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Chabane S, Boudjelal A, Bouaziz-Terrachet S, Spinozzi E, Maggi F, Petrelli R, Tail G. Analgesic effect of Centaurium erythraea and molecular docking investigation of the major component swertiamarin. Nat Prod Res 2023:1-7. [PMID: 37948163 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2023.2278160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/12/2023]
Abstract
Centaurium erythraea Rafn is employed in Algerian traditional medicine for treating pain. The analgesic activity of the ethanolic extract (EE) from the flowering aerial parts of this plant was examined, and molecular docking of the main bioactive compound was performed. The EE, characterised by the iridoid swertiamarin, was administered to Wistar albino rats in pain models. Peripheral analgesic activity was evaluated using the acetic acid-induced writhing test, and a hot plate test was performed for central antinociceptive activity evaluation. Treatment with EE significantly decreased rats' writhing induced by acetic acid suggesting peripheral analgesic activity. Furthermore, the elevation of mean basal reaction time in the hot plate method indicated central analgesic activity. Molecular docking studies showed good docking energy with acceptable binding interactions of swertiamarin with cyclooxygenase-2 protein. This supports the analgesic activity of C. erythraea EE, justifying the traditional use of the plant as an analgesic herbal remedy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarra Chabane
- Department of Life and Nature Science, Faculty of Sciences, University of M'Sila, M'Sila, Algeria
- Laboratory of Biology: Applications in Health and Environment, University of M'Sila, M'Sila, Algeria
| | - Amel Boudjelal
- Laboratory of Biology: Applications in Health and Environment, University of M'Sila, M'Sila, Algeria
- Department of Microbiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Sciences, University of M'Sila, M'Sila, Algeria
| | - Souhila Bouaziz-Terrachet
- Applied Chemistry and Materials Laboratory (LabCAM), Faculty of Sciences, University of Mohamed Bouguerra, Boumerdes, Algeria
- Laboratory of Theoretical Physico-Chemistry and Computer Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Science and Technology Houari Boumédiène, Bab Ezzouar, Algeria
| | - Eleonora Spinozzi
- Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (ChIP) Research Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Filippo Maggi
- Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (ChIP) Research Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Riccardo Petrelli
- Chemistry Interdisciplinary Project (ChIP) Research Center, School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, Italy
| | - Ghania Tail
- Department of Biology, University of Blida 1, Blida, Algeria
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Lu S, Li Y, Qian Z, Zhao T, Feng Z, Weng X, Yu L. Role of the inflammasome in insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1052756. [PMID: 36993972 PMCID: PMC10040598 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1052756] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/18/2023] Open
Abstract
The inflammasome is a protein complex composed of a variety of proteins in cells and which participates in the innate immune response of the body. It can be activated by upstream signal regulation and plays an important role in pyroptosis, apoptosis, inflammation, tumor regulation, etc. In recent years, the number of metabolic syndrome patients with insulin resistance (IR) has increased year by year, and the inflammasome is closely related to the occurrence and development of metabolic diseases. The inflammasome can directly or indirectly affect conduction of the insulin signaling pathway, involvement the occurrence of IR and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Moreover, various therapeutic agents also work through the inflammasome to treat with diabetes. This review focuses on the role of inflammasome on IR and T2DM, pointing out the association and utility value. Briefly, we have discussed the main inflammasomes, including NLRP1, NLRP3, NLRC4, NLRP6 and AIM2, as well as their structure, activation and regulation in IR were described in detail. Finally, we discussed the current therapeutic options-associated with inflammasome for the treatment of T2DM. Specially, the NLRP3-related therapeutic agents and options are widely developed. In summary, this article reviews the role of and research progress on the inflammasome in IR and T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Lu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Yanrong Li
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Zhaojun Qian
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Tiesuo Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Tumor Vaccine and Immunotherapy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Zhiwei Feng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Tumor Vaccine and Immunotherapy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
| | - Xiaogang Weng
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- *Correspondence: Lili Yu, ; Xiaogang Weng,
