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Jiang C, Chen Z, Liao W, Zhang R, Chen G, Ma L, Yu H. The Medicinal Species of the Lycium Genus (Goji Berries) in East Asia: A Review of Its Effect on Cell Signal Transduction Pathways. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:1531. [PMID: 38891336 PMCID: PMC11174690 DOI: 10.3390/plants13111531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2024] [Revised: 05/06/2024] [Accepted: 05/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/21/2024]
Abstract
Natural plants contain numerous chemical compounds that are beneficial to human health. The berries from the Lycium genus are widely consumed and are highly nutritious. Moreover, their chemical constituents have attracted attention for their health-promoting properties. In East Asia, there are three varieties of the Lycium genus (Lycium barbarum L., Lycium chinense Miller, and L. ruthenicum Murray) that possess medicinal value and are commonly used for treating chronic diseases and improving metabolic disorders. These varieties are locally referred to as "red Goji berries" or "black Goji berries" due to their distinct colors, and they differ in their chemical compositions, primarily in terms of carotenoid and anthocyanin content. The pharmacological functions of these berries include anti-aging, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-exercise fatigue effects. This review aims to analyze previous and recent studies on the active ingredients and pharmacological activities of these Lycium varieties, elucidating their signaling pathways and assessing their impact on the gut microbiota. Furthermore, the potential prospects for using these active ingredients in the treatment of COVID-19 are evaluated. This review explores the potential targets of these Lycium varieties in the treatment of relevant diseases, highlighting their potential value in drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Lijuan Ma
- Dr. Neher’s Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China; (C.J.); (Z.C.); (W.L.); (R.Z.); (G.C.)
| | - Haijie Yu
- Dr. Neher’s Biophysics Laboratory for Innovative Drug Discovery, State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau 999078, China; (C.J.); (Z.C.); (W.L.); (R.Z.); (G.C.)
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2
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Tsiaka T, Stavropoulou NA, Giannakourou MC, Strati IF, Sinanoglou VJ. Optimization of Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction and Characterization of the Phenolic Compounds in Rose Distillation Side Streams Using Spectrophotometric Assays and High-Throughput Analytical Techniques. Molecules 2023; 28:7403. [PMID: 37959822 PMCID: PMC10650874 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28217403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Lately, the essential oils industry has been one of the most expanding markets globally. However, the byproducts generated after the distillation of aromatic plants and their transformation to novel high-added value products consist of a major up-to-date challenge. Thus, the scope of the current study is the optimization of ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE) for the recovery of phenolic compounds from rose (Rosa damascena) post-distillation side streams using Box-Behnken design. In particular, the highest total phenolic content (TPC) was achieved at 71% v/v ethanol-water solution, at 25 min, 40 mL/g dry sample and 53% ultrasound power, while ethanol content and extraction time were the most crucial factors (p-value ≤ 0.05) for UAE. Both solid (RSB) and liquid (LSB) rose side streams exhibited significant antiradical and antioxidant activities. The interpretation of attenuated total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectra confirmed the presence of compounds with properties such as phenolic compounds, phenolic amide derivatives, and alcohols in the extracts. Moreover, the flavonoids naringenin, quercetin, and kaempferol were the major phenolic compounds, identified in the extracts by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry analysis (LC-MS/MS), followed by gallic, protocatechuic, p-hydroxybenzoic, and rosmarinic acids. Furthermore, the LC-MS/MS results pinpointed the effect of factors other than the extraction conditions (harvesting parameters, climatic conditions, plant growth stage, etc.) on the phenolic fingerprint of RSB extracts. Therefore, RSB extracts emerge as a promising alternative antioxidant agent in food products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thalia Tsiaka
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Analysis & Design of Food Processes, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of West Attica, Agiou Spyridonos, 12243 Egaleo, Greece; (T.T.); (N.A.S.); (I.F.S.)
| | - Natalia A. Stavropoulou
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Analysis & Design of Food Processes, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of West Attica, Agiou Spyridonos, 12243 Egaleo, Greece; (T.T.); (N.A.S.); (I.F.S.)
| | - Maria C. Giannakourou
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Analysis & Design of Food Processes, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of West Attica, Agiou Spyridonos, 12243 Egaleo, Greece; (T.T.); (N.A.S.); (I.F.S.)
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Technology, School of Chemical Engineering, National Technical University of Athens, Zografou Campus, 9 Iroon Polytechniou St., 15772 Athens, Greece
| | - Irini F. Strati
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Analysis & Design of Food Processes, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of West Attica, Agiou Spyridonos, 12243 Egaleo, Greece; (T.T.); (N.A.S.); (I.F.S.)
| | - Vassilia J. Sinanoglou
- Laboratory of Chemistry, Analysis & Design of Food Processes, Department of Food Science and Technology, University of West Attica, Agiou Spyridonos, 12243 Egaleo, Greece; (T.T.); (N.A.S.); (I.F.S.)
