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Van Tuyen N, Hoang Ngoc N, Quoc Hoan P, Thi Yen N, Hoan NX, Cam Thach N. Differential distribution of plasma apoA-I and apoB levels and clinical significance of apoB/apoA-I ratio in ischemic stroke subtypes. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1398830. [PMID: 38978811 PMCID: PMC11228298 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1398830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 07/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose Ischemic stroke (IS) is classified into clinical subtypes and likely influenced by various lipid components. Nevertheless, the roles of apolipoprotein A-I (apoA-I), apolipoprotein B (apoB), and apoB/apoA-I ratio in different IS subtypes remain underexplored. This study aimed to investigate the differential distribution of plasma apoA-I and apoB levels among IS subtypes and to evaluate the predictive value of the apoB/apoA-I ratio in assessing IS subtypes and disease severity. Methods In this study, 406 IS patients were categorized into three IS-subtypes based on clinical manifestations and imaging assessment, including intracranial atherosclerosis-related IS patients (ICAS, n = 193), extracranial atherosclerosis-related IS patients (ECAS, n = 111), and small artery occlusion-related IS patients (SAO, n = 102). Plasma apoA-I and apoB levels were measured upon hospital admission. Random forest (RF) models were performed to assess predictive values of these apolipoproteins apoB, apoA-I and their ratio in assessing IS subtype stratification and disease severity. Results Serum apoA-I levels were significantly lower in ICAS compared to ECAS and SAO patients (p < 0.0001), while apoB levels were higher in ICAS patients (p < 0.0001). The apoB/apoA-I ratio was significantly higher in ICAS compared to ECAS and SAO patients (p < 0.0001). Correlation analyses found a significant correlation between the apoB/apoA-I ratio and conventional lipid components. Additionally, RF models and plots of variable importance and distribution of minimal depth revealed that the apoB/apoA-I ratio played the most influential predictor in predicting IS subtypes and stenosis severity. Conclusion Our study shows the differential distribution of apoA-I and apoB IS subtypes and reveals the significance of the apoB/apoA-I ratio in assessing IS subtypes and arterial stenosis severity. Further studies are warranted to validate these findings and enhance their clinical applicability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Van Tuyen
- Department of Stroke, Institute of Neurology, 108 Institute of Clinical Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hanoi, Vietnam
- VNU University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Hoang Ngoc
- Department of Stroke, Institute of Neurology, 108 Institute of Clinical Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Phan Quoc Hoan
- Department of Molecular Biology, 108 Institute of Clinical Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Thi Yen
- Department of Biochemistry, 108 Institute of Clinical Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nghiem Xuan Hoan
- Department of Molecular Biology, 108 Institute of Clinical Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Vietnamese-German Center for Medical Research (VG-CARE), Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Cam Thach
- Department of Biochemistry, 108 Institute of Clinical Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Schreiner TG, Ignat BE, Grosu C, Costache AD, Leon MM, Mitu F. Lipid-Derived Biomarkers as Therapeutic Targets for Chronic Coronary Syndrome and Ischemic Stroke: An Updated Narrative Review. MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2024; 60:561. [PMID: 38674207 PMCID: PMC11052465 DOI: 10.3390/medicina60040561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/27/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024]
Abstract
The incidence and prevalence of cardiac and cerebrovascular diseases are constantly increasing, with chronic coronary syndrome and ischemic stroke as the leading causes of morbidity and mortality worldwide. According to current knowledge, the heart-brain axis is more than a theoretical concept, with many common pathophysiological mechanisms involved in the onset and evolution of both coronary and cerebral ischemia. Moreover, the focus is on the prevention and early intervention of risk factors in searching for targeted and personalized medical treatment. In this context, this narrative review aims to offer, in a didactic and practice-oriented manner, an up-to-date overview of the role played by lipid-derived biomarkers (from low-density lipoprotein cholesterol to oxylipin and apolipoproteins) in chronic coronary syndrome and ischemic stroke. Firstly, the authors highlight, via relevant epidemiological data, the significant burden of chronic coronary syndrome and ischemic stroke in the general population, thus explaining the need for updated information on this topic. Subsequently, the most important lipid-derived biomarkers and their multiple roles in the pathogenesis of these two disorders are listed. Currently available and experimental targeted therapies based on these lipid-derived biomarkers are presented in the final part of this paper, representing this manuscript's original and novel input.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Gabriel Schreiner
- Department of Medical Specialties III, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Department of Electrical Measurements and Materials, Faculty of Electrical Engineering and Information Technology, Gheorghe Asachi Technical University of Iasi, 700050 Iasi, Romania
- First Neurology Clinic, “Prof. Dr. N. Oblu” Clinical Emergency Hospital, 700309 Iasi, Romania
| | - Bogdan Emilian Ignat
- Department of Medical Specialties III, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Neurology Department, Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania
| | - Cristina Grosu
- Department of Medical Specialties III, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Neurology Department, Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania
| | - Alexandru Dan Costache