| | - Lili Yu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Institute of Precision Medicine, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- Xinxiang Key Laboratory of Tumor Vaccine and Immunotherapy, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, Henan, China
- *Correspondence: Lili Yu, ; Xiaogang Weng,
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Huang T, Chen J, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Xu C, Guo J, Ming H. Circ_0027470 promotes cadmium exposure-induced prostatic fibrosis via sponging miRNA-1236-3p and stimulating SHH signaling pathway. J Appl Toxicol 2023. [PMID: 36617218 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 01/05/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Cadmium (Cd) is a toxic heavy metal pollutant and serves as an important environmental endocrine-disrupting chemical. Cd exposure is believed to can enhance the risks of age-related disorders including benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH). This study was to investigate the harms of Cd exposure on mice prostate and human nonmalignant prostate epithelial RWPE-1 cells. Mice prostate fibrosis was evaluated by visualizing the prostatic collagen deposition via Masson and Sirius red staining, and detecting the content of hydroxyproline. Additionally, the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), primary ciliogenesis and SHH signaling pathways in both mice prostate and RWPE-1 cells were evaluated. It was found that Cd exposure stimulated prostatic collagen deposition, EMT and primary ciliogenesis, as well as enhanced the circ_0027470 level and reduced the miRNA-1236-3p level. Circ_0027470 functioned as a sponge of miRNA-1236-3p, which had the inhibiting target of SHH. The whole results showed that circ_0027470 promoted Cd exposure-induced prostatic fibrosis via sponging miRNA-1236-3p and subsequently stimulating SHH signaling pathway. This study shed a light on a novel molecular mechanism involved in circRNA for Cd exposure-induced prostate deficits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianqi Huang
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jinglou Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yumiao Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yao Chen
- Department of Pharmacy, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Congyue Xu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jing Guo
- Department of Basic Medicine, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Hao Ming
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, School of Medicine, Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
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Dai LL, Eni RG, Fu MH, Ba GN. Botanical, chemical, and pharmacological characteristics of Lomatogonium rotatum: A review. World J Pharmacol 2022; 11:6-15. [DOI: 10.5497/wjp.v11.i2.6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/17/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Lomatogonium rotatum (L. rotatum) Fries ex Nym, a dry whole grass belonging to the family Gentianaceae, is widely used to treat liver diseases in Mongolian medicine. In Mongolian medicine, L. rotatum Fries ex Nym, also known as Digeda, is a rare medicinal herb with low yield and widespread clinical use. Currently, it is included in over 25 traditional Mongolian medicine prescriptions that help reduce heat, dispel xieri, enhance stomach function, and heal wounds. Recent studies have shown that L. rotatum Fries ex Nym contains a variety of metabolites, including flavonoids, xanthone compounds, terpenoids, organic acids, steroids, and alkaloids. In addition, its anti-hepatitis B, anti-inflammatory, anti-acute liver injury, and anti-obesity effects have been proven by pharmacological studies. In this review, we summarize the ecological resources, traditional pharmacodynamics, chemical constituents, and pharmacological actions of L. rotatum Fries ex Nym, with an aim to provide a theoretical basis for future applied research and new product development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Li Dai
- School of Mongolian Medicine, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Rong-Gui Eni
- NMPA Key Laboratory of Quality Control of Traditional Chinese Medicine (Mongolian Medicine), Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Ming-Hai Fu
- School of Mongolian Medicine, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
| | - Gen-Na Ba
- School of Mongolian Medicine, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao 028000, Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, China
