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Jeong DE, Lee HS, Ku B, Kim CH, Kim SJ, Shin HC. Insights into the recognition mechanism in the UBR box of UBR4 for its specific substrates. Commun Biol 2023; 6:1214. [PMID: 38030679 PMCID: PMC10687169 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-023-05602-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The N-end rule pathway is a proteolytic system involving the destabilization of N-terminal amino acids, known as N-degrons, which are recognized by N-recognins. Dysregulation of the N-end rule pathway results in the accumulation of undesired proteins, causing various diseases. The E3 ligases of the UBR subfamily recognize and degrade N-degrons through the ubiquitin-proteasome system. Herein, we investigated UBR4, which has a distinct mechanism for recognizing type-2 N-degrons. Structural analysis revealed that the UBR box of UBR4 differs from other UBR boxes in the N-degron binding sites. It recognizes type-2 N-terminal amino acids containing an aromatic ring and type-1 N-terminal arginine through two phenylalanines on its hydrophobic surface. We also characterized the binding mechanism for the second ligand residue. This is the report on the structural basis underlying the recognition of type-2 N-degrons by the UBR box with implications for understanding the N-end rule pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Eun Jeong
- Critical Disease Diagnostics Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
- Department of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Hye Seon Lee
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Division of Biomedical Research, KRIBB, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Bonsu Ku
- Disease Target Structure Research Center, Division of Biomedical Research, KRIBB, Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheol-Hee Kim
- Department of Bioscience & Biotechnology, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Jun Kim
- Critical Disease Diagnostics Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- Department of Proteome Structural Biology, KRIBB School of Bioscience, University of Science and Technology, Daejeon, 34113, Republic of Korea.
| | - Ho-Chul Shin
- Critical Disease Diagnostics Convergence Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), Daejeon, 34141, Republic of Korea.
- Graduate School of New Drug Discovery and Development, Chungnam National University, Daejeon, 34134, Republic of Korea.
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2
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Liquiritin Attenuates Angiotensin II-Induced Cardiomyocyte Hypertrophy via ATE1/TAK1-JNK1/2 Pathway. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2022; 2022:7861338. [PMID: 35341136 PMCID: PMC8942629 DOI: 10.1155/2022/7861338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2021] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Objective To investigate the protective effect and mechanism of liquiritin (LIQ) on cardiomyocyte hypertrophy induced by angiotensin II (Ang II). Methods H9c2 cells were pretreated with LIQ before and after Ang II treatment. CCK8 assay was performed to evaluate cell viability. The cell surface area was measured by phalloidin staining. The mRNA expression of atrial and B-type natriuretic peptides (ANP and BNP, respectively) and β-myosin heavy chain (β-MHC) was determined by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR); the protein levels of arginyltransferase 1 (ATE1), transforming growth factor beta-activated kinase 1 (TAK1), phos-TAK1, c-Jun N-terminal kinases1/2 (JNK1/2), and phos-JNK1/2 were determined by Western blotting. After constructing the ATE1 overexpression cell models with the pcDNA3.1/ATE1, the abovementioned indicators were tested using the introduced methods. Results LIQ at a concentration of ≤30 μM was not cytotoxic to H9c2 cells before exposure to Ang II. The protective effect of LIQ was best observed at 30 μM after Ang II treatment. Phalloidin staining and RT-qPCR results indicated that the deposition of Ang II increased the cell surface area and levels of ANP, BNP, and β-MHC. On the other hand, Western blotting results showed that Ang II increased the ATE1 protein levels and TAK1 and JNK1/2 phosphorylation, which were significantly alleviated after LIQ treatment. LIQ also directly inhibited the ATE1 overexpression in H9c2 cells transfected with pcDNA3.1/ATE1 and further inhibited TAK1 and JNK1/2 phosphorylation. Conclusion LIQ can attenuate Ang II-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy by regulating the ATE1/TAK1-JNK1/2 pathway.