- Department of Medical Specialties I, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Medical Rehabilitation Department, Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania
| | - Maria Magdalena Leon
- Department of Medical Specialties I, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Medical Rehabilitation Department, Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania
| | - Florin Mitu
- Department of Medical Specialties I, Faculty of Medicine, University of Medicine and Pharmacy “Grigore T. Popa”, 700115 Iasi, Romania
- Medical Rehabilitation Department, Clinical Rehabilitation Hospital, 700661 Iasi, Romania
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Plasma ApoB/AI: An effective indicator for intracranial vascular positive remodeling. J Neurol Sci 2022; 436:120226. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jns.2022.120226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Puri R, Mehta V, Iyengar SS, Srivastava P, Yusuf J, Pradhan A, Pandian JD, Sharma VK, Renjen PN, Muruganathan A, Mugundhan K, Srinivasan AV, Shetty S, Narasingan SN, Nair DR, Bansal M, Prabhakar D, Varma M, Paliwal VK, Kapoor A, Mukhopadhyay S, Mehrotra R, Patanwala RM, Aggarwal R, Mahajan K, Kumar S, Bardoloi N, Pareek KK, Manoria PC, Pancholia AK, Nanda R, Wong ND, Duell PB. Management of Dyslipidaemia for the Prevention of Stroke: Clinical Practice Recommendations from the Lipid Association of India. Curr Vasc Pharmacol 2021; 20:134-155. [PMID: 34751121 DOI: 10.2174/1570161119666211109122231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 09/28/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is the second most common cause of death worldwide. The rates of stroke are increasing in less affluent countries predominantly because of a high prevalence of modifiable risk factors. The Lipid Association of India (LAI) has provided a risk stratification algorithm for patients with ischaemic stroke and recommended low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) goals for those in a very high risk group and extreme risk group (category A) of <50 mg/dl (1.3 mmol/l) while the LDL-C goal for extreme risk group (category B) is ≤30 mg/dl (0.8 mmol/l). High intensity statins are the first-line lipid lowering therapy. Non-statin therapy like ezetimibe and proprotein convertase subtilisin kexin type 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors may be added as an adjunct to statins in patients who do not achieve LDL-C goals statins alone. In acute ischaemic stroke, high intensity statin therapy improves neurological and functional outcomes regardless of thrombolytic therapy. Although conflicting data exist regarding increased risk of intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) with statin use, the overall benefit risk ratio favors long-term statin therapy necessitating detailed discussion with the patient. Patients who have statins withdrawn while being on prior statin therapy at the time of acute ischaemic stroke have worse functional outcomes and increased mortality. LAI recommends that statins be continued in such patients. In patients presenting with ICH, statins should not be started in the acute phase but should be continued in patients who are already taking statins. ICH patients, once stable, need risk stratification for atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vimal Mehta
- Department of Cardiology, G. B. Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, New Delhi. 0
| | - S S Iyengar
- Department of Cardiology, Manipal Hospital, Bangalore, Karnataka. India
| | - Padma Srivastava
- Department of Neurology, Neurosciences Centre, AIIMS, New Delhi. India
| | - Jamal Yusuf
- Department of Cardiology, G. B. Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, New Delhi. India
| | - Akshaya Pradhan
- Department of Cardiology King George's Medical University, Lucknow, U.P. India
| | | | - Vijay K Sharma
- Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore and National University Hospital. Singapore
| | - P N Renjen
- Department of Neurology, Indraprastha Apollo Hospital, New Delhi. India
| | - A Muruganathan
- Consultant Internal Medicine, AG Hospital, Tirupur, Tamil Nadu. India
| | - K Mugundhan
- Department of Neurology, Govt, Stanley Medical College, Chennai. India
| | - A V Srinivasan
- Department of Neurology, The Tamil Nadu,Dr MGR Medical University. India
| | - Sadanand Shetty
- Department of Cardiology, K.J Somaiya Super Speciality Institute Sion (East), Mumbai. India
| | - S N Narasingan
- The Tamil Nadu Dr MGR Medical University and Managing Director, SNN Specialities Clinic, Chennai, Tamil Nadu. India
| | - Devaki R Nair
- Department of Lipidology and Chemical pathologist, Royal Free Hospital, London. United Kingdom
| | - Manish Bansal
- Department of Cardiology, Medanta Hospital, Gurugram, Haryana. India
| | - D Prabhakar
- Department of Cardiology, Apollo Hospitals, Chennai, Tamil Nadu. India
| | - Mukul Varma
- Department of Neurology, Indraprastha Apollo Hospital, New Delhi. India
| | | | | | - Saibal Mukhopadhyay
- Department of Cardiology, G. B. Pant Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research, New Delhi. India
| | - Rahul Mehrotra
- Non-Invasive Cardiology, Max Super Speciality Hospital, Saket, New Delhi. India
| | | | - Rajeev Aggarwal
- Jaswant Rai Speciality Hospital, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh. India
| | - Kunal Mahajan
- Department of Cardiology, Indra Gandhi Govt. Medical College and Hospital, Shimla. India
| | - Soumitra Kumar
- Department of Cardiology, Vivekananda Institute of Medical Sciences, Kolkata. India
| | - Neil Bardoloi
- Cardiology, Excel Care Hospital, Guwahati, Assam. India
| | - K K Pareek
- Department of Medicine, S. N. Pareek Hospital, Dadabari, Kota, Rajasthan. India
| | - P C Manoria
- Heart and Critical Care Hospital, Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh. India
| | - A K Pancholia
- Medicine and Preventive Cardiology, Arihant Hospital and Research Center, Indore, Madhya Pradesh. India
| | - Rashmi Nanda
- Consultant Physician and Lipidologist, Cardiac Care Centre, South Extension, New Delhi and Professor and Director University of California Irvine School of Medicine, Irvine, CA. United States
