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Xu Y, Xu J, Chen S, Zhou A, Huang G, Huang S, Yu D, Wu B. Identifying potential pathogenesis and immune infiltration in diabetic foot ulcers using bioinformatics and in vitro analyses. BMC Med Genomics 2023; 16:313. [PMID: 38041124 PMCID: PMC10693102 DOI: 10.1186/s12920-023-01741-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 11/15/2023] [Indexed: 12/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) are among the fastest-growing diseases worldwide. Recent evidence has emphasized the critical role of microRNA (miRNA)-mRNA networks in various chronic wounds, including DFU. In this study, we aimed to clarify the miRNA-mRNA axes associated with the occurrence of DFU. METHODS Expression profiles of miRNAs and mRNAs were extracted from the Gene Expression Omnibus. Differentially expressed genes and differentially expressed miRNAs were identified, and miRNA-mRNA regulatory axes were constructed through integrated bioinformatics analyses. We validated the miRNA-mRNA axes using quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) and dual-luciferase reporter assays. We conducted an immune infiltration analysis and confirmed the bioinformatics results using immunofluorescence staining. Single-sample gene set enrichment analysis (ssGSEA) was used to analyze the metabolic mechanisms. RESULTS miR-182-5p-CHL1/MITF and miR-338-3p-NOVA1 interactions were identified using in silico analysis. The qPCR results showed apparent dysregulation of these miRNA-mRNA axes in DFU. The dual-luciferase reporter assay confirmed that miR-182-5p targeted CHL1 and MITF, and miR-338-3p targeted NOVA1. We conducted an immune infiltration analysis and observed that key genes correlated with decreased infiltration of M1 macrophages and resting mast cells in DFU. Immunofluorescence staining verified the co-localization of CHL1 and tryptase, while MITF and CD68 showed weak positive correlations. Metabolic pathways related to these three genes were identified using ssGSEA. CONCLUSIONS In summary, the miR-182-5p-CHL1/MITF and miR-338-3p-NOVA1 pathway interactions and decreased infiltration of M1 macrophages and resting mast cells may provide novel clues to the pathogenesis of DFU. TRIAL REGISTRATION The clinical trial included in this study was registered in the Chinese Clinical Trial Registry ( ChiCTR2200066660 ) on December 13, 2022.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Xu
- Graduate School, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, 533000, Guangxi, China
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, 533000, Guangxi, China
| | - Jianchang Xu
- The First Clinical College of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Sirong Chen
- Graduate School, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, 533000, Guangxi, China
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, 533000, Guangxi, China
| | - Anbang Zhou
- Graduate School, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, 533000, Guangxi, China
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, 533000, Guangxi, China
| | - Guangjing Huang
- Graduate School, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, 533000, Guangxi, China
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, 533000, Guangxi, China
| | - Shidao Huang
- Graduate School, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, 533000, Guangxi, China
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, 533000, Guangxi, China
| | - Dianbo Yu
- Graduate School, Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, 533000, Guangxi, China
- Department of Orthopedics, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, 533000, Guangxi, China
| | - Biaoliang Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, The Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, 533000, Guangxi, China.
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Li H, Jing S, Xu H. Effect and mechanism of microRNAs on various diabetic wound local cells. J Diabetes 2023; 15:955-967. [PMID: 37679063 PMCID: PMC10667630 DOI: 10.1111/1753-0407.13474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023] Open
Abstract
The difficulty of wound healing in diabetes mellitus has long been regarded as a thorny problem in the medical field. One of the important reasons is the abnormal function of wound-related cells. A large number of recent studies have shown that microRNA (miR), a noncoding RNA that exists in eukaryotic cells, is closely linked to the functions of various cells in diabetic wound, and ultimately affects the healing of wound. This paper establishes for the first time the connection between miR and wound healing from the cellular perspective and summarizes the effects of various miRs on one or more kinds of wound cells, including their targets and related mechanisms. The abnormal expression of miRs in the wound has certain value for the early diagnosis of diabetic wounds. Moreover, it seems that correcting miRs that are abnormal expressed in the wound or artificially adding miRs that can promote wound healing has an essential therapeutic value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjie Li
- Department of Vascular SurgeryThe Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangshaChina
- Central South University Xiangya School of MedicineChangshaChina
| | - Shengyu Jing
- Department of Vascular SurgeryThe Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangshaChina
- Central South University Xiangya School of MedicineChangshaChina
| | - Hongbo Xu
- Department of Vascular SurgeryThe Third Xiangya Hospital of Central South UniversityChangshaChina
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3
