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de Castro Araújo Neto F, Tavares TMA, de Menezes Santos D, da Fonseca FL, de Araújo DCSA, Mesquita AR, de Lyra DP. Cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric evaluation of the "Modification of Hall's professionalism scale for use with pharmacists". BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2023; 23:871. [PMID: 37974140 PMCID: PMC10655448 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-023-04815-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2023] [Accepted: 10/28/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Professionalism is the demonstration of behaviors that guide the actions of health professionals. In Pharmacy, its implementation is possible through assessment instruments for pharmacists, such as the "Modification of Hall's Professionalism Scale for Use with Pharmacists". OBJECTIVE To translate the "Modification of Hall's Professionalism Scale for Use with Pharmacists" into a Brazilian Portuguese version and evaluate its psychometric properties for pharmacists. METHOD The methodological process of this study took place in three stages: translation and cross-cultural adaptation of the instrument original version into a Brazilian Portuguese version; validation of the scale content through consensus among geographically distinct experts and, finally; examination of the scale psychometric measurement properties through a convenience sample of 600 Brazilian pharmacists. At this stage, construct validity was verified using Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and reliability was examined by calculating the composite reliability. RESULTS The adapted instrument to a Brazilian Portuguese version demonstrated content validity with coefficients considered acceptable, above 0.8. The EFA demonstrated a structure supported by six factors and 39 items. The H index suggested high stability for all factors as well as composite reliability. CONCLUSION The Brazilian Portuguese version of the instrument presented appropriate content validity coefficients and psychometric properties. This measure may be useful for future studies on professionalism regarding teaching strategies and assessment of this construct among pharmacists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando de Castro Araújo Neto
- Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Social Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Sergipe - São Cristóvão Campus, São Cristóvão - Sergipe, Brazil
- Health Sciences Graduate Program, University Hospital of Sergipe - Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju Campus, Aracaju - Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Thaís Maria Araújo Tavares
- Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Social Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Sergipe - São Cristóvão Campus, São Cristóvão - Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Douglas de Menezes Santos
- Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Social Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Sergipe - São Cristóvão Campus, São Cristóvão - Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Francielly Lima da Fonseca
- Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Social Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Sergipe - São Cristóvão Campus, São Cristóvão - Sergipe, Brazil
- Pharmaceutical Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão Campus, São Cristóvão - Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Dyego Carlos Souza Anacleto de Araújo
- Laboratory of Innovation in Pharmaceutical Care, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Espírito Santo - Maruípe Campus, Vitória - Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Rezende Mesquita
- Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Social Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Sergipe - São Cristóvão Campus, São Cristóvão - Sergipe, Brazil
| | - Divaldo Pereira de Lyra
- Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Social Pharmacy, Department of Pharmacy, Federal University of Sergipe - São Cristóvão Campus, São Cristóvão - Sergipe, Brazil.
- Health Sciences Graduate Program, University Hospital of Sergipe - Federal University of Sergipe, Aracaju Campus, Aracaju - Sergipe, Brazil.
- Pharmaceutical Science Graduate Program, Federal University of Sergipe, São Cristóvão Campus, São Cristóvão - Sergipe, Brazil.
