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Mulyawan E, Setiawan JA. The correlation between smoking cumulative dose based on Brinkman Index with peak expiratory flow rate. J Gen Fam Med 2024; 25:193-197. [PMID: 38966649 PMCID: PMC11221063 DOI: 10.1002/jgf2.694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 04/08/2024] [Indexed: 07/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Background Indonesia is the country with the highest prevalence of smokers above 15 years old according to WHO, with a percentage of 76.2%. Smoking-induced lung damage is characterized by inflammation, leading to the destruction of lung parenchyma and airway obstruction, ultimately worsening lung function parameters. This study aims to find correlation between cumulative dose of smoking based on Brinkman index (BI) with Peak Expiratory Flow Rate (PEFR). Methods This is a cross-sectional correlative study conducted on January-March 2020. Data were collected through history taking and PEFR measured with a peak flowmeter by taking the average of three peak flowmeter measurements, each separated by a 2-min interval. Inclusion criteria include male active smokers, aged 30 to 40 years, who have had a smoking history for at least 1 year. Exclusion criteria are as follows: uses e-cigarretes for smoking, has a history of chronic lung diseases such as tuberculosis, pneumonia, post-COVID-19 syndrome, asthma, and has not smoked in the last 28 days. Results A total of 48 male smokers are included in this study. The mean age of participants was 35.91 years, with a history of smoking of 18.12 years, and 12.5 cigarettes smoked daily. Patients included in this study had BI classified as mild (47.91%), moderate (47.91%), and severe (4.16%). PEFR in patients was classified into green (10.41%), yellow (83.33%), and red (6.25%). Analysis showed significant negative correlation between BI and PEFR (r = -0.721; p < 0.001) suggesting that increasing Brinkman Index may lead to a decrease in PEFR. Conclusion Higher BI correlates with a decrease in PEFR. PEFR may prove to be useful in early detection of reduced pulmonary function. Further trials conducted on larger sample sizes and evaluating other lung function parameters are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erwin Mulyawan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Faculty of MedicinePelita Harapan UniversityTangerangBantenIndonesia
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Caputo LDS, Alves CDL, Laranjeira IM, Fonseca-Rodrigues D, da Silva Filho AA, Dias ACP, Pinto-Ribeiro F, Pereira Junior ODS, de Paula ACC, Nagato AC, Corrêa JODA. Copaiba oil minimizes inflammation and promotes parenchyma re-epithelization in acute allergic asthma model induced by ovalbumin in BALB/c mice. Front Pharmacol 2024; 15:1356598. [PMID: 38666018 PMCID: PMC11043548 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2024.1356598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 03/18/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction: Asthma is a condition of airflow limitation, common throughout the world, with high mortality rates, especially as it still faces some obstacles in its management. As it constitutes a public health challenge, this study aimed to investigate the effect of copaiba oil (e.g., Copaifera langsdorffii), as a treatment resource, at doses of 50 and 100 mg/kg on certain mediators of acute lung inflammation (IL-33, GATA3, FOXP3, STAT3, and TBET) and early mechanisms of lung remodeling (degradation of elastic fiber tissues, collagen deposition, and goblet cell hyperplasia). Methods: Using an ovalbumin-induced acute allergic asthma model in BALB/c mice, we analyzed the inflammatory mediators through immunohistochemistry and the mechanisms of lung remodeling through histopathology, employing orcein, Masson's trichrome, and periodic acid-Schiff staining. Results: Copaiba oil treatment (CO) reduced IL-33 and increased FOXP3 by stimulating the FOXP3/GATA3 and FOXP3/STAT3 pathways. Additionally, it upregulated TBET, suggesting an additional role in controlling GATA3 activity. In the respiratory epithelium, CO decreased the fragmentation of elastic fibers while increasing the deposition of collagen fibers, favoring epithelial restructuring. Simultaneously, CO reduced goblet cell hyperplasia. Discussion: Although additional research is warranted, the demonstrated anti-inflammatory and re-epithelializing action makes CO a viable option in exploring new treatments for acute allergic asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludmila de Souza Caputo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Carolina de Lima Alves
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
| | - Inês Martins Laranjeira
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, ICVS, School of Medicine, Campus of Gualtar, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B‟s - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
- Centre for the Research and Technology of Agro-Environmental and Biological Sciences, CITAB, University of Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro, Vila Real, Portugal
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, CBMA, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
| | - Diana Fonseca-Rodrigues
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, ICVS, School of Medicine, Campus of Gualtar, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B‟s - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | | | - Alberto Carlos Pires Dias
- Centre of Molecular and Environmental Biology, CBMA, University of Minho, Campus de Gualtar, Braga, Portugal
| | - Filipa Pinto-Ribeiro
- Life and Health Sciences Research Institute, ICVS, School of Medicine, Campus of Gualtar, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal
- ICVS/3B‟s - PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga, Portugal
| | | | | | - Akinori Cardozo Nagato
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora, UFJF, Juiz de Fora, Brazil