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Nuntawong P, Horikawa T, Ochi A, Wada S, Tsuneura Y, Tanaka H, Sakamoto S, Morimoto S. A monoclonal antibody-based indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to quantify swertiamarin and related compounds in Swertia japonica Makino. PHYTOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS : PCA 2021; 32:512-520. [PMID: 33021012 DOI: 10.1002/pca.2999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Swertia japonica Makino (S. japonica) has a long history of use as a folk medicine, and it is one of the three essential Japanese folk medicines. S.japonica has been reported to have various biological activities. The biologically active secoiridoid glycoside swertiamarin (SM) has been isolated from S. japonica. The efficacy of this plant is attributed to SM and related secoiridoid glycosides. To control the quality of S. japonica for medicinal use, a method for the determination of SM and other secoiridoid glycosides in the plant is needed. OBJECTIVE To produce an anti-SM monoclonal antibody (MAb) and develop an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (icELISA) for S. japonica standardisation and quality control. METHODOLOGY SM was conjugated to cationised bovine serum albumin (cBSA), and the SM-cBSA conjugate was used to immunise BALB/c mice. Splenocytes from the immunised mice were then fused with SP2/0 myeloma cells to produce hybridoma cells that expressed anti-SM MAb. RESULTS The developed icELISA was sufficiently sensitive and had a quantitative range of 0.78 to 12.5 μg/mL. Coefficients of variation below 10% indicated good repeatability. Recoveries in a spike and recovery assay ranged from 91.84% to 115.50%, which confirmed that the icELISA was accurate. The SM content measured using the icELISA was in agreement with the results of a high-performance liquid chromatography-ultraviolet (HPLC-UV) assay. CONCLUSION The icELISA is suitable for the high-throughput analysis of SM and other secoiridoid glycosides in S. japonica. The method is fast, economical, and reliable for S. japonica quality control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poomraphie Nuntawong
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Taiki Horikawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akihiro Ochi
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Shinji Wada
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yumi Tsuneura
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Tanaka
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Seiichi Sakamoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Satoshi Morimoto
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Kyushu University, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka, Japan
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王 保, 姚 嘉, 尧 新, 劳 俊, 刘 栋, 陈 陈, 鲁 义. [Swertiamarin alleviates diabetic peripheral neuropathy in rats by suppressing NOXS/ ROS/NLRP3 signal pathway]. NAN FANG YI KE DA XUE XUE BAO = JOURNAL OF SOUTHERN MEDICAL UNIVERSITY 2021; 41:937-941. [PMID: 34238748 PMCID: PMC8267977 DOI: 10.12122/j.issn.1673-4254.2021.06.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To observe the therapeutic effect of swertiamarin on diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) in rats and explore the molecular mechanism in light of the NOXS/ROS/NLRP3 signal pathway. OBJECTIVE Thirty-two SD rats were randomly divided into control group, DPN model group (treated with saline), swertiamarin (5 mg/kg) treatment group and NOXS inhibitor (10 mL/kg DPI) treatment group. Rat models of DPN were established in the latter 3 groups by intraperitoneal injections of STZ, and the treatments were administered on days 1, 7 and 14 after modeling. Tactile hypersensitivity of the rats was evaluated 30 min after the treatment. The expressions of NOXS, ROS, NLRP3 and inflammatory factors in the spinal cord tissue were detected using ELISA, and the protein expressions of NOXS, ROS, and NLRP3 were also detected with Western blotting. OBJECTIVE Compared with those in the control group, the rats in DPN group showed significant hyperalgesia (P < 0.001), increased expressions of TNF-α (P < 0.001) and IL-6 (P < 0.001), decreased expressions of TGF-β (P < 0.001), and increased expressions of NOXS/ROS/NLRP3 signal pathway (P < 0.001). Compared with those in DPN model group, the rats with swertiamarin treatment showed improved hyperalgesia (P < 0.001), decreased expressions of TNF-α (P=0.03) and IL-6 (P=0.002), increased expressions of TGF-β (P=0.04), and decreased expressions of NOXS (P < 0.001), ROS (P < 0.001) and NLRP3 (P=0.002). Treatment with swertiamarin and the NOXS inhibitor produced similar effects on the expressions of the inflammatory factors in the rat models (P>0.05). OBJECTIVE DPN effectively relieves hyperalgesia in rat models of DPN by restoring the balance in the expressions of the inflammatory factors by suppressing NOXs/ROS/NLRP3 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- 保 王
- 广州医科大学附属中医医院麻醉科,广东 广州 510130Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated TCM Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510130, China
| | - 嘉茵 姚
- 中山大学附属第六医院消化内科,广东 广州 510655Department of Gastroenterology, Sixth Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510655, China
| | - 新华 尧
- 广州医科大学附属中医医院麻醉科,广东 广州 510130Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated TCM Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510130, China
| | - 俊铭 劳
- 广州医科大学附属中医医院麻醉科,广东 广州 510130Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated TCM Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510130, China
| | - 栋 刘
- 广州医科大学附属中医医院麻醉科,广东 广州 510130Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated TCM Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510130, China
| | - 陈燕 陈
- 广州医科大学附属中医医院麻醉科,广东 广州 510130Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated TCM Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510130, China
