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Yao S, Boudreau RM, Galvin A, Murabito JM, Honig LS, Perls TT, Christensen K, Newman AB. All-Cause Mortality and Cause-Specific Death in U.S. Long-Lived Siblings: Data From the Long Life Family Study. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2024; 79:glae190. [PMID: 39086360 PMCID: PMC11439495 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glae190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2024] [Indexed: 08/02/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study compared the mortality risk of long-lived siblings with the U.S. population average and their spouse controls, and investigated the leading causes of death and the familial effect in death pattern. METHODS In the Long Life Family Study (LLFS), 1 264 proband siblings (mean age 90.1, standard deviation [SD] 6.4) and 172 spouses (83.8, 7.2) from 511 U.S.-based families were recruited and followed more than 12 years. Their survival function was compared with a birth cohort-, baseline age-, sex-, and race-matched pseudo sample from U.S. census data. To examine underlying and contributing causes, we examined in detail 338 deaths with complete death adjudication at the University of Pittsburgh Field Center through the year 2018. A familial effect on survival and death patterns was examined using mixed-effect models. RESULTS The LLFS siblings had better survival than the matched U.S. population average. They also had slightly but not significantly better survival than their spouses' (HR = 1.18 [95%CI 0.94-1.49]) after adjusting for age and sex. Age at death ranged from 75 to 104 years, mean 91.4. The leading causes of death were cardiovascular disease (33.1%), dementia (22.2%), and cancer (10.7%). Mixed effect model shows a significant random effect of family in survival, with adjustment of baseline age and sex. There was no significant familial effect in the underlying cause of death or conditions directly contributing to death among siblings recruited by the University of Pittsburgh Field Center. CONCLUSIONS Our findings demonstrate a higher survival in the LLFS siblings than the U.S. census data, with a familial component of survival. We did not find significant correspondence in causes of death between siblings within families.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Yao
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Robert M Boudreau
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Angéline Galvin
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Biodemography, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Joanne M Murabito
- Section of General Internal Medicine, Department of Medicine, and the Framingham Heart Study, Boston University Chobanian & Avedisian School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Lawrence S Honig
- Department of Neurology, Sergievsky Center, Taub Institute, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Thomas T Perls
- Geriatrics Section, Department of Medicine, Boston Medical Center and Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Kaare Christensen
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Biodemography, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Anne B Newman
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Patel R, Cosentino S, Zheng EZ, Schupf N, Barral S, Feitosa M, Andersen SL, Sebastiani P, Ukraintseva S, Christensen K, Zmuda J, Thyagarajan B, Gu Y. Systemic inflammation in relation to exceptional memory in the Long Life Family Study (LLFS). Brain Behav Immun Health 2024; 37:100746. [PMID: 38476338 PMCID: PMC10925922 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2024.100746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 02/12/2024] [Accepted: 02/21/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives We previously found a substantial familial aggregation of healthy aging phenotypes, including exceptional memory (EM) in long-lived persons. In the current study, we aim to assess whether long-lived families with EM and without EM (non-EM) differ in systemic inflammation status and trajectory. Methods The current study included 4333 participants of the multi-center Long Life Family Study (LLFS). LLFS families were classified as EM (556 individuals from 28 families) or non-EM (3777 individuals from 416 families), with 2 or more offspring exhibiting exceptional memory performance (i.e. having baseline composite z-score representing immediate and delayed story memory being 1.5 SD above the mean in the nondemented offspring sample) considered as EM. Blood samples from baseline were used to measure inflammatory biomarkers including total white blood cell (WBC) and its subtypes (neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes) count, platelet count, high sensitivity C-reactive protein, and interleukin-6. Generalized linear models were used to examine cross-sectional differences in inflammatory biomarkers at baseline. In a sub-sample of 2227 participants (338 subjects from 24 EM families and 1889 from 328 non-EM families) with repeated measures of immune cell counts, we examined whether the rate of biomarker change differed between EM and non-EM families. All models were adjusted for family size, relatedness, age, sex, education, field center, APOE genotype, and body mass index. Results LLFS participants from EM families had a marginally higher monocyte count at baseline (b = 0.028, SE = 0.0110, p = 0.010) after adjusting for age, sex, education, and field site, particularly in men (p < 0.0001) but not in women (p = 0.493) (p-interaction = 0.003). Over time, monocyte counts increased (p < 0.0001) in both EM and non-EM families, while lymphocytes and platelet counts decreased over time in the non-EM families (p < 0.0001) but not in the EM families. After adjusting for multiple variables, there was no significant difference in biomarker change over time between the EM and non-EM families. Discussion Compared with non-EM families, EM families had significantly higher monocyte count at baseline but had similar change over time. Our study suggests that differences in monocyte counts may be a pathway through which EM emerges in some long-lived families, especially among men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruhee Patel
- Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Stephanie Cosentino
- Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Esther Zhiwei Zheng
- Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Nicole Schupf
- Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Sandra Barral
- Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Mary Feitosa
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Stacy L. Andersen
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
| | - Paola Sebastiani
- Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
| | | | - Kaare Christensen
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Biodemography, University of Southern Denmark, 5230, Odense, Denmark
| | - Joseph Zmuda
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
| | - Bharat Thyagarajan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
| | - Yian Gu
- Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
| | - Long Life Family Study (LLFS)
- Cognitive Neuroscience Division, Taub Institute for Research on Alzheimer's Disease and the Aging Brain, Gertrude H. Sergievsky Center, Department of Neurology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY, 10032, USA