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Ge C, Wang X, Wang Y, Lei L, Song G, Qian M, Wang S. PKCε inhibition prevents ischemia‑induced dendritic spine impairment in cultured primary neurons. Exp Ther Med 2023; 25:152. [PMID: 36911376 PMCID: PMC9995843 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2023.11851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Accepted: 01/31/2023] [Indexed: 02/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Brain ischemia is an independent risk factor for Alzheimer's disease (AD); however, the mechanisms underlining ischemic stroke and AD remain unclear. The present study aimed to investigate the function of the ε isoform of protein kinase C (PKCε) in brain ischemia-induced dendritic spine dysfunction to elucidate how brain ischemia causes AD. In the present study, primary hippocampus and cortical neurons were cultured while an oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) model was used to simulate brain ischemia. In the OGD cell model, in vitro kinase activity assay was performed to investigate whether the PKCε kinase activity changed after OGD treatment. Confocal microscopy was performed to investigate whether inhibiting PKCε kinase activity protects dendritic spine morphology and function. G-LISA was used to investigate whether small GTPases worked downstream of PKCε. The results showed that PKCε kinase activity was significantly increased following OGD treatment in primary neurons, leading to dendritic spine dysfunction. Pre-treatment with PKCε-inhibiting peptide, which blocks PKCε activity, significantly rescued dendritic spine function following OGD treatment. Furthermore, PKCε could activate Ras homolog gene family member A (RhoA) as a downstream molecule, which mediated OGD-induced dendritic spine morphology changes and caused dendritic spine dysfunction. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that the PKCε/RhoA signalling pathway is a novel mechanism mediating brain ischemia-induced dendritic spine dysfunction. Developing therapeutic targets for this pathway may protect against and prevent brain ischemia-induced cognitive impairment and AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenjie Ge
- Department of Psychiatry, Huzhou Third Municipal Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, P.R. China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200131, P.R. China
| | - Yunhong Wang
- WuXi AppTec Co., Ltd., Shanghai 200131, P.R. China
| | - Lilei Lei
- Department of Psychiatry, Huzhou Third Municipal Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, P.R. China
| | - Guohua Song
- Department of Psychiatry, Huzhou Third Municipal Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, P.R. China
| | - Mincai Qian
- Department of Psychiatry, Huzhou Third Municipal Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, P.R. China
| | - Shiliang Wang
- Department of Psychiatry, Huzhou Third Municipal Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Huzhou University, Huzhou, Zhejiang 313000, P.R. China
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Melloni M, Sergi D, Simioni C, Passaro A, Neri LM. Microalgae as a Nutraceutical Tool to Antagonize the Impairment of Redox Status Induced by SNPs: Implications on Insulin Resistance. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12030449. [PMID: 36979141 PMCID: PMC10044993 DOI: 10.3390/biology12030449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 03/17/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae represent a growing innovative source of nutraceuticals such as carotenoids and phenolic compound which are naturally present within these single-celled organisms or can be induced in response to specific growth conditions. The presence of the unfavourable allelic variant in genes involved in the control of oxidative stress, due to one or more SNPs in gene encoding protein involved in the regulation of redox balance, can lead to pathological conditions such as insulin resistance, which, in turn, is directly involved in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus. In this review we provide an overview of the main SNPs in antioxidant genes involved in the promotion of insulin resistance with a focus on the potential role of microalgae-derived antioxidant molecules as novel nutritional tools to mitigate oxidative stress and improve insulin sensitivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Melloni
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.M.); (D.S.)
| | - Domenico Sergi
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.M.); (D.S.)
| | - Carolina Simioni
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Via Fossato di Mortara 70, 44121 Ferrara, Italy;
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA)—Electron Microscopy Center, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
| | - Angelina Passaro
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.M.); (D.S.)
- Medical Department, University Hospital of Ferrara Arcispedale Sant’Anna, Via Aldo Moro 8, 44124 Ferrara, Italy
- Research and Innovation Section, University Hospital of Ferrara Arcispedale Sant’Anna, Via Aldo Moro 8, 44124 Ferrara, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (L.M.N.); Tel.: +39-0532-236291 (A.P.); +39-0532-455940 (L.M.N.)
| | - Luca Maria Neri
- Department of Translational Medicine, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy; (M.M.); (D.S.)
- Laboratory for Technologies of Advanced Therapies (LTTA)—Electron Microscopy Center, University of Ferrara, Via Luigi Borsari 46, 44121 Ferrara, Italy
- Correspondence: (A.P.); (L.M.N.); Tel.: +39-0532-236291 (A.P.); +39-0532-455940 (L.M.N.)
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Caryocar brasiliense peel ethanolic extract has neuroprotective potential and reduces the activation of ERK1/2 in the ischemia and reperfusion brain acute phase in the rat. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2023; 32:106945. [PMID: 36669374 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2022.106945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Revised: 11/29/2022] [Accepted: 12/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidative stress induced by ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) injury results in cell death by necrosis or apoptosis and triggers the activation of different intracellular pathways, such as mitogen-activated protein activated kinases. Pequi (Caryocar brasiliense) peel, residue of a fruit from Brazilian savannah-like vegetation, has phenolic compounds that have been demonstrated to have antioxidant effects in vitro. The present study aimed to evaluate the neuroprotective effects of C. brasiliense peel ethanolic extract (CBPE) against transient global I/R injury in the rat brain. Global ischemia for 5, 20, and 45 min followed by 2 h of reperfusion caused a significant time-dependent increase in the number of ischemic neurons (p ≤ 0.05); increased immunoreactivity of cleaved caspase-3 (CASP3); and activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2. Pretreatment with CBPE (600 mg/kg, oral) or vitamin E (0.6 mg, oral) for 30 days showed significant protection against acute brain injury induced by 20 and 45 min or 5 min of ischemia, respectively, by reducing the cortical ischemic neuron count (p ≤ 0.05) and p-ERK1/2 immunoreactivity. In addition, active c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) immunoreactivity was reduced in animals not subjected to ischemia. Therefore, we suggest an association between vitamin E and CBPE, which may generate a better neuroprotective response. Interestingly, mainly in the hippocampus and oligodendrocytes, high dose CBPE increase the number of isquemic neurons and of CASP3 immunoreactive cells in animals subjected or not to ischemia, which was not verified in the vitamin E group. Therefore, additional studies are recommended to verify the safety of the continuous use of CBPE.