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Zhang J, Fan W, Wu H, Yao Y, Jin L, Chen R, Xu Z, Su W, Wang Y, Li P. Naringenin attenuated airway cilia structural and functional injury induced by cigarette smoke extract via IL-17 and cAMP pathways. PHYTOMEDICINE : INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHYTOTHERAPY AND PHYTOPHARMACOLOGY 2024; 126:155053. [PMID: 38359483 DOI: 10.1016/j.phymed.2023.155053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2023] [Revised: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2024]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cigarette smoke impairs mucociliary clearance via mechanisms such as inflammatory response and oxidative injury, which in turn induces various respiratory diseases. Naringenin, a naturally occurring flavonoid in grapes and grapefruit, has exhibited pharmacological properties such as anti-inflammatory, expectorant, and antioxidant properties. However, it is still unclear whether naringenin protects airway cilia from injury caused by cigarette smoke. PURPOSE This study aimed to investigate the effect of naringenin on cigarette smoke extract (CSE)-induced structural and functional abnormalities in airway cilia and highlight the potential regulatory mechanism. METHODS Initially, network pharmacology was used to predict the mechanism of action of naringenin in ciliary disease. Next, HE staining, immunofluorescence, TEM, qRT-PCR, western blot, and ELISA were performed to assess the effects of naringenin on airway cilia in tracheal rings and air-liquid interface (ALI) cultures of Sprague Dawley rats after co-exposure to CSE (10% or 20%) and naringenin (0, 25, 50, 100 μM) for 24 h. Finally, transcriptomics and molecular biotechnology methods were conducted to elucidate the mechanism by which naringenin protected cilia from CSE-induced damage in ALI cultures. RESULTS The targets of ciliary diseases regulated by naringenin were significantly enriched in inflammation and oxidative stress pathways. Also, the CSE decreased the number of cilia in the tracheal rings and ALI cultures and reduced the ciliary beat frequency (CBF). However, naringenin prevented CSE-induced cilia damage via mechanisms such as the downregulation of cilia-related genes (e.g., RFX3, DNAI1, DNAH5, IFT88) and ciliary marker proteins such as DNAI2, FOXJ1, and β-tubulin IV, the upregulation of inflammatory factors (e.g., IL-6, IL-8, IL-13), ROS and MDA. IL-17 signaling pathway might be involved in the protective effect of naringenin on airway cilia. Additionally, the cAMP signaling pathway might also be related to the enhancement of CBF by naringenin. CONCLUSION In this study, we first found that naringenin reduces CSE-induced structural disruption of airway cilia in part via modulation of the IL-17 signaling pathway. Furthermore, we also found that naringenin enhances CBF by activating the cAMP signaling pathway. This is the first report to reveal the beneficial effects of naringenin on airway cilia and the potential underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiashuo Zhang
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Re-evaluation of Post-marketed Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiyang Fan
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Re-evaluation of Post-marketed Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Hao Wu
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Re-evaluation of Post-marketed Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yue Yao
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Re-evaluation of Post-marketed Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Linlin Jin
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Re-evaluation of Post-marketed Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ruiqi Chen
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Re-evaluation of Post-marketed Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ziyan Xu
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Re-evaluation of Post-marketed Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Su
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Re-evaluation of Post-marketed Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yonggang Wang
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Re-evaluation of Post-marketed Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Peibo Li
- Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Quality and Efficacy Re-evaluation of Post-marketed Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Plant Resources, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China.
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Ji T, Li H. T-helper cells and their cytokines in pathogenesis and treatment of asthma. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1149203. [PMID: 37377958 PMCID: PMC10291091 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1149203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/30/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Prosperous advances in understanding the cellular and molecular mechanisms of chronic inflammation and airway remodeling in asthma have been made over the past several decades. Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by reversible airway obstruction that is self-resolving or remits with treatment. Around half of asthma patients are "Type-2-high" asthma with overexpression of type 2 inflammatory pathways and elevated type 2 cytokines. When stimulated by allergens, airway epithelial cells secrete IL-25, IL-33, and TSLP to derive a Th2 immune response. First ILC2 followed by Th2 cells produces a series of cytokines such as IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13. TFH cells control IgE synthesis by secreting IL-4 to allergen-specific B cells. IL-5 promotes eosinophil inflammation, while IL-13 and IL-4 are involved in goblet cell metaplasia and bronchial hyperresponsiveness. Currently, "Type-2 low" asthma is defined as asthma with low levels of T2 biomarkers due to the lack of reliable biomarkers, which is associated with other Th cells. Th1 and Th17 are capable of producing cytokines that recruit neutrophils, such as IFN-γ and IL-17, to participate in the development of "Type-2-low" asthma. Precision medicine targeting Th cells and related cytokines is essential in the management of asthma aiming at the more appropriate patient selection and better treatment response. In this review, we sort out the pathogenesis of Th cells in asthma and summarize the therapeutic approaches involved as well as potential research directions.
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