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Esmalipour R, Larijani B, Mehrdad N, Ebadi A, Salari P. The ethical challenges in pharmacy practice in community Pharmacies: A qualitative study. Saudi Pharm J 2022; 29:1441-1448. [PMID: 35002382 PMCID: PMC8720823 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsps.2021.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pharmacists as a group of health care professionals, face different types of ethical challenges in their everyday routine that may impede pharmaceutical care. Objectives In this study, we aimed at evaluation and recognition of the ethical challenges of pharmacy practice in community pharmacies. Methods This exploratory study was conducted as a qualitative study consisting of open-ended in-depth interviews and focus group discussions followed by content analysis. The study participants were chosen from pharmacists with PharmD degree who had at least 4 years work experience and were the founders or technical managers of community pharmacies, either as governmental or private. Interviews continued until data saturation and transcribed verbatim. The content analysis was done by Graneheim and Lundman method. The codes were generated, and categorized. After assessment and final modifications, the results of the study were discussed and confirmed in a focus group discussion conducted by 7 experts who teach medical ethics and/or pharmacy ethics. Results Overall, 40 pharmacists were interviewed (mean age 46 ± 11.3 years). The extracted ethical challenges of pharmacy practice were categorized into 3 main themes, 11 subthemes and 102 codes. The themes were achieved as challenges related to professionalism and professional practice, challenges related to professional communications and challenges related to regulations and policies. Conclusion Taken together, it seems that most of the challenges of pharmacy practice are related to professionalism and professional commitment; however, the regulations and policies provide serious obstacles for pharmacy practice and pharmaceutical care. More efforts towards teaching professionalism and modification of regulations and policies are recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rasool Esmalipour
- Medical Ethics and History of Medicine Research Center, and School of Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Bagher Larijani
- Endocrinology and Metabolism Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Neda Mehrdad
- Diabetes Research Center, Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinical Sciences Institute, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Nursing Care Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Ebadi
- Behavioral Sciences Research Center, Life Style Institute, And Nursing Faculty, Baqiyatallah University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Pooneh Salari
- Medical Ethics and History of Medicine Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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Fino LB, Alsayed AR, Basheti IA, Saini B, Moles R, Chaar BB. Implementing and evaluating a course in professional ethics for an undergraduate pharmacy curriculum: A feasibility study. CURRENTS IN PHARMACY TEACHING & LEARNING 2022; 14:88-105. [PMID: 35125200 DOI: 10.1016/j.cptl.2021.11.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 11/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pharmacy practice today mandates "patient-centered care", thereby assigning higher levels of professional responsibility for pharmacists leading to ethical challenges. These challenges often involve ethical principles, institutional, personal, or other constraints that can pull practitioners in incompatible opposite directions, creating "ethical dilemmas" in many circumstances. Pharmacists are expected to handle challenges competently and in the best interest of patients. Literature underlines the positive impact of educational interventions focusing on ethical awareness and competence, and that "gaps" existed in pharmacy training/curricula for Jordanian pharmacists. The objective of this study was to develop, implement, and evaluate the utility of a tailored ethics education component in the pharmacy curriculum for students enrolled at a well-ranked Jordanian university. EDUCATIONAL ACTIVITY AND SETTING Fifth-year pharmacy students attending summer school at a university in Jordan from July to September 2020 were invited to participate in an educational intervention (suite of didactic online lectures and skills-based workshops). This study was delivered in four parts, with a pretest administered immediately before and a posttest survey immediately after the educational intervention, the educational intervention (three phases), and focus-group discussions to elicit students' feedback. FINDINGS Findings indicated enhanced levels of confidence in students' decision-making. The development of students' moral reasoning and decision-making skills were also observed to be improved. SUMMARY This study highlighted the importance of the implementation of an ethics course in pharmacy undergraduate curricula. It emphasized the positive impact this course made on the students' learning experiences and provided a strong environment for discussion and group learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leen B Fino
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney NSW, 2006, Australia; President of Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan.
| | - Ahmad R Alsayed
- President of Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan.
| | - Iman A Basheti
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney NSW, 2006, Australia; President of Applied Science Private University, Amman, Jordan.
| | - Bandana Saini
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Rebekah Moles
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney NSW, 2006, Australia.
| | - Betty B Chaar
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney NSW, 2006, Australia.