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Abdelsalam SA, Renu K, Zahra HA, Abdallah BM, Ali EM, Veeraraghavan VP, Sivalingam K, Ronsard L, Ammar RB, Vidya DS, Karuppaiya P, Al-Ramadan SY, Rajendran P. Polyphenols Mediate Neuroprotection in Cerebral Ischemic Stroke-An Update. Nutrients 2023; 15:nu15051107. [PMID: 36904106 PMCID: PMC10005012 DOI: 10.3390/nu15051107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke is one of the main causes of mortality and disability, and it is due to be included in monetary implications on wellbeing frameworks around the world. Ischemic stroke is caused by interference in cerebral blood flow, leading to a deficit in the supply of oxygen to the affected region. It accounts for nearly 80-85% of all cases of stroke. Oxidative stress has a significant impact on the pathophysiologic cascade in brain damage leading to stroke. In the acute phase, oxidative stress mediates severe toxicity, and it initiates and contributes to late-stage apoptosis and inflammation. Oxidative stress conditions occur when the antioxidant defense in the body is unable to counteract the production and aggregation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The previous literature has shown that phytochemicals and other natural products not only scavenge oxygen free radicals but also improve the expressions of cellular antioxidant enzymes and molecules. Consequently, these products protect against ROS-mediated cellular injury. This review aims to give an overview of the most relevant data reported in the literature on polyphenolic compounds, namely, gallic acid, resveratrol, quercetin, kaempferol, mangiferin, epigallocatechin, and pinocembrin, in terms of their antioxidant effects and potential protective activity against ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salaheldin Abdelraouf Abdelsalam
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, Chennai 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Assiut University, Assiut 71515, Egypt
| | - Kaviyarasi Renu
- Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India
| | - Hamad Abu Zahra
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, Chennai 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Basem M. Abdallah
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, Chennai 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Enas M. Ali
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, Chennai 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo 12613, Egypt
| | - Vishnu Priya Veeraraghavan
- Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India
| | - Kalaiselvi Sivalingam
- Department of Developmental, Molecular and Chemical Biology, Tufts University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Larance Ronsard
- The Ragon Institute of MGH, MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Rebai Ben Ammar
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, Chennai 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Laboratory of Aromatic and Medicinal Plants, Center of Biotechnology of Borj-Cedria, Technopole of Borj-Cedria, P.O. Box 901, Hammam-Lif 2050, Tunisia
| | - Devanathadesikan Seshadri Vidya
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdul Aziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Palaniyandi Karuppaiya
- State Key Laboratory for Conservation and Utilization of Subtropical Agro-Bioresources, Guangxi University, Nanning 530004, China
| | - S. Y. Al-Ramadan
- Department of Anatomy, College of Veterinary Medicine, King Faisal University, Al-Ahsa 31982, Saudi Arabia
| | - Peramaiyan Rajendran
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Science, King Faisal University, Chennai 31982, Saudi Arabia
- Centre of Molecular Medicine and Diagnostics (COMManD), Department of Biochemistry, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Saveetha Dental College & Hospitals, Saveetha University, Chennai 600077, India
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +966-0135899543
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FTO inhibits oxidative stress by mediating m6A demethylation of Nrf2 to alleviate cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury. J Physiol Biochem 2023; 79:133-146. [PMID: 36327034 DOI: 10.1007/s13105-022-00929-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Current therapies are of limited efficacy in cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Based on the important role of oxidative stress in cerebral I/R injury, this study aimed to explore how the N6-adenosine methylation (m6A) demethylase FTO affects oxidative stress. Middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R)-induced rat model and oxygen and glucose deprivation/re-oxygenation (OGD/R)-induced SH-SY5Y cells were established as in vivo and in vitro model, respectively. The neurological score of rats was measured, and the volume of cerebral infarction was measured by TTC staining. The levels of FTO, nuclear factor-erythroid 2-related factor (Nrf2), and the activity of m6A demethylase FTO were detected. The m6A methylation level of Nrf2 mRNA was detected by MeRIP experiment. Flow cytometry and MTT assay were used to detect apoptosis and proliferation in vitro. TUNEL assay was used to detect apoptosis in brain tissues. FTO and Nrf2 expressions were decreased in the MCAO/R rat brain tissues and OGD/R SH-SY5Y cells, while the m6A methylation level of Nrf2 mRNA was significantly increased. Overexpression of FTO upregulated Nrf2 expression by decreasing the m6A methylation level of Nrf2 mRNA. m6A binding protein YT521-B homology (YTH) domain family protein 2 (YTHDF2) promoted the degradation of Nrf2 by promoting the m6A methylation level of Nrf2 mRNA. Furthermore, SH-SY5Y cell apoptosis was increased and cell viability was decreased after the addition of methyltransferases METTL 3/14, thus blocking FTO to protect SH-SY5Y cells from oxidative stress injury. In vivo, overexpression of FTO decreased the area of cerebral ischemia infarction and the extent of cell apoptosis. In conclusion, FTO increases Nrf2 expression by mediating m6A demethylation of Nrf2 mRNA, thereby inhibiting oxidative stress response and ultimately alleviating cerebral I/R injury.
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Liu Y, Guo X, Yu L, Huang Y, Guo C, Li S, Yang X, Zhang Z. Luteolin alleviates inorganic mercury-induced liver injury in quails by resisting oxidative stress and promoting mercury ion excretion. Mol Biol Rep 2023; 50:399-408. [PMID: 36336778 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-022-08049-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 10/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BackgroundInorganic mercury is a well-known toxic substance that can cause oxidative stress and liver damage. Luteolin (Lut) is a kind of natural antioxidant, which is widely found in plants. Therefore, we focused on exploring the alleviative effect of Lut on liver injury induced by mercuric chloride (HgCl2), and the potential molecular mechanism of eliminating mercury ions in quails.Methods and resultsTwenty-one-day-old male quails were randomly split into four groups: control group, Lut group, HgCl2 group, and HgCl2 + Lut group. The test period was 12 weeks. The results showed that Lut could significantly ameliorate oxidative stress, the release of inflammatory factors, and liver damage caused by HgCl2, and reduce the accumulation of Hg2+ in quail liver. Furthermore, Lut evidently increased the levels of protein kinase C α (PKCα), nuclear factor-erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), and its downstream proteins, and inhibited nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) production in the liver of quails treated by HgCl2.ConclusionsTo sum up, our results suggest that Lut not only reduces the levels of oxidative stress and inflammation, but also promotes the excretion of Hg2+ by promoting the PKCα/Nrf2 signaling pathway to alleviate HgCl2-induced liver injury in quails.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Liu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Harbin, 150030, China.,College of Life Sciences and Food Engineering, Inner Mongolia Minzu University, Tongliao, 028000, China
| | - Xinyu Guo
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Lu Yu
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Yuxiang Huang
- Branch of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary of Heilongjiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Qiqihar, 161000, China
| | - Changming Guo
- Key Laboratory of Zoonosis, Ministry of Education, College of Veterinary Medicine, Jilin University, Changchun, 130062, China
| | - Siyu Li
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Xu Yang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Harbin, 150030, China
| | - Zhigang Zhang
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Northeast Agricultural University, 600 Changjiang Road, Harbin, 150030, China.