| | - Nathan D Wong
- Heart Disease Prevention Program, Division of Cardiology, University of California Irvine. United States
| | - P Barton Duell
- Knight Cardiovascular Institute and Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Clinical Nutrition, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR. United States
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Chen Y, Mao Y, Pan X, Jin W, Qiu T. Verification and comparison of three prediction models of ischemic stroke in young adults based on the back propagation neural networks. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e25081. [PMID: 33725985 PMCID: PMC7982175 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000025081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
This work aims to explore risk factors for ischemic stroke in young adults and analyze the Traditional Vascular Risk Factors Model based on age, hypertension, diabetes, smoking history, and drinking history. Further, the Lipid Metabolism Model was analyzed based on lipoprotein a [LP (a)], high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), apolipoprotein AI (apo AI), apolipoprotein B (apo B), and the Early Renal Injury Model based on urinary microalbuminuria/creatinine ratio (UACR). Besides, we estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), cystatin C (Cys-C), homocysteine (Hcy), β2 microglobulin (β2m), and validated their predictive efficacy and clinical value for the development of ischemic stroke in young adults.We selected and retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of 565 young inpatients admitted to Zhejiang Provincial Hospital of Chinese Medicine between 2010 and 2020, 187 of whom were young stroke patients. A single-factor analysis was used to analyze the risk factors for stroke in young people and developed a traditional vascular risk factors model, a lipid metabolism model, and an early kidney injury model based on backpropagation (BP) neural networks technology to predict early stroke occurrence. Moreover, the prediction performance by the area under the receiver operating characteristics (ROC) curve (AUC) was assessed to further understand the risk factors for stroke in young people and apply their predictive role in the clinical setting.Single-factor analysis showed that ischemic stroke in young adults was associated with hypertension, diabetes, smoking history, drinking history, LP(a), HDL, LDL, apo AI, apo B, eGFR, Cys-C, and β2m (P < .05). The BP neural networks technique was used to plot the ROC curves for the Traditional Vascular Risk Factors Model, the Lipid Metabolism Model, and the Early Kidney Injury Model in enrolled patients, and calculated AUC values of 0.7915, 0.8387, and 0.9803, respectively.The early kidney injury model precisely predicted the risk of ischemic stroke in young adults and exhibited a certain clinical value as a reference for morbidity assessment. Whereas the prediction performance of the Traditional Vascular Risk Factors Model and the Lipid Metabolism Model were inferior to that of the early kidney injury model.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Weifeng Jin
- The College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou, PR China
| | - Tao Qiu
- The First School of Medicine
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6
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Shi X, Wang J, Dai S, Qin L, Zhou J, Chen Y. Apolipoprotein C1 (APOC1): A Novel Diagnostic and Prognostic Biomarker for Cervical Cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:12881-12891. [PMID: 33364782 PMCID: PMC7751697 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s280690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Previous reports showed that APOC1 was associated with several cancers but the function of APOC1 in cervical cancer was unknown. This study aimed to investigate the clinical effect and function of APOC1 in cervical cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS In this study, the relative expression of APOC1 in cervical cancer was detected by RT-qPCR. In order to determine the cell proliferation and migration and invading ability and apoptosis more accurately, we used CCK8 assay, Edu assay, wound healing assay, migration and invasion assay, flow cytometry assay, co-immunoprecipitation, proteomics and Western blot by silencing and overexpressing APOC1, respectively. The role of APOC1 on tumor progression was explored in vitro and vivo. RESULTS The relative expression of APOC1 in cervical cancer tissues was up-regulated (P<0.05). In cervical cancer cell lines, silencing of APOC1 restrained cell progression and EMT, while over-expression of APOC1 accelerated cell progression and EMT in vivo and vitro (P<0.05). CONCLUSION APOC1 acts as an oncogene in cervical cancers and knockdown of APOC1 inhibited cervical cancer cells growth in vitro and in vivo. There is a close relationship between the relative expression of APOC1 and clinical outcome in cervical cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiu Shi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
- Clinical Research Center of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
- Jiangsu Institute of Clinical Immunology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Juan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shouqian Dai
- Department of Emergency Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lingyan Qin
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jinhua Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Youguo Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, People’s Republic of China
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Eldeeb MA, Zaki AS, Ashour S, Abdel Nasser A, El Bassiouny A, Abdulghani KO. Serum apolipoprotein A1: a predictor and prognostic biomarker in acute ischemic stroke. THE EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF NEUROLOGY, PSYCHIATRY AND NEUROSURGERY 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s41983-019-0138-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
The apolipoprotein A1 level is recognized as a better indicator of cardiovascular disease than other cholesterol measures.