| | - 义 鲁
- 广州医科大学附属中医医院麻醉科,广东 广州 510130Department of Anesthesiology, Affiliated TCM Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou 510130, China
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Ma B, Lou T, Wang T, Li R, Liu J, Yu S, Guo Y, Wang Z, Wang J. Comprehensive metabolism study of swertiamarin in rats using ultra high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with Quadrupole-Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometry. Xenobiotica 2021; 51:455-466. [PMID: 33356745 DOI: 10.1080/00498254.2020.1869856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Swertiamarin, a natural ingredient with potent pharmacological activities in the iridoid glycoside family, had been reported to have significant therapeutic effects on a variety of human diseases.In this study, a systematic and efficient strategy based on UHPLC-Q-Exactive Orbitrap mass spectrometry was established to reveal the metabolic profile of swertiamarin in rat urine, plasma, and faeces.First of all, post-acquisition data-mining methods, including multiple mass defect filters (MMDFs) and high-resolution extracted ion chromatograms (HREICs), were developed to screen the metabolite candidates of swertiamarin from the complete mass scan data sets.Second, according to the diagnostic product ions (DPIs), neutral loss fragments (NLFs), chromatographic retention time, accurate mass measurement and calculated Clog P values, all metabolite candidates were rapidly identified.As a consequence, 49 metabolites altogether, including archetype compound, were preliminarily characterised. The corresponding in vivo biotransformation processes, such as dehydration, dehydrogenation, hydroxylation, hydrogenation, methylation, sulphonation, N-acetylcysteine (NAC) formation, N-heterocyclisation and their composite reactions, were all discovered in the study.In conclusion, our results not only detailedly elucidated many new metabolites and metabolic pathways of swertiamarin, but also provided a reference for further study of its pharmacological mechanism and evaluation of its safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beibei Ma
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Tianyu Lou
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Tingting Wang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Ruiji Li
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Jinhui Liu
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Shangyue Yu
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
| | - Yudong Guo
- Beijing Institute for Drug Control, Beijing, China
| | - Zhibin Wang
- Beijing Tongrentang Research Institute, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Wang
- School of Chinese Pharmacy, Beijing University of Chinese Medicine, Beijing, China
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Wu Z, Liu Q, Zhu K, Liu Y, Chen L, Guo H, Zhou N, Li Y, Shi B. Cigarette smoke induces the pyroptosis of urothelial cells through ROS/NLRP3/caspase-1 signaling pathway. Neurourol Urodyn 2020; 39:613-624. [PMID: 31905258 DOI: 10.1002/nau.24271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Cell death and inflammation are involved in the development of bladder dysfunction. Pyroptosis is programmed cell death, causing cytotoxic effects and local inflammation. As one of the biggest health threats in the world, smoking is also closely related to urinary system diseases. The aims of this study were to investigate the role of NLRP3 inflammasome-mediated pyroptosis in the bladder after cigarette smoke exposure. METHODS The expression of NLRP3 inflammasome and the activity of caspase-1 in bladder tissue was investigated after cigarette smoke exposure. In vitro, bladder urothelial cells were stimulated by cigarette smoke extract and then the activity of caspase-1 and the expression of NLRP3 inflammasome were measured. The role of oxidative stress was also assessed. RESULTS The activity of caspase-1 in bladder tissue increased by 50% after cigarette smoke exposure. Cigarette smoke caused oxidative stress injury and the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome. In addition, reactive oxygen species (ROS) inhibitor N-acetyl-cysteine alleviated the pyroptosis of urothelial cells. CONCLUSIONS Cigarette smoke-induced pyroptosis of bladder tissue by activating ROS/NLRP3/caspase-1 signaling pathway. Inhibition of bladder urothelial cell pyroptosis may be a new approach to alleviate bladder damage caused by smoking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zonglong Wu
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Qinggang Liu
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Kejia Zhu
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yaxiao Liu
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Lipeng Chen
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Hongda Guo
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Nan Zhou
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yan Li
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Benkang Shi
- Department of Urology, Qilu Hospital of Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
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