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Nrf2 Regulates Oxidative Stress and Its Role in Cerebral Ischemic Stroke. Antioxidants (Basel) 2022; 11:antiox11122377. [PMID: 36552584 PMCID: PMC9774301 DOI: 10.3390/antiox11122377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Revised: 11/23/2022] [Accepted: 11/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral ischemic stroke is characterized by acute ischemia in a certain part of the brain, which leads to brain cells necrosis, apoptosis, ferroptosis, pyroptosis, etc. At present, there are limited effective clinical treatments for cerebral ischemic stroke, and the recovery of cerebral blood circulation will lead to cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury (CIRI). Cerebral ischemic stroke involves many pathological processes such as oxidative stress, inflammation, and mitochondrial dysfunction. Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), as one of the most critical antioxidant transcription factors in cells, can coordinate various cytoprotective factors to inhibit oxidative stress. Targeting Nrf2 is considered as a potential strategy to prevent and treat cerebral ischemia injury. During cerebral ischemia, Nrf2 participates in signaling pathways such as Keap1, PI3K/AKT, MAPK, NF-κB, and HO-1, and then alleviates cerebral ischemia injury or CIRI by inhibiting oxidative stress, anti-inflammation, maintaining mitochondrial homeostasis, protecting the blood-brain barrier, and inhibiting ferroptosis. In this review, we have discussed the structure of Nrf2, the mechanisms of Nrf2 in cerebral ischemic stroke, the related research on the treatment of cerebral ischemia through the Nrf2 signaling pathway in recent years, and expounded the important role and future potential of the Nrf2 pathway in cerebral ischemic stroke.
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Wang M, Yu J, Yang Q, Guo C, Zhang W, Li W, Weng Y, Ding Y, Wang J. Beta-Boswellic Acid Protects Against Cerebral Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury via the Protein Kinase C Epsilon/Nuclear Factor Erythroid 2-like 2/Heme Oxygenase-1 Pathway. Mol Neurobiol 2022; 59:4242-4256. [PMID: 35505050 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-022-02848-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic strokes are associated with a high rate of disability and death globally. Cerebral ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury is a type of brain damage associated with oxidative stress after an ischemic stroke. Beta-boswellic acid (β-BA) reportedly exerts antioxidant and neuroprotective effects, but its role in cerebral I/R injury is unclear. The aim of this research was to investigate the neuroprotective effects, as well as the mechanisms of β-BA in cerebral I/R injury. In vivo experiments were conducted using a rat middle cerebral artery occlusion and reperfusion (MCAO/R) model, and in vitro experiments were performed using a rat neuronal oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/R) model. Triphenyltetrazolium chloride staining, neurological function scores, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase deoxyuridine triphosphate nick end labeling, hematoxylin and eosin staining, and antioxidant levels in the brain were used to assess the effects of β-BA. Flow cytometry was used to detect reactive oxygen species and apoptotic cells. Western blotting and immunofluorescence staining were used to measure protein levels. The results showed that β-BA markedly improved neurological deficits and decreased infarct volume and necrotic neurons in rats. The in vitro results showed that β-BA protected neurons against OGD/R-induced injury. Additionally, β-BA significantly increased the phosphorylation of protein kinase C epsilon (PRKCE) at S729, the translocation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-like 2 (NFE2L2), and expression of heme oxygenase-1 (HMOX1). This study demonstrates that β-BA exerts neuroprotective effects against cerebral I/R via the activation of the PRKCE/NFE2L2/HMOX1 pathway and is a potential therapeutic candidate for ischemic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Jiaoyan Yu
- Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Qi Yang
- Precision Pharmacy & Drug Development Center, Department of Pharmacy, Tangdu Hospital, Air Force Medical University, Xi'an, 710038, China
| | - Chao Guo
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Weiwei Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yan Weng
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yi Ding
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| | - Jingwen Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
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The Influence of Gut Dysbiosis in the Pathogenesis and Management of Ischemic Stroke. Cells 2022; 11:cells11071239. [PMID: 35406804 PMCID: PMC8997586 DOI: 10.3390/cells11071239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2022] [Revised: 03/21/2022] [Accepted: 03/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent research on the gut microbiome has revealed the influence of gut microbiota (GM) on ischemic stroke pathogenesis and treatment outcomes. Alterations in the diversity, abundance, and functions of the gut microbiome, termed gut dysbiosis, results in dysregulated gut–brain signaling, which induces intestinal barrier changes, endotoxemia, systemic inflammation, and infection, affecting post-stroke outcomes. Gut–brain interactions are bidirectional, and the signals from the gut to the brain are mediated by microbially derived metabolites, such as trimethylamine N-oxide (TMAO) and short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs); bacterial components, such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS); immune cells, such as T helper cells; and bacterial translocation via hormonal, immune, and neural pathways. Ischemic stroke affects gut microbial composition via neural and hypothalamic–pituitary–adrenal (HPA) pathways, which can contribute to post-stroke outcomes. Experimental and clinical studies have demonstrated that the restoration of the gut microbiome usually improves stroke treatment outcomes by regulating metabolic, immune, and inflammatory responses via the gut–brain axis (GBA). Therefore, restoring healthy microbial ecology in the gut may be a key therapeutic target for the effective management and treatment of ischemic stroke.
