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mónica Amato-Almanza
- Ophthalmology Department, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | | | - Oswaldo Aguirre-Luna
- Ophthalmology Department, Hospital Infantil de México Federico Gómez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Iryna Kuzhda
- Ophthalmology Department, Ivano-Frankivsk National Medical University, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ukraine
| | - Serge Resnikoff
- Brien Holden Vision Institute, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- School of Optometry and Vision Science, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | | | - Van Charles Lansingh
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.
- HelpMeSee, New York, NY, USA.
- See Better to Learn Better Foundation, Mexico City, Mexico.
- Instituto Mexicano de Oftalmología, Av. Armando Birlain Shaffler S/N, Centro Sur, 76090, Santiago de Querétaro, QRO, Mexico.
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Santiago HC, Rullán M, Ortiz K, Rivera A, Nieves M, Piña J, Torres Z, Mercado Y. Prevalence of refractive errors in children of Puerto Rico. Int J Ophthalmol 2023; 16:434-441. [PMID: 36935800 PMCID: PMC10009595 DOI: 10.18240/ijo.2023.03.15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To determine the prevalence of refractive error in 5- to 17-year-old schoolchildren in Puerto Rico. METHODS A quantitative descriptive study of 2867 children aged 5 to 17y from all seven educational regions of Puerto Rico was conducted from 2016-2019. Refractive error was determined via static and subjective refraction. Children with distance acuity ≤20/40 or near visual acuity ≤20/32 had a cycloplegic refraction. Data analysis included descriptive statistics, correlation coefficient, Kruskal-Wallis, Chi-square, and t test calculations. RESULTS Twenty percent of the children had a spherical equivalent refractive error ≤ -0.50 D, 3.2% had a spherical equivalent ≥ +2.00 D, and 10.4% had astigmatism ≥1 D. There was a statistically (but non-clinically) significant myopic change in spherical equivalent refractive error with age (P<0.001). The prevalence of myopia increased with age (P<0.001) but not hyperopia (P=0.59) or astigmatism (P=0.51). Males had a significantly higher hyperopic spherical equivalent than females (P<0.001). Females had a higher prevalence of myopia (P<0.001) than males, but there was no difference in the hyperopia (P=0.74) or astigmatism prevalence (P=0.87). CONCLUSION The prevalence of a spherical equivalent equal to or less than -0.50 D (myopia, 20.7%) is one of the highest among similar-aged children worldwide. Further studies should explore the rate of myopia progression in children in Puerto Rico. Individual children must be monitored to examine the need for treatment of myopia progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Héctor C Santiago
- Inter American University of Puerto Rico, School of Optometry, 500 John Will Harris, Bayamón, Puerto Rico 00957, USA
| | - Mayra Rullán
- Inter American University of Puerto Rico, School of Optometry, 500 John Will Harris, Bayamón, Puerto Rico 00957, USA
| | - Katerin Ortiz
- Inter American University of Puerto Rico, School of Optometry, 500 John Will Harris, Bayamón, Puerto Rico 00957, USA
| | - Andrés Rivera
- Inter American University of Puerto Rico, School of Optometry, 500 John Will Harris, Bayamón, Puerto Rico 00957, USA
| | - Mónica Nieves
- Inter American University of Puerto Rico, School of Optometry, 500 John Will Harris, Bayamón, Puerto Rico 00957, USA
| | - José Piña
- Inter American University of Puerto Rico, School of Optometry, 500 John Will Harris, Bayamón, Puerto Rico 00957, USA
| | - Zulmaris Torres
- Inter American University of Puerto Rico, School of Optometry, 500 John Will Harris, Bayamón, Puerto Rico 00957, USA
| | - Yvette Mercado
- Inter American University of Puerto Rico, School of Optometry, 500 John Will Harris, Bayamón, Puerto Rico 00957, USA
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Wu Q, Tian Q, Zhang X, Xu J, Tang G, Li R, Guo X, Xu Z, Feng J, Song J, Bi H. Prevalence of Refractive Error and Visual Acuity Among School Children in the Plateau Region of Qinghai, China. Int J Gen Med 2021; 14:5795-5805. [PMID: 34557031 PMCID: PMC8453643 DOI: 10.2147/ijgm.s326046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2021] [Accepted: 09/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of refractive error and visual acuity among school children in the plateau region of Qinghai, China. Methods The school-based, cross-sectional study was performed in Menyuan, Qinghai, China. Three kindergartens and three primary schools were randomly enrolled from both rural areas and county towns. The participants had undergone ophthalmic examinations of the intraocular pressure (IOP), uncorrected visual acuity (UCVA), presenting visual acuity (PVA) and best corrected visual acuity (BCVA), cycloplegic refraction, and axial length (AL). Regression analysis was applied to investigate the potential risk factors affecting the prevalence of various refractive errors. Results A total of 3770 children were invited to participate, and 3524 (93.5%) had undergone examination. Among the 3524 children (51.8% boys) with a mean age of 8.3±2.3 years, 1049 (29.8%) had myopia, 30 (0.9%) had high myopia, 1692 (48.0%) had mild hyperopia, 152 (4.3%) had medium to