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Simegn W, Weldegerima B, Endeshaw A, Sisay G, Mohammed A, Wondimsigegn D, Dagne H. Assessment of Community Pharmacy Professionals' Attitude and Perception Towards Ethical Issues in Amhara Region, Ethiopia: A Cross-Sectional Survey 2020. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2021; 14:4127-4139. [PMID: 34629917 PMCID: PMC8495226 DOI: 10.2147/rmhp.s328328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose The objective of this study was to assess the attitude and perception of community pharmacy professionals' towards ethical issues. Methods We have undertaken a cross-sectional study among community pharmacy professionals in three selected towns (Gondar, Bahir Dar, and Debra Markos) of Amhara region in Ethiopia from February to March 2020. All community pharmacy professionals who were giving services during the data collection period were the study population. We used a pretested, semi-structured questionnaire developed from a review of previous study. Epi-info 7.1 was used for data entry, and SPSS version 20 was used for data analysis. Logistic regression was done, and a variable with a p-value < 0.05 with 95% confidence interval was considered to be associated with outcome variable. Results A total of 305 community pharmacy professionals participated in the study with a response rate of 95.3%. About 252 (82.6%) of respondents received education regarding professional ethics. Majority (89.8%) of the participants had ever accessed ethical information at their work site. Only 145 (47.5%) participants had ever recorded ethical issues in their working site. The most common reasons that obstruct to explain ethical issues to customers were shortage of time (85.9%), unavailability of reliable resources (40.0%), and poor ethical knowledge (37.7%). The reporting rate of respondents is less than 50% for most ethical scenarios. Sex, age, educational status, work experience, number of customers per day, working site, information about ethics, and training about ethics were observed to have a significant association with attitude and perception of community pharmacy professionals towards ethical issues. Conclusion Community pharmacy professionals had poor attitude and perception towards ethical issues. Interventions should be devised to uphold ethical awareness of community pharmacy professionals. A large-scale study is also recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wudneh Simegn
- Department of Social and Administrative Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Gondar, Gondar, Amhara Region, Ethiopia
| | - Berhanemeskel Weldegerima
- Department of Social and Administrative Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Gondar, Gondar, Amhara Region, Ethiopia
| | - Alem Endeshaw
- Department of Social and Administrative Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Gondar, Gondar, Amhara Region, Ethiopia
| | - Gashaw Sisay
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Gondar, Gondar, Amhara Region, Ethiopia
| | - Abdulwase Mohammed
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Gondar, Gondar, Amhara Region, Ethiopia
| | - Dawit Wondimsigegn
- Department of Social and Administrative Pharmacy, School of Pharmacy, University of Gondar, Gondar, Amhara Region, Ethiopia
| | - Henok Dagne
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health and Safety, Institute of Public Health, University of Gondar, Gondar, Amhara Region, Ethiopia
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Abu Farha R, Elayeh E, Zalloum N, Mukattash T, Alefishat E, Suyagh M, Basheti I. Perception of pharmacy students towards their community pharmacy training experience: a cross-sectional study from Jordan. BMC MEDICAL EDUCATION 2021; 21:161. [PMID: 33731106 PMCID: PMC7967969 DOI: 10.1186/s12909-021-02596-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The fact that pharmacists are in the front line of patients' care gives a great responsibility to focus on education and training of pharmacy students to build a 'patient-centered' clinicians. Unfortunately, pharmacy education in the developing countries, have been lagging behind actual practice delivered by pharmacists. This highlighted the need to evaluate the perceptions of undergraduate pharmacy students regarding their current pharmacy training practices and experiences. METHODS This is a cross-sectional study that was conducted in Jordan during the period from August 2018 to October 2018. During the study period, a questionnaire was distributed to pharmacy students to collect information regarding 1) pharmaceutical care services provided by them during their experiential training, 2) their perceptions towards training sites, 3) their perceptions of the outcomes of their training experience, 4) information about their training site and 5) their demographics characteristics. RESULTS A total of 202 pharmacy students responded to the questionnaire. The majority of them reported having the opportunity to dispense refill or new prescriptions (73.8%, n = 149), and conduct patient interviews (69.8%, n = 141, but they were not provided good opportunities to create electronic patient profiles using the information obtained (53.0%, n = 107), perform required dose calculations based on patient information (37.6%, n = 76), and interact with other healthcare professionals (34.6%, n = 70). In addition, students showed positive attitudes toward training sites, positive feedback about the outcomes of their training experience (median scores range between 4 and 5 for all statements (IQR = 1 for all)). CONCLUSION Students showed positive feedback about the outcomes of their training experience, but they felt that the selected training sites do not have adequate resources to meet their training competencies. Memorandums of understanding development is needed to specify the purpose of training and define the responsibility for both parties of the training process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rana Abu Farha
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Applied Science Private University, P.O. 11931, Amman, Jordan
| | - Eman Elayeh
- Department Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Needa Zalloum
- Department Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Tareq Mukattash
- Department Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology, Irbid, Jordan
| | - Eman Alefishat
- Department Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan.