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Zhao G, Hong L, Liu M, Jiang H, Peng D, He L, Chen W. Isolation and Characterization of Natural Nanoparticles in Naoluo Xintong Decoction and Their Brain Protection Research. Molecules 2022; 27:1511. [PMID: 35268609 PMCID: PMC8911896 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27051511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2022] [Revised: 02/16/2022] [Accepted: 02/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, researchers use modern analytical techniques in a unique perspective of physical pharmacy to analyze the phase composition of traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) and have discovered that natural nanoparticles commonly exist in decoctions. This study aims to isolate and characterize the structure and composition of nanoparticles in Naoluo Xintong (NLXT) and investigate whether the brain protection effect of NLXT is closely related to NLXT-Nanoparticles (NLXT-NPs). Firstly, the dialysis-centrifugation method was used to separate the nanoparticles and then their size distribution, potential, and morphology were characterized. In addition, infrared spectroscopy and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight-mass spectrometer (UPLC-Q-TOF-MS) technology were used to analyze the composition of nanoparticles. As for the pharmacodynamic experiment, Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into sham, Middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model, NLXT, NLXT with nanoparticles removing (NLXT-RN), NLXT-RN+Nanoparticles (NLXT-RN+NPs), and NLXT-NPs groups. After administration, the neurological function, histopathological changes, oxidative stress, and apoptosis level were measured. Our research showed that NLXT-NPs are mainly composed of polysaccharides, proteins, and saponins, with typical characteristics of two hundred-nanometer size and negatively loaded. NLXT can improve nerve function, reduce oxidative stress, and inhibit cell apoptosis. However, removing nanoparticles can significantly reduce the brain-protective effect of NLXT, which indicates that NLXT-NPs play an essential role in the efficacy of NLXT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Zhao
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China; (G.Z.); (L.H.); (M.L.); (H.J.)
| | - Lu Hong
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China; (G.Z.); (L.H.); (M.L.); (H.J.)
| | - Mingming Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China; (G.Z.); (L.H.); (M.L.); (H.J.)
| | - Huihui Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China; (G.Z.); (L.H.); (M.L.); (H.J.)
| | - Daiyin Peng
- Key Laboratory of Xin’an Medicine Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China;
| | - Ling He
- Key Laboratory of Xin’an Medicine Ministry of Education, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230038, China;
| | - Weidong Chen
- School of Pharmacy, Anhui University of Chinese Medicine, Hefei 230012, China; (G.Z.); (L.H.); (M.L.); (H.J.)
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Huo H, Hu C, Lu Y, Zhou J, Mai Z. Silencing of circCDC14A prevents cerebral ischemia-reperfusion injury via miR-23a-3p/CXCL12 axis. J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2022; 36:e22982. [PMID: 34978116 DOI: 10.1002/jbt.22982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is one of the main causes of death and disability. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) have received extensive attention in the pathogenesis of ischemic stroke. Here, we evaluated the role of circCDC14A in cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (CI/R) injury in vivo and in vitro. The expression of circCDC14A was significantly upregulated in the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model and oxygen and glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R)-treated HT22 cells. Knockdown of circCDC14A suppressed the cell viability reduction caused by OGD/R, as well as cell damage and apoptosis. Mechanistically, circCDC14A acted as a sponge for miR-23a-3p and promoted the expression of chemokine stromal-derived factor-1 (CXCL12) by negatively regulating miR-23a-3p. Rescue experiments further confirmed that miR-23a-3p inhibitor or circCDC14A-overexpression vectors blocked the beneficial effects of circCDC14A knockdown in OGD/R-induced HT22 cells. Moreover, knockdown of circCDC14A suppressed MCAO-induced cerebral infarction and neurological damage, as well as the brain tissue damage and neuronal apoptosis in vivo. Consistently, miR-23a-3p antagomir treatment abolished the cerebral protective effects of circCDC14A knockdown on MCAO mice. In conclusion, circCDC14A promoted CI/R injury by regulating the miR-23a-3p/CXCL12 axis, which suggested that circCDC14A may become a potential therapeutic target for CI/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huiyi Huo
- Department of Neonatology, The First People's Hospital Of Foshan (The Affiliated Foshan Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University), Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Chao Hu
- Department of Stomatology, Shunde Hospital of Southern Medical University, Shunde, Guangdong, China
| | - Yongxue Lu
- Department of Neonatology, The First People's Hospital Of Foshan (The Affiliated Foshan Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University), Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinyu Zhou
- Department of Neonatology, The First People's Hospital Of Foshan (The Affiliated Foshan Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University), Foshan, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiguang Mai
- Department of Neonatology, The First People's Hospital Of Foshan (The Affiliated Foshan Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University), Foshan, Guangdong, China
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Chao CC, Shen PW, Tzeng TY, Kung HJ, Tsai TF, Wong YH. Human iPSC-Derived Neurons as A Platform for Deciphering the Mechanisms behind Brain Aging. Biomedicines 2021; 9:1635. [PMID: 34829864 PMCID: PMC8615703 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9111635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/04/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
With an increased life expectancy among humans, aging has recently emerged as a major focus in biomedical research. The lack of in vitro aging models-especially for neurological disorders, where access to human brain tissues is limited-has hampered the progress in studies on human brain aging and various age-associated neurodegenerative diseases at the cellular and molecular level. In this review, we provide an overview of age-related changes in the transcriptome, in signaling pathways, and in relation to epigenetic factors that occur in senescent neurons. Moreover, we explore the current cell models used to study neuronal aging in vitro, including immortalized cell lines, primary neuronal culture, neurons directly converted from fibroblasts (Fib-iNs), and iPSC-derived neurons (iPSC-iNs); we also discuss the advantages and limitations of these models. In addition, the key phenotypes associated with cellular senescence that have been observed by these models are compared. Finally, we focus on the potential of combining human iPSC-iNs with genome editing technology in order to further our understanding of brain aging and neurodegenerative diseases, and discuss the future directions and challenges in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuan-Chuan Chao
- Aging and Health Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (C.-C.C.); (T.-F.T.)