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Song J, Zhu K, Wang H, Wu M, Wu Y, Zhang Q. Deciphering The Emerging Role of Programmed Cell Death in Diabetic Wound Healing. Int J Biol Sci 2023; 19:4989-5003. [PMID: 37781514 PMCID: PMC10539695 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.88461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Diabetic wounds are characterized by delayed and incomplete healing. As one of the most common complications of diabetes, diabetic wounds can be fatal in some cases. Programmed cell death (PCD) is an active and ordered cell death mode determined by genes, including apoptosis, autophagy, pyroptosis, necroptosis, ferroptosis, and cuproptosis. It is currently believed that PCD plays a crucial role in diabetic wound healing. Diabetic hyperglycemic environments can lead to abnormal PCD in various cells during healing processes, thereby affecting the activity and function of cells and interfering with diabetic wound healing. Therefore, this review focuses on the new roles and mechanisms of PCD in diabetic wound healing. Moreover, the challenges and perspectives related to PCD in diabetic wound healing are presented, which will bring new insights to improve diabetic wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Haiping Wang
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Min Wu
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Yiping Wu
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- Department of Plastic and Cosmetic Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030, China
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4
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Chen VY, Siegfried LG, Tomic-Canic M, Stone RC, Pastar I. Cutaneous changes in diabetic patients: Primed for aberrant healing? Wound Repair Regen 2023; 31:700-712. [PMID: 37365017 PMCID: PMC10966665 DOI: 10.1111/wrr.13108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2023] [Revised: 03/29/2023] [Accepted: 04/11/2023] [Indexed: 06/28/2023]
Abstract
Cutaneous manifestations affect most patients with diabetes mellitus, clinically presenting with numerous dermatologic diseases from xerosis to diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs). Skin conditions not only impose a significantly impaired quality of life on individuals with diabetes but also predispose patients to further complications. Knowledge of cutaneous biology and the wound healing process under diabetic conditions is largely limited to animal models, and studies focusing on biology of the human condition of DFUs remain limited. In this review, we discuss the critical molecular, cellular, and structural changes to the skin in the hyperglycaemic and insulin-resistant environment of diabetes with a focus specifically on human-derived data. Elucidating the breadth of the cutaneous manifestations coupled with effective diabetes management is important for improving patient quality of life and averting future complications including wound healing disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivien Y Chen
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Lindsey G Siegfried
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Marjana Tomic-Canic
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Rivka C Stone
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Irena Pastar
- Wound Healing and Regenerative Medicine Research Program, Dr. Phillip Frost Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Surgery, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
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5
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Zhao L, Huang J, Li Y, Wu S, Kang Y. Comprehensive analysis of immune parameters, mRNA and miRNA profiles, and immune genes expression in the gill of rainbow trout infected with infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV). FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2023; 133:108546. [PMID: 36646338 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2023.108546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) is a species of cold-water fish with important economic values, widely cultivated worldwide. However, the outbreak of infectious hematopoietic necrosis virus (IHNV) caused the large-scale death of rainbow trout and seriously restricted the development of the trout farming industry. In this study, the changes of immune parameters in different periods (6-, 12-, 24-, 48-, 72-, 96-, 120-, and 144 h post-infection (hpi)), transcriptome profiles of 48 hpi (T48G) compared to control (C48G), and key immune-related genes expression patterns were measured in rainbow trout gill following IHNV challenge through biochemical methods, RNA sequencing (RNA-seq), and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). The results showed that alkaline phosphatase (AKP), acid phosphatase (ACP), total superoxide dismutase (T-SOD), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activities, as well as lysozyme (LZM) and malonaldehyde (MDA) content decreased and then increased during infection, and remained at a high level after 48 hpi (P < 0.05), whereas catalase (CAT) activity showed a significant peak at 48 hpi (P < 0.05). The mRNA and miRNA analysis identified 4343 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and 11 differentially expressed miRNAs (DEMs), and numerous immune-related DEGs involved in the Toll-like receptor signaling pathway, apoptosis, DNA replication, p53 signaling, RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway, and NOD-like receptor signaling pathway and expression were significantly up-regulated in T48Gm group, including tlr3, tlr7, tlr8, traf3, ifih1, trim25, dhx58, ddh58, hsp90a.1, nlrc3, nlrc5, socs3, irf3, irf7, casp7, mx1, and vig2. The integrated analysis identified several important miRNAs (ola-miR-27d-3p_R+5, gmo-miR-124-3-5p, ssa-miR-301a-5p_L+2, and ssa-miR-146d-3p) that targeted key immune-related DEGs. Expression analysis showed that tlr3, tlr7, traf3, ifih1, dhx58, hap90a.1, irf3, irf7, and mx1 genes increased and then decreased during infection, and peaked at 72 hpi (P < 0.05). However, trim25 expression peaked at 96 hpi (P < 0.05). This study contributes to understanding immune response of rainbow trout against IHNV infection, and provides new insights into the immune regulation mechanisms and disease resistance breeding studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Zhao
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Jinqiang Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China.