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Salimi M, Tabasi F, Abdolsamadi M, Dehghan S, Dehdar K, Nazari M, Javan M, Mirnajafi-Zadeh J, Raoufy MR. Disrupted connectivity in the olfactory bulb-entorhinal cortex-dorsal hippocampus circuit is associated with recognition memory deficit in Alzheimer's disease model. Sci Rep 2022; 12:4394. [PMID: 35292712 PMCID: PMC8924156 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-08528-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Neural synchrony in brain circuits is the mainstay of cognition, including memory processes. Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that disrupts neural synchrony in specific circuits, associated with memory dysfunction before a substantial neural loss. Recognition memory impairment is a prominent cognitive symptom in the early stages of AD. The entorhinal–hippocampal circuit is critically engaged in recognition memory and is known as one of the earliest circuits involved due to AD pathology. Notably, the olfactory bulb is closely connected with the entorhinal–hippocampal circuit and is suggested as one of the earliest regions affected by AD. Therefore, we recorded simultaneous local field potential from the olfactory bulb (OB), entorhinal cortex (EC), and dorsal hippocampus (dHPC) to explore the functional connectivity in the OB-EC-dHPC circuit during novel object recognition (NOR) task performance in a rat model of AD. Animals that received amyloid-beta (Aβ) showed a significant impairment in task performance and a marked reduction in OB survived cells. We revealed that Aβ reduced coherence and synchrony in the OB-EC-dHPC circuit at theta and gamma bands during NOR performance. Importantly, our results exhibit that disrupted functional connectivity in the OB-EC-dHPC circuit was correlated with impaired recognition memory induced by Aβ. These findings can elucidate dynamic changes in neural activities underlying AD, helping to find novel diagnostic and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Salimi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, 1411713116, Iran
| | - Farhad Tabasi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, 1411713116, Iran.,Faculty of Medical Sciences, Institute for Brain Sciences and Cognition, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Maryam Abdolsamadi
- Department of Mathematics, Faculty of Science, Islamic Azad University, North Tehran Branch, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samaneh Dehghan
- Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Eye Research Center, The Five Senses Institute, Rassoul Akram Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Kolsoum Dehdar
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, 1411713116, Iran.,Faculty of Medical Sciences, Institute for Brain Sciences and Cognition, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Milad Nazari
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark.,DANDRITE, The Danish Research Institute of Translational Neuroscience, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Mohammad Javan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, 1411713116, Iran.,Faculty of Medical Sciences, Institute for Brain Sciences and Cognition, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Javad Mirnajafi-Zadeh
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, 1411713116, Iran.,Faculty of Medical Sciences, Institute for Brain Sciences and Cognition, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Raoufy
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, 1411713116, Iran. .,Faculty of Medical Sciences, Institute for Brain Sciences and Cognition, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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4
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Li G, Liang R, Lian Y, Zhou Y. Circ_0002945 functions as a competing endogenous RNA to promote Aβ25-35-induced endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis in SK-N-SH cells and human primary neurons. Brain Res 2022; 1785:147878. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2022.147878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2021] [Revised: 02/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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5
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Eldeeb MA, Ragheb MA, Soliman MH, Fahlman RP. Regulation of Neurodegeneration-associated Protein Fragments by the N-degron Pathways. Neurotox Res 2022; 40:298-318. [PMID: 35043375 DOI: 10.1007/s12640-021-00396-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 07/20/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Among the most salient features that underpin the development of aging-related neurodegenerative disorders are the accumulation of protein aggregates and the decrease in cellular degradation capacity. Mammalian cells have evolved sophisticated quality control mechanisms to repair or eliminate the otherwise abnormal or misfolded proteins. Chaperones identify unstable or abnormal conformations in proteins and often help them regain their correct conformation. However, if repair is not an option, abnormal proteins are selectively degraded to prevent undesired interactions with other proteins or oligomerization into toxic multimeric complexes. The autophagic-lysosomal system and the ubiquitin-proteasome system mediate the selective and targeted degradation of abnormal or aberrant protein fragments. Despite an increasing understanding regarding the molecular responses that counteract the formation and clearance of dysfunctional protein aggregates, the role of N-degrons in these processes is poorly understood. Previous work demonstrated that the Arg-N-end rule degradation pathway (Arg-N-degron pathway) mediates the degradation of neurodegeneration-associated proteins, thereby regulating crucial signaling hubs that modulate the progression of neurodegenerative diseases. Herein, we discuss the functional interconnection between N-degron pathways and proteins associated with neurodegenerative disorders, including Alzheimer's disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, and Parkinson's disease. We also highlight some future prospects related to how the molecular insights gained from these processes will help unveil novel therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Eldeeb
- Chemistry Department (Biochemistry Division), Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt. .,Neurodegenerative Diseases Group, Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill Parkinson Program, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
| | - Mohamed A Ragheb
- Chemistry Department (Biochemistry Division), Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Marwa H Soliman
- Chemistry Department (Biochemistry Division), Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt
| | - Richard P Fahlman
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
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6
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Hampel H, Hardy J, Blennow K, Chen C, Perry G, Kim SH, Villemagne VL, Aisen P, Vendruscolo M, Iwatsubo T, Masters CL, Cho M, Lannfelt L, Cummings JL, Vergallo A. The Amyloid-β Pathway in Alzheimer's Disease. Mol Psychiatry 2021; 26:5481-5503. [PMID: 34456336 PMCID: PMC8758495 DOI: 10.1038/s41380-021-01249-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 469] [Impact Index Per Article: 156.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Breakthroughs in molecular medicine have positioned the amyloid-β (Aβ) pathway at the center of Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathophysiology. While the detailed molecular mechanisms of the pathway and the spatial-temporal dynamics leading to synaptic failure, neurodegeneration, and clinical onset are still under intense investigation, the established biochemical alterations of the Aβ cycle remain the core biological hallmark of AD and are promising targets for the development of disease-modifying therapies. Here, we systematically review and update the vast state-of-the-art literature of Aβ science with evidence from basic research studies to human genetic and multi-modal biomarker investigations, which supports a crucial role of Aβ pathway dyshomeostasis in AD pathophysiological dynamics. We discuss the evidence highlighting a differentiated interaction of distinct Aβ species with other AD-related biological mechanisms, such as tau-mediated, neuroimmune and inflammatory changes, as well as a neurochemical imbalance. Through the lens of the latest development of multimodal in vivo biomarkers of AD, this cross-disciplinary review examines the compelling hypothesis- and data-driven rationale for Aβ-targeting therapeutic strategies in development for the early treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harald Hampel
- Eisai Inc., Neurology Business Group, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA.