marked hyperopia and 925 (26.2%) had astigmatism. The mean SER was −0.16±1.86 D and decreased with age. The AL increased with age from 21.80±0.59 mm at 4-years to 23.53±1.05 mm at 12-years. The myopia prevalence increased with age from 2.0% at 4 years to 62.8% at 12-years. Myopia was associated with increasing age, county town habitation and girls. Among the 723 participants with PVA 20/40 or worse in one eye, 564 (78.0%) were due to uncorrected refractive error, and 83 (22.0%) were due to undercorrected refractive error. Among the 1049 children with myopia, only 254 wore glasses, and 151 children with PVA had a worse BCVA and did not have accurate spectacles. Conclusion The prevalence of myopia is very high among school children in Menyuan. Only 24.2% of myopic children wore glasses, and 59.4% of children did not have accurate spectacles. Strategies to improve access to eye care and affordable glasses are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuxin Wu
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China.,Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Eye Institute of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingmei Tian
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China.,Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Eye Institute of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuyan Zhang
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China.,Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Eye Institute of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Xu
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, People's Republic of China
| | - Guodong Tang
- Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, People's Republic of China
| | - Runkuan Li
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoxiao Guo
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Zongqing Xu
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiaojiao Feng
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China
| | - Jike Song
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China.,Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Eye Institute of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine for Eye Diseases, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmology and Children Visual Impairment Prevention and Control, Shandong Engineering Technology Research Center of Visual Intelligence, Shandong Institute of Children Health and Myopia Prevention and Control, Jinan, 250002, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongsheng Bi
- Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250014, People's Republic of China.,Affiliated Eye Hospital of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases, Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Prevention and Therapy of Ocular Diseases in Universities of Shandong, Eye Institute of Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, 250002, People's Republic of China.,Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Integrative Medicine for Eye Diseases, Shandong Provincial Clinical Research Center of Ophthalmology and Children Visual Impairment Prevention and Control, Shandong Engineering Technology Research Center of Visual Intelligence, Shandong Institute of Children Health and Myopia Prevention and Control, Jinan, 250002, People's Republic of China
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Wangtiraumnuay N, Trichaiyaporn S, Lueangaram S, Surukrattanaskul S, Wongkittirux K. Prevalence of Prescription Glasses in the First-Grade Thai Students (7-8 Years Old). CLINICAL OPTOMETRY 2021; 13:235-242. [PMID: 34377043 PMCID: PMC8349202 DOI: 10.2147/opto.s323999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE To study the prevalence of the prescription glasses given to first-grade students due to the "Good Sight for Thai Children" (GSTC) policy. METHODS This was a cross-sectional study that examined all prescription glasses given to first-grade students throughout Thailand, after visual screening due to the GSTC policy between 2016 and 2017. Trained class teachers screened their students' visual acuity and referred children who had less than 20/40 visual acuity in either eye to a hospital for an eye examination and prescription glasses. RESULTS A total of 786,729 students were screened. Of these, 20,401 (2.59%) students were referred to hospital. However, only 9867 (48.37%) students presented to a hospital. Glasses were prescribed for 5324 (53.96%) students following cycloplegic refraction by ophthalmologists or trained refractionists. The mean spherical equivalent was -1.08 (-19.00 to +10.00, SD 2.32) diopters. There were 1626 (30.54%) children at amblyopic risk without glasses. A 5.49% had high myopia (< -6 diopters), 5.22% had high hyperopia (> +5 diopters) and 27.82% had high astigmatism (>2 diopters). A cylindrical lens analysis showed that 81.53% had with-the-rule astigmatism, 4.07% had against-the-rule astigmatism, and 14.40% had oblique astigmatism. CONCLUSION Although the reliable prevalence of refractive error cannot be estimated, the prevalence of visual impairment may be estimated. There were a number of students who required glasses. The astigmatism was the most common refractive error on prescription glasses for first-grade children. With-the-rule astigmatism was the most prevalent. The visual screening program of school children proved to be valuable and should be continued and developed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nutsuchar Wangtiraumnuay