| | - Yongjuan Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China; College of Science, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Shenji Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
| | - Yujun Kang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Gansu Agricultural University, Lanzhou, 730070, China
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6
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Li D, Niu G, Landén NX. Beyond the Code: Noncoding RNAs in Skin Wound Healing. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2022; 14:a041230. [PMID: 35197246 PMCID: PMC9438779 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a041230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
An increasing number of noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) have been found to regulate gene expression and protein functions, playing important roles in diverse biological processes and diseases. Their crucial functions have been reported in almost every cell type and all stages of skin wound healing. Evidence of their pathogenetic roles in common wound complications, such as chronic nonhealing wounds and excessive scarring, is also accumulating. Given their unique expression and functional properties, ncRNAs are promising therapeutic and diagnostic entities. In this review, we discuss current knowledge about the functional roles of noncoding elements, such as microRNAs, long ncRNAs, and circular RNAs, in skin wound healing, focusing on in vivo evidence from studies of human wound samples and animal wound models. Finally, we provide a perspective on the outlook of ncRNA-based therapeutics in wound care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongqing Li
- Key Laboratory of Basic and Translational Research on Immune-Mediated Skin Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for Skin Diseases and STIs, Institute of Dermatology, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Nanjing, China
| | - Guanglin Niu
- Dermatology and Venereology Division, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ning Xu Landén
- Dermatology and Venereology Division, Department of Medicine Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
- Ming Wai Lau Centre for Reparative Medicine, Stockholm Node, Karolinska Institute, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
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7
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Cutaneous innervation in impaired diabetic wound healing. Transl Res 2021; 236:87-108. [PMID: 34029747 PMCID: PMC8380642 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2021.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Revised: 05/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes is associated with several potential comorbidities, among them impaired wound healing, chronic ulcerations, and the requirement for lower extremity amputation. Disease-associated abnormal cellular responses, infection, immunological and microvascular dysfunction, and peripheral neuropathy are implicated in the pathogenesis of the wound healing impairment and the diabetic foot ulcer. The skin houses a dense network of sensory nerve afferents and nerve-derived modulators, which communicate with epidermal keratinocytes and dermal fibroblasts bidirectionally to effect normal wound healing after trauma. However, the mechanisms through which cutaneous innervation modulates wound healing are poorly understood, especially in humans. Better understanding of these mechanisms may provide the basis for targeted treatments for chronic diabetic wounds. This review provides an overview of wound healing pathophysiology with a focus on neural involvement in normal and diabetic wound healing, as well as future therapeutic perspectives to address the unmet needs of diabetic patients with chronic wounds.