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Po-Wen Shen
- Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University and Academia Sinica, Taipei 112, Taiwan;
- Ph.D. Program for Cancer Biology and Drug Discovery, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Tsai-Yu Tzeng
- Cancer Progression Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan;
| | - Hsing-Jien Kung
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli 350, Taiwan;
- Research Center of Cancer Translational Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California at Davis, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Ting-Fen Tsai
- Aging and Health Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan; (C.-C.C.); (T.-F.T.)
- Institute of Molecular and Genomic Medicine, National Health Research Institutes, Zhunan, Miaoli 350, Taiwan;
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hui Wong
- Department of Life Sciences and Institute of Genome Sciences, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Brain Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
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Yang D, Yang R, Shen J, Huang L, Men S, Wang T. Sinensetin attenuates oxygen-glucose deprivation/reperfusion-induced neurotoxicity by MAPK pathway in human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells. J Appl Toxicol 2021; 42:683-693. [PMID: 34664717 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2021] [Revised: 09/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Sinensetin is a polymethoxylated flavone with anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative activities. This work aimed to explore the function and mechanism of sinensetin in oxygen and glucose deprivation/reperfusion (OGD/R)-induced neurotoxicity. The overlapping target genes of cerebral stroke and sinensetin were determined according to GeneCards and ParmMapper tools and were subjected to Gene Ontology (GO) annotations and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analyses. Human cerebral microvascular endothelial cells (HCMECs) were stimulated with OGD/R. Neurotoxicity was investigated by Cell Counting Kit-8, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, reactive oxygen species (ROS) level, qRT-PCR, and TUNEL analysis. The proteins (p38, JNK, and ERK) in mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling were measured using Western blotting. Total of 50 overlapping target genes of cerebral stroke and sinensetin were predicted. Pathway analysis showed they might be involved in the MAPK pathway. Sinensetin attenuated OGD/R-induced neurotoxicity by mitigating viability reduction, LDH release, ROS generation, inflammatory response, and apoptosis in HCMECs. Sinensetin weakened OGD/R-induced activation of the MAPK pathway via decreasing the phosphorylation of p38, JNK, and ERK. The pathway inhibitors mitigated the activation of the MAPK signaling, and sinensetin exacerbated this effect. The inhibitors reversed OGD/R-induced neurotoxicity in HCMECs, and sinensetin contributed to this role. Overall, sinensetin prevents OGD/R-induced neurotoxicity through decreasing the activation of MAPK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Yang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanshi Hospital of Nanyang, Nanyang, China
| | - Ronggang Yang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanshi Hospital of Nanyang, Nanyang, China
| | - Jiangyi Shen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanshi Hospital of Nanyang, Nanyang, China
| | - Lu Huang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanshi Hospital of Nanyang, Nanyang, China
| | - Shuai Men
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanshi Hospital of Nanyang, Nanyang, China
| | - Tiancai Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine, Nanshi Hospital of Nanyang, Nanyang, China
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Appunni S, Gupta D, Rubens M, Ramamoorthy V, Singh HN, Swarup V. Deregulated Protein Kinases: Friend and Foe in Ischemic Stroke. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:6471-6489. [PMID: 34549335 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02563-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is the third leading cause of mortality worldwide, but its medical management is still limited to the use of thrombolytics as a lifesaving option. Multiple molecular deregulations of the protein kinase family occur during the period of ischemia/reperfusion. However, experimental studies have shown that alterations in the expression of essential protein kinases and their pharmacological modulation can modify the neuropathological milieu and hasten neurophysiological recovery. This review highlights the role of key protein kinase members and their implications in the evolution of stroke pathophysiology. Activation of ROCK-, MAPK-, and GSK-3β-mediated pathways following neuronal ischemia/reperfusion injury in experimental conditions aggravate the neuropathology and delays recovery. Targeting ROCK, MAPK, and GSK-3β will potentially enhance myelin regeneration, improve blood-brain barrier (BBB) function, and suppress inflammation, which ameliorates neuronal survival. Conversely, protein kinases such as PKA, Akt, PKCα, PKCε, Trk, and PERK salvage neurons post-ischemia by mechanisms including enhanced toxin metabolism, restoring BBB integrity, neurotrophic effects, and apoptosis suppression. Certain protein kinases such as ERK1/2, JNK, and AMPK have favourable and unfavourable effects in salvaging ischemia-injured neurons. Targeting multiple protein kinase-mediated pathways simultaneously may improve neuronal recovery post-ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Appunni
- Department of Biochemistry, Government Medical College, Kozhikode, Kerala, India
| | - Deepika Gupta
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India
| | | | | | - Himanshu Narayan Singh
- Department of Systems Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Centre, New York City, NY, USA.
| | - Vishnu Swarup
- Department of Neurology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi, India.