| | - John Hardy
- UK Dementia Research Institute at UCL and Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, UCL Institute of Neurology, University College London, London, UK
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Christopher Chen
- Memory Aging and Cognition Centre, Departments of Pharmacology and Psychological Medicine, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - George Perry
- Department of Biology and Neurosciences Institute, University of Texas at San Antonio (UTSA), San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Seung Hyun Kim
- Department of Neurology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Cell Therapy Center, Hanyang University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Victor L Villemagne
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Medicine, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Paul Aisen
- USC Alzheimer's Therapeutic Research Institute, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Michele Vendruscolo
- Centre for Misfolding Diseases, Department of Chemistry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Takeshi Iwatsubo
- Department of Neuropathology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Colin L Masters
- Laureate Professor of Dementia Research, Florey Institute and The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Min Cho
- Eisai Inc., Neurology Business Group, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA
| | - Lars Lannfelt
- Uppsala University, Department of of Public Health/Geriatrics, Uppsala, Sweden
- BioArctic AB, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jeffrey L Cummings
- Chambers-Grundy Center for Transformative Neuroscience, Department of Brain Health, School of Integrated Health Sciences, University of Nevada Las Vegas (UNLV), Las Vegas, NV, USA
| | - Andrea Vergallo
- Eisai Inc., Neurology Business Group, Woodcliff Lake, NJ, USA.
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7
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Shi H, Wang L, Yao Z, Lee JY, Guo W. Role of the English (H6R) Mutation on the Structural Properties of Aβ40 and Aβ42 Owing to the Histidine Tautomeric Effect. ACS Chem Neurosci 2021; 12:2705-2711. [PMID: 34240598 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.1c00355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
As an intrinsic origin cause, histidine behaviors play a critical role in protein misfolding processes. Generally, the English (H6R) mutation will disrupt H6 interactions. However, the structural properties of Aβ40 H6R and Aβ42 H6R under the complex influence of a histidine tautomeric effect and an H6R mutation remain unclear. Therefore, we performed a replica exchange molecular dynamics simulation to unveil such structural properties. Our result showed that the H6R substitute could promote the generation of β-sheet structures in comparison to the wild type. Three β-strand structure properties were observed in Aβ40 (rδδ), Aβ42 (rεε), Aβ42 (rεδ), and Aβ42 (rδδ) with β-sheet contents of 47.5%, 37.2%, 46.9%, and 38.6%, respectively, and the dominant conformational properties of Aβ40 (rδδ), Aβ42 (rεε), Aβ42 (rεδ), and Aβ42 (rδδ) had top conformational states of 86.0%, 73.2%, 67.0%, and 56.5%, respectively. Further analysis confirmed that R6 had different mechanisms for controlling the conformational features in Aβ40 H6R and Aβ42 H6R. In the Aβ40 systems, H14 H-bond networks played a critical role in controlling the structural properties. However, in the Aβ42 systems, R6 was more important because it was directly involved in the β-strand formation and maintained the β-sheet between the N-terminus and the central hydrophobic core region. Our current study helps to elucidate the histidine tautomeric behaviors in H6R mutations, which will present opportunities to understand the correlation between with/without H6 and the Aβ40/Aβ42 H6R misfolding mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Shi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
- Institute of Molecular Science, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Lisha Wang
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Zeshuai Yao
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Jin Yong Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, South Korea
| | - Wei Guo
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
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8
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Eldeeb MA. N-Terminal-Dependent Protein Degradation and Targeting Cancer Cells. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 21:231-236. [PMID: 32814541 DOI: 10.2174/1871520620666200819112632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2020] [Revised: 03/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular protein degradation is mediated selectively by the Ubiquitin-Proteasome System (UPS) and autophagic-lysosomal system in mammalian cells. Many cellular and physiological processes, such as cell division, cell differentiation, and cellular demise, are fine-tuned via the UPS-mediated protein degradation. Notably, impairment of UPS contributes to human disorders, including cancer and neurodegeneration. The proteasome- dependent N-degron pathways mediate the degradation of proteins through their destabilizing aminoterminal residues. Recent advances unveiled that targeting N-degron proteolytic pathways can aid in sensitizing some cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agents. Furthermore, interestingly, exploiting the N-degron feature, the simplest degradation signal in mammals, and fusing it to a ligand specific for Estrogen-Related Receptor alpha (ERRa) has demonstrated its utility in ERRa knockdown, via N-terminal dependent degradation, and also its efficiency in the inhibition of growth of breast cancer cells. These recent advances uncover the therapeutic implications of targeting and exploiting N-degron proteolytic pathways to curb growth and migration of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed A Eldeeb