Objectives
To assess the serum level of ApoA1 in acute stroke patients and correlate it with the degree of vessel stenosis, stroke severity, prognosis, and functional outcome.
Patients and methods
We prospectively included 60 patients with first-ever cerebrovascular ischemic stroke, and they were matched with 30 healthy individuals matched in age and sex. Patients’ neurological status was assessed via National Institute of Health and Stroke Scale (NIHSS). A venous blood sample was taken within the first 24 h of stroke onset and assayed for ApoA1 level by Human ApoA1 ELISA kit.
Results
ApoA1 level could be used to discriminate between cases and controls at a level of 6.2 μg/ml, with 94.9% sensitivity and 86.6% specificity. Furthermore, there is an inverse relationship between the level of ApoA1 and the clinical outcome expressed by NIHSS score and their prognosis after 3 months. Finally, there is an inverse relationship between ApoA1 level and the degree of stenosis whether intracranial or extracranial.
Conclusion
ApoA1 level can be used as a predictor of ischemic stroke and as a prognostic tool for those patients with ischemic stroke.
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Yang WS, Li R, Shen YQ, Wang XC, Liu QJ, Wang HY, Li Q, Yao GE, Xie P. Importance of lipid ratios for predicting intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis. Lipids Health Dis 2020; 19:160. [PMID: 32622367 PMCID: PMC7335436 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-020-01336-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aims to investigate the association of lipid ratios with intracranial atherosclerotic stenosis (ICAS) in a Chinese population. METHODS This cross-sectional study included 658 consecutive patients with ischemic stroke. Intracranial and extracranial arteries were evaluated for atherosclerotic stenosis using digital subtraction angiography or computed tomography angiography. Lipid ratios [total cholesterol (TC)/high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), triglycerides (TG)/HDL-C, low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C)/HDL-C, non-high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (non-HDL-C)/HDL-C, remnant cholesterol (RC)/HDL-C, apolipoprotein B (apo B)/apolipoprotein A-I (apo A-I), and apo B/HDL-C] were calculated. RESULTS The TC/HDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C, RC/HDL-C, non-HDL-C/HDL-C, apo B/HDL-C and apo B/apo A-I ratios (all P < 0.05) were significantly associated with ICAS but not with extracranial atherosclerotic stenosis after adjustment for confounding factors. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves analysis revealed that the apo B/apo A-I ratio had the largest area under the ROC curve (AUC) among lipid levels alone and for lipid ratios (AUC = 0.588). Lipid ratios had higher AUC values than those for lipid levels alone for the identification of ICAS. CONCLUSION The TC/HDL-C, LDL-C/HDL-C, RC/HDL-C, non-HDL-C/HDL-C apo B/HDL-C, and apo B/apo A-I ratios were significantly related to ICAS risk. Compared with the other variables tested, the apo B/apo A-I ratio appeared to be a better discriminator for identifying ICAS risk in stroke patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Song Yang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Rui Li
- Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, Anhui, 230001, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Qing Shen
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.,NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Xing-Chen Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.,Department of Psychiatry, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, Kunming, 650032, Yunnan, China
| | - Qing-Jun Liu
- Department of Neurology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 402160, China
| | - Hai-Yang Wang
- NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China. .,NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
| | - Guo-En Yao
- Department of Neurology, First Affiliated Hospital, PLA General Hospital, Beijing, 100048, China.
| | - Peng Xie
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China. .,NHC Key Laboratory of Diagnosis and Treatment on Brain Functional Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400016, China.
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