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Dai Z, Jiang D, Dai Y, Han R, Fu Q, Jin Y, Liang X. Separation and characterization of phenylamides from Piper kadsura using preparative supercritical fluid chromatography and ultra-high-performance supercritical fluid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. J Sep Sci 2021; 44:3530-3539. [PMID: 34342132 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.202100422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2021] [Revised: 07/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/22/2021] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
A preparative supercritical fluid chromatography method for the separation of Piper kadsura obtained five phenylamide compounds, which had the same structural skeleton, but changed in the number and position of methoxyl substituents. To improve the separation selectivity of these structural analogues, silica, phenyl, and chiral stationary phases were screened. Only through the combination of Chiral C and phenyl columns could the separation of the five phenylamides be solved. The two-step strategy using preparative supercritical fluid chromatography presented good orthogonality that ensured the purity of the phenylamides. Then, an ultra-high-performance supercritical fluid chromatography hyphened tandem mass spectrometry method was developed, and the fragmentation pattern of phenylamides was summarized. It mainly cleaved in the amide bond to produce the fragment ion, which could help to judge the substituent positions. Twenty-eight possible molecular weights of hydroxyl and methoxyl substituted phenylamides were calculated and screened. Nine compounds were extracted in three [M + H]+ ions at m/z 284.13, 314.13, and 344.13, including five purified compounds and the other four positional or trans-cis phenylamide isomers in low content. The methods developed in this research were useful in the separation and characterization of phenylamide analogues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoshun Dai
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Dasen Jiang
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yingping Dai
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Rongrong Han
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Qing Fu
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yu Jin
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xinmiao Liang
- Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Process Chemistry, Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, P.R. China.,Key Lab of Separation Science for Analytical Chemistry, Key Lab of Natural Medicine, Liaoning Province, Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian, P.R. China
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18
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Neuroprotective Phytochemicals in Experimental Ischemic Stroke: Mechanisms and Potential Clinical Applications. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2021; 2021:6687386. [PMID: 34007405 PMCID: PMC8102108 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6687386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 03/10/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is a challenging disease with high mortality and disability rates, causing a great economic and social burden worldwide. During ischemic stroke, ionic imbalance and excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, and inflammation are developed in a relatively certain order, which then activate the cell death pathways directly or indirectly via the promotion of organelle dysfunction. Neuroprotection, a therapy that is aimed at inhibiting this damaging cascade, is therefore an important therapeutic strategy for ischemic stroke. Notably, phytochemicals showed great neuroprotective potential in preclinical research via various strategies including modulation of calcium levels and antiexcitotoxicity, antioxidation, anti-inflammation and BBB protection, mitochondrial protection and antiapoptosis, autophagy/mitophagy regulation, and regulation of neurotrophin release. In this review, we summarize the research works that report the neuroprotective activity of phytochemicals in the past 10 years and discuss the neuroprotective mechanisms and potential clinical applications of 148 phytochemicals that belong to the categories of flavonoids, stilbenoids, other phenols, terpenoids, and alkaloids. Among them, scutellarin, pinocembrin, puerarin, hydroxysafflor yellow A, salvianolic acids, rosmarinic acid, borneol, bilobalide, ginkgolides, ginsenoside Rd, and vinpocetine show great potential in clinical ischemic stroke treatment. This review will serve as a powerful reference for the screening of phytochemicals with potential clinical applications in ischemic stroke or the synthesis of new neuroprotective agents that take phytochemicals as leading compounds.
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Gao K, Liu M, Li Y, Wang L, Zhao C, Zhao X, Zhao J, Ding Y, Tang H, Jia Y, Wang J, Wen A. Lyciumamide A, a dimer of phenolic amide, protects against NMDA-induced neurotoxicity and potential mechanisms in vitro. J Mol Histol 2021; 52:449-459. [PMID: 33755822 DOI: 10.1007/s10735-020-09952-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 12/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Currently, the excessive activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors (NMDARs) is considered to be a crucial mechanism of brain injury. Lycium barbarum A (LyA) is a dimer of phenol amides isolated from the fruit of Lycium barbarum. Our previous studies have shown that LyA has potential antioxidant activity. This study aimed to explore the neuroprotective effect of LyA and its potential mechanism. Firstly, the molecular docking was used to preliminarily explore the potential function of LyA to block NMDAR. Then, the ability of LyA was further verified by NMDA-induced human neuroblastoma SH-SY5Y cells in vivo. Treatment with LyA significantly attenuated NMDA-induced neuronal insults by increasing cell viability, reducing lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release, and increasing cell survival. Meanwhile, LyA significantly reversed the increase in intracellular calcium and in ROS production induced by NMDA. Finally, the western blot indicated that LyA could suppress the Ca2+ influx and increase the p-NR2B, p-CaMKII, p-JNK, and p-p38 level induced by NMDA. These above findings provide evidence that LyA protect against brain injury, and restraining NMDARs and suppressing mitochondrial oxidative stress and inhibiting cell apoptosis may be involved in the protective mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Meiyou Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yuan Li
- Department of Pharmacy, Xi'an Children's Hospital, Xi'an, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Chao Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Xian Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Jinyi Zhao
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Yi Ding
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Haifeng Tang
- Institute of Materia Medica, School of Pharmacy, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yanyan Jia
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| | - Jingwen Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
| | - Aidong Wen
- Department of Pharmacy, Xijing Hospital, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China.
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Jiang Y, Fang Z, Leonard W, Zhang P. Phenolic compounds in Lycium berry: Composition, health benefits and industrial applications. J Funct Foods 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2020.104340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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Liu M, Li X, Huang D. Mfn2 Overexpression Attenuates Cardio-Cerebrovascular Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Through Mitochondrial Fusion and Activation of the AMPK/Sirt3 Signaling. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:598078. [PMID: 33195281 PMCID: PMC7644524 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.598078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitochondria are potential targets for the treatment of cardio-cerebrovascular ischemia–reperfusion (I/R) injury. However, the role of the mitofusin 2 (Mfn2) protein in regulating mitochondrial fusion and cell survival has not been investigated. In the present study, an adenovirus-mediated Mfn2 overexpression assay was performed to understand the effects of Mfn2 on mitochondrial function and cell damage during cardio-cerebrovascular I/R injury. After exposure to I/R injury in vitro, the transcription and expression of Mfn2 were significantly downregulated, which correlated with decreased cell viability and increased apoptosis. By contrast, overexpression of Mfn2 significantly repressed I/R-mediated cell death through modulation of glucose metabolism and oxidative stress. Furthermore, Mfn2 overexpression improved mitochondrial fusion in cells, an effect that was followed by increased mitochondrial membrane potential, improved mitophagy, and inhibition of mitochondria-mediated apoptosis. Our data also demonstrated that Mfn2 overexpression was associated with activation of the AMPK/Sirt3 signaling pathway. Inhibition of the AMPK/Sirt3 pathway abolished the protective effects of Mfn2 on I/R-induced cell injury arising from mitochondrial damage. Our results indicate that Mfn2 protects against cardio-cerebrovascular I/R injury by augmenting mitochondrial fusion and activating the AMPK/Sirt3 signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, China