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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9
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Memory-Enhancing Effects of Origanum majorana Essential Oil in an Alzheimer's Amyloid beta1-42 Rat Model: A Molecular and Behavioral Study. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:antiox9100919. [PMID: 32993114 PMCID: PMC7600529 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9100919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Origanum L. (Lamiaceae) is an important genus of medicinal and aromatic plants used in traditional medicine since ancient times as culinary herbs and remedies. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the chemical composition, as well as the biochemical and cellular activities of freshly prepared Origanum majorana L. essential oil (OmEO) in an Alzheimer’s disease (AD) amyloid beta1-42 (Aβ1-42) rat model. OmEO (1% and 3%) was inhaled for 21 consecutive days, while Aβ1-42 was administered intracerebroventricularly to induce AD-like symptoms. Our data demonstrate that OmEO increased antioxidant activity and enhanced brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) expression, which in concert contributed to the improvement of cognitive function of animals. Moreover, OmEO presented beneficial effects on memory performance in Y-maze and radial arm-maze tests in the Aβ1-42 rat AD model.
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10
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Llanos-González E, Henares-Chavarino ÁA, Pedrero-Prieto CM, García-Carpintero S, Frontiñán-Rubio J, Sancho-Bielsa FJ, Alcain FJ, Peinado JR, Rabanal-Ruíz Y, Durán-Prado M. Interplay Between Mitochondrial Oxidative Disorders and Proteostasis in Alzheimer's Disease. Front Neurosci 2020; 13:1444. [PMID: 32063825 PMCID: PMC7000623 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2019.01444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the basis of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) etiology remains unknown, oxidative stress (OS) has been recognized as a prodromal factor associated to its progression. OS refers to an imbalance between oxidant and antioxidant systems, which usually consist in an overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) which overwhelms the intrinsic antioxidant defenses. Due to this increased production of ROS and RNS, several biological functions such as glucose metabolism or synaptic activity are impaired. In AD, growing evidence links the ROS-mediated damages with molecular targets including mitochondrial dynamics and function, protein quality control system, and autophagic pathways, affecting the proteostasis balance. In this scenario, OS should be considered as not only a major feature in the pathophysiology of AD but also a potential target to combat the progression of the disease. In this review, we will discuss the role of OS in mitochondrial dysfunction, protein quality control systems, and autophagy associated to AD and suggest innovative therapeutic strategies based on a better understanding of the role of OS and proteostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilio Llanos-González
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain.,Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration Group, Regional Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | | | - Cristina María Pedrero-Prieto
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain.,Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration Group, Regional Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Sonia García-Carpintero
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain.,Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration Group, Regional Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Javier Frontiñán-Rubio
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain.,Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration Group, Regional Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Sancho-Bielsa
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain.,Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration Group, Regional Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Francisco Javier Alcain
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain.,Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration Group, Regional Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Juan Ramón Peinado
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain.,Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration Group, Regional Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Yoana Rabanal-Ruíz
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain.,Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration Group, Regional Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
| | - Mario Durán-Prado
- Department of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain.,Oxidative Stress and Neurodegeneration Group, Regional Centre for Biomedical Research, University of Castilla-La Mancha, Ciudad Real, Spain
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