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, P O Box 127788, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
- Center for Biotechnology, Khalifa University of Science and Technology, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Maysa Suyagh
- Department Biopharmaceutics and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Iman Basheti
- Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Applied Science Private University, P.O. 11931, Amman, Jordan
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Basheti IA, Mhaidat NM, Alqudah R, Nassar R, Othman B, Mukattash TL. Primary health care policy and vision for community pharmacy and pharmacists in Jordan. Pharm Pract (Granada) 2020; 18:2184. [PMID: 33343774 PMCID: PMC7732212 DOI: 10.18549/pharmpract.2020.4.2184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Jordan is considered a low middle-income country with a population of 9.956 million in 2018. It is considered the training center for healthcare professions in the region, as the Jordanian healthcare sector has seen remarkable development. In 2017, the expenditure on health as a percentage of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was estimated to be around 8%. The healthcare sector is divided into two main sectors; the public and the private sector with both including hospitals, primary care clinics and pharmacies. The Jordanian government has a strong commitment to health and educational programs; hence, an increase in the number of pharmacy schools and pharmacy graduates has occurred in the past few years. Health authorities, such as the Jordan Food and Drug Association (JFDA) and the Jordan Pharmaceutical Association (JPA) have played an important role in ensuring the availability and affordability of medications, and has influenced the practice of pharmacists. Protecting the pharmaceutical market and professional interests, preserving pharmacists’ rights, building needed cooperation with the internal federation, and maintaining professional ethics are some of the objectives for the JPA. Hence, the integration of community pharmacists into the primary healthcare system is considered vital to the different health authorities in Jordan, emphasizing the fact that community pharmacists are the most trusted, accessible, and affordable healthcare providers in the country. There have been many developments in the pharmacy practice in the past recent years, including the establishment of ‘Good Pharmacy Practice’, new curricular development based on the international accreditation (the ACPE), a new immunization program, and health services research aimed to save patients’ lives, influence expenses, and improve patients’ quality of life. Although these developments in pharmacy practice are promising, challenges continue to exist, specifically the establishment of an evidence base for pharmaceutical care services such as the medication management review service.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman A Basheti
- PhD. Professor in Clinical Pharmacy. Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Applied Sciences Private University. Amman (Jordan).
| | - Nizar M Mhaidat
- PhD. Director of Jordan Food and Drug administration. Professor in Oncology, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology. Irbid (Jordan).
| | - Rajaa Alqudah
- MSc. Clinical Lecturer, Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Applied Sciences Private University. Amman (Jordan).
| | - Razan Nassar
- MSc. Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Applied Science Private University. Amman (Jordan).
| | - Bayan Othman
- MSc. Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Applied Science Private University. Amman (Jordan).
| | - Tareq L Mukattash
- PhD. Professor in Clinical Pharmacy, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jordan University of Science and Technology. Amman (Jordan).
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Fino LB, Basheti IA, Chaar BB. Exploring Ethical Pharmacy Practice in Jordan. SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING ETHICS 2020; 26:2809-2834. [PMID: 32533448 DOI: 10.1007/s11948-020-00231-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/30/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Patient-centered pharmacy practice involves increased pharmacist engagement in patient care. This increased involvement can sometimes require diverse decision-making when handling various situations, ranging from simple matters to major ethical dilemmas. There is literature about pharmacy ethics in developed Western countries. However, little is known about pharmacists' practices in many developing countries. For example, there is a paucity of research conducted in the area of pharmacy ethics in Jordan. This study aimed to explore the manner in which ethical dilemmas were handled by Jordanian pharmacists, the resources used and their attitudes towards them. Semi-structured, face to face interviews were carried out with 30 Jordanian registered pharmacists. The transcribed interviews were thematically analysed for emerging themes. Four major themes were identified: legal practice; familiarity with the code of ethics; personal judgement, cultural and religious values; and Experience. Findings showed that ethical decision-making in pharmacy practice in Jordan was decisively influenced by pharmacists' personal moral values, legal requirements and managed by exercising common sense and experience. This pointed to gaps in Jordanian pharmacists' understanding and application of basic principles of pharmacy ethics and highlighted the need for professional ethics training, incorporating pharmacy ethics courses in pharmacy undergraduate curricula, as well as professional development courses. This study highlighted that paternalism, personal values and legal obligations were major drivers influencing decision-making processes of Jordanian pharmacists. Findings also highlighted an inclination towards lack of respect for patient autonomy. This illuminated the need for increasing pharmacists' literacy in professional ethics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leen B Fino
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Applied Science Private University, Amman, 11931, Jordan
| | - Iman A Basheti
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Applied Science Private University, Amman, 11931, Jordan
| | - Betty B Chaar
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, 2006, Australia.