| | - Xiaoyang Li
- Department of Nursing, The First Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Dezhi Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, China
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Sun L, Han R, Guo F, Chen H, Wang W, Chen Z, Liu W, Sun X, Gao C. Antagonistic effects of IL-17 and Astragaloside IV on cortical neurogenesis and cognitive behavior after stroke in adult mice through Akt/GSK-3β pathway. Cell Death Discov 2020; 6:74. [PMID: 32818074 PMCID: PMC7417740 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-020-00298-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Revised: 06/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to investigate the exact effect of IL-17 on regulating neural stem cells (NSCs) stemness and adult neurogenesis in ischemic cortex after stroke, how Astragaloside IV(As-IV) regulated IL-17 expression and the underlying mechanism. Photochemical brain ischemia model was established and IL-17 protein expression was observed at different time after stroke in WT mice. At 3 days after stroke, when IL-17 expression peaked, IL-17 knock out (KO) mice were used to observe cell proliferation and neurogenesis in ischemic cortex. Then, As-IV was administered intravenously to assess cell apoptosis, proliferation, neurogenesis, and cognitive deficits by immunochemistry staining, western blots, and animal behavior tests in WT mice. Furthermore, IL-17 KO mice and As-IV were used simultaneously to evaluate the mechanism of cell apoptosis and proliferation after stroke in vivo. Besides, in vitro, As-IV and recombinant mouse IL-17A was administered, respectively, into NSCs culture, and then their diameters, viable cell proliferation and pathway relevant protein was assessed. The results showed knocking out IL-17 contributed to regulating PI3K/Akt pathway, promoting NSCs proliferation, and neurogenesis after ischemic stroke. Moreover, As-IV treatment helped inhibit neural apoptosis, promote the neurogenesis and eventually relieve mice anxiety after stroke. Unsurprisingly, IL-17 protein expression could be downregulated by As-IV in vivo and in vitro and they exerted antagonistic effect on neurogenesis by regulating Akt/GSK-3β pathway, with significant regulation for apoptosis. In conclusion, IL-17 exerts negative effect on promoting NSCs proliferation, neurogenesis and cognitive deficits after ischemic stroke, which could be reversed by As-IV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, 710038 Xi’an, Shaanxi Province China
| | - Ruili Han
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, 710038 Xi’an, Shaanxi Province China
| | - Fei Guo
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, 710038 Xi’an, Shaanxi Province China
| | - Hai Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, 710038 Xi’an, Shaanxi Province China
| | - Wen Wang
- School of Basic Medicine, Air Force Medical University, 710032 Xi’an, Shaanxi Province China
| | - Zhiyang Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, 710038 Xi’an, Shaanxi Province China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, 710038 Xi’an, Shaanxi Province China
| | - Xude Sun
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, 710038 Xi’an, Shaanxi Province China
| | - Changjun Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Air Force Medical University, 710038 Xi’an, Shaanxi Province China
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Role of Nrf2 and Its Activators in Cardiocerebral Vascular Disease. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:4683943. [PMID: 32831999 PMCID: PMC7428967 DOI: 10.1155/2020/4683943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cardiocerebral vascular disease (CCVD) is a common disease with high morbidity, disability, and mortality. Oxidative stress (OS) is closely related to the progression of CCVD. Abnormal redox regulation leads to OS and overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which can cause biomolecular and cellular damage. The Nrf2/antioxidant response element (ARE) signaling pathway is one of the most important defense systems against exogenous and endogenous OS injury, and Nrf2 is regarded as a vital pharmacological target. The complexity of the CCVD pathological process and the current difficulties in conducting clinical trials have hindered the development of therapeutic drugs. Furthermore, little is known about the role of the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway in CCVD. Clarifying the role of the Nrf2/ARE signaling pathway in CCVD can provide new ideas for drug design. This review details the recent advancements in the regulation of the Nrf2/ARE system and its role and activators in common CCVD development.
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Gugliandolo A, Bramanti P, Mazzon E. Activation of Nrf2 by Natural Bioactive Compounds: A Promising Approach for Stroke? Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21144875. [PMID: 32664226 PMCID: PMC7402299 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21144875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 07/06/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Stroke represents one of the main causes of disability and death worldwide. The pathological subtypes of stroke are ischemic stroke, the most frequent, and hemorrhagic stroke. Nrf2 is a transcription factor that regulates redox homeostasis. In stress conditions, Nrf2 translocates inside the nucleus and induces the transcription of enzymes involved in counteracting oxidative stress, endobiotic and xenobiotic metabolism, regulators of inflammation, and others. Different natural compounds, including food and plant-derived components, were shown to be able to activate Nrf2, mediating an antioxidant response. Some of these compounds were tested in stroke experimental models showing several beneficial actions. In this review, we focused on the studies that evidenced the positive effects of natural bioactive compounds in stroke experimental models through the activation of Nrf2 pathway. Interestingly, different natural compounds can activate Nrf2 through multiple pathways, inducing a strong antioxidant response associated with the beneficial effects against stroke. According to several studies, the combination of different bioactive compounds can lead to a better neuroprotection. In conclusion, natural bioactive compounds may represent new therapeutic strategies against stroke.
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Effects and Mechanisms of Five Psoralea Prenylflavonoids on Aging-Related Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:2128513. [PMID: 32655760 PMCID: PMC7320294 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2128513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 05/12/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
During the aging process, senescent cells gradually accumulate in the organs; they secrete proinflammatory cytokines and other factors, collectively known as the senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP). SASP secretions contribute to “inflammaging,” which is a state of chronic, systemic, sterility, low-grade inflammatory microenvironment and a key risk factor in the development of aging-related diseases. Fructus psoraleae is a traditional Chinese medical herb best known for delaying aging and treating osteoporosis. Prenylflavonoids from fructus psoraleae are the main bioactive compounds responsible for its pharmacological applications, such as beaching, bavachinin, bavachalcone, isobavachalcone, and neobavaisoflavone. In previous decades, there have been some promising studies on the pharmacology of fructus psoraleae. Here, we focus on the anti-inflammatory and antiaging diseases of five psoralea prenylflavonoids, such as cardiovascular protection, diabetes and obesity intervention, neuroprotection, and osteoporosis, and discuss the mechanism of these active ingredients for better understanding the material basis and drug application of fructus psoraleae in Chinese medicine.
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