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8
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Zhao M, Sun B, Wang Y, Qu G, Yang H, Wang P. miR-27-3p Enhances the Sensitivity of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells to the Antitumor Agent Olaparib by Targeting PSEN-1, the Catalytic Subunit of Γ-Secretase. Front Oncol 2021; 11:694491. [PMID: 34169001 PMCID: PMC8217819 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.694491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Olaparib has been used in the treatment of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) with BRCA mutations. In the present study, we demonstrated the effect of miR-27-3p on the γ-secretase pathway by regulating the sensitivity of TNBC cells to olaparib. miR-27-3p, a microRNA with the potential to target PSEN-1, the catalytic subunit of γ-secretase mediating the second step of the cleavage of the Notch protein, was identified by the online tool miRDB and found to inhibit the expression of PSEN-1 by directly targeting the 3'-untranslated region (3'-UTR) of PSEN-1. The overexpression of miR-27-3p inhibited the activation of the Notch pathway via the inhibition of the cleavage of the Notch protein, mediated by γ-secretase, and, in turn, enhanced the sensitivity of TNBC cells to the antitumor agent olaparib. Transfection with PSEN-1 containing mutated targeting sites for miR-27-3p or the expression vector of the Notch protein intracellular domain (NICD) almost completely blocked the effect of miR-27-3p on the Notch pathway or the sensitivity of TNBC cells to olaparib, respectively. Therefore, our results suggest that the miR-27-3p/γ-secretase axis participates in the regulation of TNBC and that the overexpression of miR-27-3p represents a potential approach to enhancing the sensitivity of TNBC to olaparib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Zhao
- Department of Breast Surgery, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Baisheng Sun
- Emergency Department, Fifth Medical Center of the General Hospital of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Gengbao Qu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hua Yang
- Department of Medical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Hebei University, Hebei Key Laboratory of Cancer Radiotherapy and Chemotherapy, Baoding City, China
| | - Pilin Wang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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9
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Sex bias miRNAs in Cynoglossus semilaevis could play a role in transgenerational inheritance. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY D-GENOMICS & PROTEOMICS 2021; 39:100853. [PMID: 33992844 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbd.2021.100853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Alterations of non-coding RNA profiling in spermatozoa are candidate mechanisms related to changes in paternal environment and progeny. Transgenerational inheritance of sex in pseudomales of Cynoglossus semilaevis, a fish with significant sex dimorphism, is a typical example of non-Mendelian inheritance. In the present study, miRNA profiles of spermatozoa were compared between male and pseudomale of C. semilaevis. Differential miRNAs in sperm from F0 and F1 generation also provides clues for revealing the possible role of non-coding RNA mediated transgenerational inheritance. Four sexual bias miRNAs, dre-miR-26a-5p, dre-miR-27b-3p, dre-miR-125b-5p,pol-199a-5p, were identified and verified in F0 and F1 generation of C. semilaevis. All of them were highly expressed in male sperm compared with pseudomale sperm. Function of target genes indicates that target genes of these differential RNAs are highly correlated with sex differentiation, gametogenesis and maintenance of secondary sexual characteristics. In a word, identification of epigenetic markers in gametes has great prospects in predicting susceptibility and properties in offsprings, and providing an indicator of parentalgenetic property.
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10
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Li J, Wei M, Liu X, Xiao S, Cai Y, Li F, Tian J, Qi F, Xu G, Deng C. The progress, prospects, and challenges of the use of non-coding RNA for diabetic wounds. MOLECULAR THERAPY-NUCLEIC ACIDS 2021; 24:554-578. [PMID: 33981479 PMCID: PMC8063712 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtn.2021.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Chronic diabetic wounds affect the quality of life of patients, resulting in significant social and economic burdens on both individuals and the health care system. Although treatment methods for chronic diabetic wounds have been explored, there remains a lack of effective treatment strategies; therefore, alternative strategies must be explored. Recently, the abnormal expression of non-coding RNA in diabetic wounds has received widespread attention since it is an important factor in the development of diabetic wounds. This article reviews the regulatory role of three common non-coding RNAs (microRNA [miRNA], long non-coding RNA [lncRNA], and circular RNA [circRNA]) in diabetic wounds and discusses the diagnosis, treatment potential, and challenges of non-coding RNA in diabetic wounds. This article provides insights into new strategies for diabetic wound diagnosis and treatment at the genetic and molecular levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianyi Li
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, People's Republic of China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Injury Repair and Regenerative Medicine Co-sponsored by Province and Ministry, Affiliated Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, People's Republic of China
| | - Miaomiao Wei
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, People's Republic of China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Injury Repair and Regenerative Medicine Co-sponsored by Province and Ministry, Affiliated Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Liu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, People's Republic of China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Injury Repair and Regenerative Medicine Co-sponsored by Province and Ministry, Affiliated Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, People's Republic of China
| | - Shune Xiao
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, People's Republic of China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Injury Repair and Regenerative Medicine Co-sponsored by Province and Ministry, Affiliated Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuan Cai
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiao Tian
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, People's Republic of China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Injury Repair and Regenerative Medicine Co-sponsored by Province and Ministry, Affiliated Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, People's Republic of China
| | - Fang Qi
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, People's Republic of China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Injury Repair and Regenerative Medicine Co-sponsored by Province and Ministry, Affiliated Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangchao Xu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, People's Republic of China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Injury Repair and Regenerative Medicine Co-sponsored by Province and Ministry, Affiliated Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, People's Republic of China
| | - Chengliang Deng
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, People's Republic of China.,Collaborative Innovation Center of Tissue Injury Repair and Regenerative Medicine Co-sponsored by Province and Ministry, Affiliated Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou 563000, People's Republic of China
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