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Van Acker E, De Rijcke M, Liu Z, Asselman J, De Schamphelaere KAC, Vanhaecke L, Janssen CR. Sea Spray Aerosols Contain the Major Component of Human Lung Surfactant. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2021; 55:15989-16000. [PMID: 34793130 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.1c04075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Marine phytoplankton influence the composition of sea spray aerosols (SSAs) by releasing various compounds. The biogenic surfactant dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine (DPPC) is known to accumulate in the sea surface microlayer, but its aerosolization has never been confirmed. We conducted a 1 year SSA sampling campaign at the Belgian coast and analyzed the SSA composition. We quantified DPPC at a median and maximum air concentration of 7.1 and 33 pg m-3, respectively. This discovery may be of great importance for the field linking ocean processes to human health as DPPC is the major component of human lung surfactant and is used as excipient in medical aerosol therapy. The natural airborne exposure to DPPC seems too low to induce direct human health effects but may facilitate the effects of other marine bioactive compounds. By analyzing various environmental variables in relation to the DPPC air concentration, using a generalized linear model, we established that wave height is a key environmental predictor and that it has an inverse relationship. We also demonstrated that DPPC content in SSAs is positively correlated with enriched aerosolization of Mg2+ and Ca2+. In conclusion, our findings are not only important from a human health perspective but they also advance our understanding of the production and composition of SSAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuel Van Acker
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Campus Coupure, Coupure Links 653, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Maarten De Rijcke
- Flanders Marine Institute (VLIZ), InnovOcean site, Wandelaarkaai 7, Ostend 8400, Belgium
| | - Zixia Liu
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Campus Coupure, Coupure Links 653, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Jana Asselman
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Campus Coupure, Coupure Links 653, Ghent 9000, Belgium
- Blue Growth Research Lab, Ghent University, Campus Oostende, Wetenschapspark 1, Ostend 8400, Belgium
| | - Karel A C De Schamphelaere
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Campus Coupure, Coupure Links 653, Ghent 9000, Belgium
| | - Lynn Vanhaecke
- Laboratory of Chemical Analysis, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Campus Merelbeke, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke 9820, Belgium
- Queen's University Belfast, School of Biological Sciences, Lisburn Road 97, Belfast BT7 1NN, United Kingdom
| | - Colin R Janssen
- Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Department of Animal Sciences and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Campus Coupure, Coupure Links 653, Ghent 9000, Belgium
- Blue Growth Research Lab, Ghent University, Campus Oostende, Wetenschapspark 1, Ostend 8400, Belgium
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Boc S, Momin MAM, Farkas DR, Longest W, Hindle M. Development and Characterization of Excipient Enhanced Growth (EEG) Surfactant Powder Formulations for Treating Neonatal Respiratory Distress Syndrome. AAPS PharmSciTech 2021; 22:136. [PMID: 33860409 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-021-02001-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to develop and characterize a spray-dried powder aerosol formulation of a commercially available surfactant formulation, Survanta® intratracheal suspension, using the excipient enhanced growth (EEG) approach. Survanta EEG powders were prepared by spray drying of the feed dispersions containing Survanta® (beractant) intratracheal suspension, hygroscopic excipients (mannitol and sodium chloride), and a dispersion enhancer (l-leucine or trileucine) in 5 or 20% v/v ethanol in water using the Buchi Nano Spray Dryer B-90 HP. Powders were characterized for primary particle size, morphology, phospholipid content, moisture content, thermal properties, moisture sorption, and surface activity. The aerosol performance of the powders was assessed using a novel low-volume dry powder inhaler (LV-DPI) device operated with 3-mL volume of dispersion air. At both ethanol concentrations, in comparison to trileucine, l-leucine significantly reduced the primary particle size and span and increased the fraction of submicrometer particles of the Survanta EEG powders. The l-leucine-containing Survanta EEG powders exhibited good aerosolization performance with ≥ 88% of the mass emitted (% nominal) after 3 actuations from the modified LV-DPI device. In addition, l-leucine-containing powders had a low moisture content (< 3% w/w) with transition temperatures close to the commercial surfactant formulation and retained their surface tension reducing activity after formulation processing. A Survanta EEG powder containing l-leucine was developed which showed efficient aerosol delivery from the modified LV-DPI device using a low dispersion air volume.
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