- Department of Ophthalmology, Queen Sirikit National Institute of Child Health, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sumalin Trichaiyaporn
- Department of Ophthalmology, Queen Sirikit National Institute of Child Health, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Sirin Lueangaram
- Department of Ophthalmology, Queen Sirikit National Institute of Child Health, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Supawan Surukrattanaskul
- Department of Ophthalmology, Queen Sirikit National Institute of Child Health, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Kwanjai Wongkittirux
- Department of Ophthalmology, Queen Sirikit National Institute of Child Health, Bangkok, Thailand
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Recent Epidemiology Study Data of Myopia. J Ophthalmol 2020; 2020:4395278. [PMID: 33489329 PMCID: PMC7803099 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4395278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Myopia, a pandemic refractive error, is affecting more and more people. The progression of myopia could cause numerously serious complications, even leading to blindness. This review summarizes the epidemiological studies on myopia after 2018 and analyzes the risk factors associated with myopia. The prevalence of myopia varies in different regions, age, and observation time. East Asia has been gripped by an unprecedented rise in myopia, and other parts of the world have also seen an increase. The prevalence of myopia in children continues to rise and aggravates with age. The prevalence of high myopia has also increased along with myopia. Racial dependence and family aggregation can be seen frequently in myopia patients. Increased outdoor activities are proven to be protective factors for myopia, as near-distance work and higher education levels affect in the opposite. The impact of gender or urbanization on myopia is controversial. The relationship between nutrition, digital screens, Kawasaki disease, pregnant women smoking during pregnancy, and myopia is still not clear for lack of sufficient evidence. Understanding the various factors that affect myopia helps to clarify the mechanism of myopia formation and also to formulate reasonable prevention and control measures of myopia to protect people's health, especially for adolescents.
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Reed DS, Ferris LM, Santamaria J, Mehta A, Musto M, Apsey D, Legault GL. Prevalence of Myopia in Newly Enlisted Airmen at Joint Base San Antonio. Clin Ophthalmol 2020; 14:133-137. [PMID: 32021078 PMCID: PMC6974113 DOI: 10.2147/opth.s233048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose Myopia is the most common type of refractive error and can lead to significant visual impairment. The frequency of myopia has risen considerably, and its worldwide prevalence is expected to continue to increase. Myopia is present in an increasing number of Basic Military Trainees upon entry into the United States Air Force. This study aims to demonstrate the prevalence of myopia in newly enlisted members of the United States Air Force. Methods This study is an institutional retrospective analysis of data collected from the United States Air Force candidates entering Basic Military Training from 1 January 2017 to 31 March 2017. A random selection of 767 Air Force Basic Military Trainees were included in the analysis, yielding 1534 total eyes. The primary outcome measure studied is the mean spherical equivalent (MSE) of participants at initial evaluation. A linear regression analysis was performed to identify any associations related to participant demographics. Results Of participants analyzed, 45% had myopia (<−0.5 D) and 2% high myopia (<−6.0 D) upon entry into the United States Air Force. Myopia was found to be associated with male gender (p = <0.001). Conclusion Myopia is present in a significant proportion of Basic Military Trainees upon entry into the United States Air Force, regardless of age, gender, race, or ethnicity. The prevalence of myopia presented is higher than previous studies, reflecting a continued trend towards increased myopia prevalence worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donovan S Reed
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilford Hall Eye Center, Lackland AFB, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Lyndsey M Ferris
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilford Hall Eye Center, Lackland AFB, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Joseph Santamaria
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilford Hall Eye Center, Lackland AFB, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Aditya Mehta
- Department of Ophthalmology, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Marc Musto
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilford Hall Eye Center, Lackland AFB, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Doug Apsey
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wilford Hall Eye Center, Lackland AFB, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Gary L Legault
- Department of Ophthalmology, Brooke Army Medical Center, Fort Sam Houston, San Antonio, TX, USA
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