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Exploring pharmacy ethics in developing countries: a scoping review. Int J Clin Pharm 2020; 42:418-435. [PMID: 32277402 DOI: 10.1007/s11096-020-01021-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Background Healthcare ethics have been profoundly influenced by principles of bioethics that emerged post-World War II in the Declaration of Geneva 1948. 'Beneficence' (to do good), 'Non-Maleficence' (to do no harm), 'Justice' (fairness and justice in access) and 'Respect for Autonomy' (respect for patient individuality, including decision making, privacy, and right to refuse), have become foundational principles of contemporary medical codes of ethics. These principles are well reflected in most professional pharmacy code of ethics globally. This domain remains relatively unexplored in most developing countries and the majority of what has been published in this area relates to western cultures. There have been no attempts to pool findings from a similar scope of research emanating in developing countries. Aim of the review This study aims to explore the scope of pharmacy ethics in the literature pertaining to developing countries. Methods An extensive search of three relevant (Scopus, CINAHL, IPA) databases was conducted from Jan 2000 to Feb 2020, in order to identify relevant studies conducted in or focussed on ethics in pharmacy in developing countries. A separate Google Scholar search was carried out in an effort to locate supplementary articles, hand-searched articles were also included to achieve an exhaustive investigation of all current relevant studies. Results The full text of 20 relevant articles that met inclusion criteria were critically analysed and qualitatively categorised into three emerging themes; Ethical challenges in pharmacy practice, Approaches used in teaching pharmacy ethics, and Code of ethics analysis and implementation. Conclusions: Findings of this literature review illuminated a gap in pharmacy ethics literacy in developing countries and variances in pharmacists' ethical attitudes in handling ethical dilemmas, as well as a lack of familiarity with ethical principles and codes of ethics. Pharmacists' lack of respect for patients' autonomy and pharmacists being prone to financial pressure were found to have a significant impact on pharmacy practice in most of developing countries. However, attempts are being made to rectify this gap by efforts to incorporate ethical and professional education in undergraduate curricula, and by studies in which new codes of ethics are being implemented.
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Alawneh MA, Nuaimi N, Abu-Gharbieh E, Basheti IA. A randomized control trial assessing the effect of a pharmaceutical care service on Syrian refugees' quality of life and anxiety. Pharm Pract (Granada) 2020; 18:1744. [PMID: 32256897 PMCID: PMC7104796 DOI: 10.18549/pharmpract.2020.1.1744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Syrian refugees residing in Jordan suffer from chronic illnesses, low quality
of life (QoL) and anxiety. Pharmacists delivering the medication review
service can have a role in improving this growing worldwide problem. Objectives: To assess the effect of the medication review service on QoL and anxiety
scores for Syrian refugees living with chronic medical conditions. Methods: This randomized single-blinded intervention control study was conducted in
Jordan. Syrian refugees were recruited and randomized into intervention and
control groups. Two home visits were organized with each participant, at
baseline and three months later. The medication review service was delivered
to the participants and questionnaires regarding QoL and anxiety were
completed by all participants. As a part of the medication review service,
drug-related problems (DRPs) were identified by a clinical pharmacist for
all patients, but recommendations to resolve these DRPs were delivered to
intervention group refugees’ physicians only (control group patients
did not receive this part of the service till the end of the study); DRPs
were corrected and pharmacist-delivered counseling and education were
provided as well. At follow-up, DRPs assessment, QoL and anxiety scores were
assessed for refugees in the intervention and control groups. Results: Syrian refugees (n=106) were recruited and randomized into intervention
(n=53) and control (n=53) groups with no significant difference between both
groups at baseline. The number of medications and diagnosed chronic diseases
per participant was 5.8 (SD 2.1) and 2.97 (SD 1.16), respectively. At
follow-up, a significant decrease in the number of DRPs for refugees in the
intervention group was found (from 600 to 182, p<0.001), but not for
the control group (number stayed at 541 DRPs, p=0.116). Although no
significant difference between the groups was found with regards to QoL at
follow-up (p=0.266), a significant difference was found in the anxiety
scores between the groups (p<0.001). Conclusion: The medication review service delivered by clinical pharmacists can
significantly improve refugees’ DRPs and anxiety scores. As for QoL,
significant improvements can be seen for all refugee patients, regardless of
whether the DRPs identified were resolved or not.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majdoleen Al Alawneh
- MSc. Graduate Teaching Research Assistant. College of Pharmacy, QU Health, Qatar University. Doha (Qatar).
| | - Nabeel Nuaimi
- PhD. Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Applied Science Private University. Amman (Jordan).
| | - Eman Abu-Gharbieh
- PhD. Associate Professor. College of Medicine, University of Sharjah. Sharjah (United Arab Emirates).
| | - Iman A Basheti
- PhD. Professor. Department of Clinical Pharmacy and Therapeutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Applied Science Private University. Amman (Jordan).
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