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Caponnetto P, Emma R, Benfatto F, Ferlito S, Gulino A, Maniaci A, Lechien JR, Ingrassia A, Cocuzza S, Polosa R. Saccharin test: Methodological validation and systematic review of the literature. EAR, NOSE & THROAT JOURNAL 2021:1455613211064044. [PMID: 34915769 DOI: 10.1177/01455613211064044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Saccharin test (ST) is a convenient method to assess the efficiency of mucociliary clearance, the primary defense mechanism of the upper airways' tract. The study objectives are to: (1) substantiate its short- (3 days) and long-term (30 days) repeatability; (2) assess its tolerability; (3) conduct a systematic literature review and to compare our results with the existing evidence. METHODS Twenty-nine healthy subjects were enrolled in an observational prospective study to perform an ST on three separate visits (at baseline; at follow-up visits at day 3 and at day 30). Transit times were recorded and self-reported nasal and general symptoms noted. A systematic review of the literature was conducted to compare our results with the existing literature. RESULTS The mean values (±SD) of ST transit time (STTT) were 7.085 (±2.19), 7.788 (±2.11), and 7.790 (±2.06) minutes at baseline, day 3, and day 30, respectively. Significant linear regression analysis was observed between day 3 and baseline (r = .193; P = .019) and day 30 and baseline (r = .182 P = .024). Significant agreement for the intrasession repeatability was observed with an ICC = .354 (P = .001). Outcomes' comparisons between baseline vs day 3 (P = .197) and baseline vs day 30 (P = .173) were not statistically significant. ST was well tolerated. Concordance with existing literature's data and high level of STTT repeatability were confirmed by the qualitative analysis. CONCLUSION STTT reproducibility was good both in the short- and long-term. ST tolerability was very good. Our study data are consistent with the existing literature, indicating ST as a sound methodology for detection of early respiratory health changes and for specific regulatory application in respiratory research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pasquale Caponnetto
- Centre for the Prevention and Treatment of Tobacco Addiction (CPCT), Teaching Hospital "Policlinico - V. Emanuele", 9298University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Center of Excellence for the Acceleration of Harm Reduction (CoEHAR), 9298University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Rosalia Emma
- Centre for the Prevention and Treatment of Tobacco Addiction (CPCT), Teaching Hospital "Policlinico - V. Emanuele", 9298University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Center of Excellence for the Acceleration of Harm Reduction (CoEHAR), 9298University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Francesca Benfatto
- Centre for the Prevention and Treatment of Tobacco Addiction (CPCT), Teaching Hospital "Policlinico - V. Emanuele", 9298University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Salvatore Ferlito
- Department of Medical Science, Surgical Science and Advanced Technologies "G.F, Ingrassia", 9298University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Alessandro Gulino
- Department of Medical Science, Surgical Science and Advanced Technologies "G.F, Ingrassia", 9298University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Antonino Maniaci
- Department of Medical Science, Surgical Science and Advanced Technologies "G.F, Ingrassia", 9298University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Jerome R Lechien
- Department of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, UMONS Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, 54521University of Mons (UMons), Mons, Belgium
| | - Angelo Ingrassia
- Department of Medical Science, Surgical Science and Advanced Technologies "G.F, Ingrassia", 9298University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Salvatore Cocuzza
- Department of Medical Science, Surgical Science and Advanced Technologies "G.F, Ingrassia", 9298University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Riccardo Polosa
- Centre for the Prevention and Treatment of Tobacco Addiction (CPCT), Teaching Hospital "Policlinico - V. Emanuele", 9298University of Catania, Catania, Italy
- Center of Excellence for the Acceleration of Harm Reduction (CoEHAR), 9298University of Catania, Catania, Italy
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Prasetyo A, Sadhana U, Budiman J. Nasal Mucociliary Clearance in Smokers: A Systematic Review. Int Arch Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 25:e160-e169. [PMID: 33542766 PMCID: PMC7851360 DOI: 10.1055/s-0040-1702965] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Smoking is one of the most important causes of mortality and morbidity in the world, as it is related to the risk factor and etiology of respiratory-tract diseases. Long-term smoking causes both structural and functional damage in the respiratory airways, leading to changes in nasal mucociliary clearance (NMC). Objectives The aim of the present study was to look systematically into the current literature and carefully collect and analyze results to explore NMC in smokers. Data Synthesis Two independent reviewers conducted a literature search on some Electronic database: Pubmed, Medline, Ebsco, Springer Link, Science Direct, Scopus, and Proquest searching for articles fulfilling the inclusion and exclusion criteria. The lead author independently assessed the risk of bias of each of the included studies and discussed their assessments with the other two authors to achieve consensus. Of the 1,654 articles identified in the database search, 16 met the criteria for this review. Most of the articles (15 out of 16) showed the impairment of NMC in smokers. Conclusion The present systematic review suggests that there is an impairment of NMC in smokers. The impairment is not only observed in cigarette smoking, but also in passive smoking, bidi smoking, electronic smoking, and hookah smoking. The impairment of NMC in chronic exposure to smoking is caused by the ciliotoxic effect, hypersecretion and viscoelastic change of mucous, airway surface liquid depletion, increased oxidative stress, and deteriorations in the inflammatory and immune systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Awal Prasetyo
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia.,Department of Anatomic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University - Dr. Kariadi Hospital, Semarang, Indonesia
| | - Udadi Sadhana
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University - Dr. Kariadi Hospital, Semarang, Indonesia
| | - Jethro Budiman
- Department of Biomedical Science, Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University, Semarang, Indonesia.,Department of Anatomic Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Diponegoro University - Dr. Kariadi Hospital, Semarang, Indonesia.,Department of Emergency Unit, Panti Wilasa Citarum Hospital, Semarang, Indonesia
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