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
- Department of Medicine, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA, 02118, USA
- Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies, Tufts Medical Center, Boston, MA, 02111, USA
- Social Sciences Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, 27705, USA
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Biodemography, University of Southern Denmark, 5230, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, 15213, USA
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, 55455, USA
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Galvin A, Pedersen JK, Wojczynski MK, Ukraintseva S, Arbeev K, Feitosa M, Province MA, Christensen K. The Protective Effect of Familial Longevity Persists After Age 100: Findings From the Danish National Registers. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2024; 79:glad164. [PMID: 37449765 PMCID: PMC10733167 DOI: 10.1093/gerona/glad164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A recent study suggested that the protective effect of familial longevity becomes negligible for centenarians. However, the authors assessed the dependence on familial longevity in centenarians by comparing centenarians with 1 parent surviving to age 80+ to centenarians whose same-sexed parent did not survive to age 80. Here we test whether the protective effect of familial longevity persists after age 100 using more restrictive definitions of long-lived families. METHODS Long-lived sibships were identified through 3 nationwide, consecutive studies in Denmark, including families with either at least 2 siblings aged 90+ or a Family Longevity Selection Score (FLoSS) above 7. Long-lived siblings enrolled in these studies and who reached age 100 were included. For each sibling, 5 controls matched on sex and year of birth were randomly selected among centenarians in the Danish population. Survival time from age 100 was described with Kaplan-Meier curves for siblings and controls separately. Survival analyses were performed using stratified Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS A total of 340 individuals from long-lived sibships who survived to age 100 and 1 700 controls were included. Among the long-lived siblings and controls, 1 650 (81%) were women. The results showed that long-lived siblings presented better overall survival after age 100 than sporadic long-livers (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.80, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 0.71-0.91), with even lower estimate (HR = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.50-0.85) if familial longevity was defined by FLoSS. CONCLUSIONS The present study, with virtually no loss to follow-up, demonstrated a persistence of protective effect of familial longevity after age 100.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angéline Galvin
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Biodemography Team, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jacob Krabbe Pedersen
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Biodemography Team, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- The Danish Aging Research Center, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Mary K Wojczynski
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Svetlana Ukraintseva
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Konstantin Arbeev
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Mary Feitosa
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Michael A Province
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, USA
| | - Kaare Christensen
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Biodemography Team, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- The Danish Aging Research Center, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Galvin A, Pedersen JK, Arbeev KG, Feitosa MF, Ukraintseva S, Yao S, Newman AB, Christensen K. End of Life Events and Causes of Death in Danish Long-Lived Siblings: Reduced Dementia Risk Compared to Sporadic Long-Livers. J Alzheimers Dis 2024; 99:1397-1407. [PMID: 38788069 DOI: 10.3233/jad-231204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2024]
Abstract
Background Better physical robustness and resilience of long-lived siblings compared to sporadic long-livers has been demonstrated in several studies. However, it is unknown whether long-lived siblings also end their lives better. Objective To investigate end-of-life (EoL) events (dementia diagnosis, medication, hospitalizations in the last 5 years of life), causes of death, and location of death in long-lived siblings compared to matched sporadic long-livers from the Danish population. Methods Long-lived siblings were identified through three nationwide Danish studies in which the inclusion criteria varied, but 99.5% of the families had at least two siblings surviving to age 90 + . Those who died between 2006 and 2018 were included, and randomly matched with sex, year-of-birth and age-at-death controls (i.e., sporadic long-lived controls) from the Danish population. Results A total of 5,262 long-lived individuals were included (1,754 long-lived siblings, 3,508 controls; 63% women; median age at death 96.1). Long-lived siblings had a significantly lower risk of being diagnosed with dementia in the last years of life (p = 0.027). There was no significant difference regarding the number of prescribed drugs, hospital stays, days in hospital, and location of death. Compared to controls, long-lived siblings presented a lower risk of dying from dementia (p = 0.020) and ill-defined conditions (p = 0.030). Conclusions In many aspects long-lived siblings end their lives similar to sporadic long-livers, with the important exception of lower dementia risk during the last 5 years of life. These results suggest that long-lived siblings are excellent candidates for identifying environmental and genetic protective factors of dementia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angéline Galvin
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Biodemography, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jacob Krabbe Pedersen
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Biodemography, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, The Danish Aging Research Center, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Konstantin G Arbeev
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Mary F Feitosa
- Department of Genetics, Division of Statistical Genomics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Svetlana Ukraintseva
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Shanshan Yao
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Aging and Population Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Anne B Newman
- Department of Epidemiology, Center for Aging and Population Health, Graduate School of Public Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Division of Geriatric Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Kaare Christensen
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Biodemography, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, The Danish Aging Research Center, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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van den Berg N, Rodríguez-Girondo M, van Dijk IK, Slagboom PE, Beekman M. Increasing number of long-lived ancestors marks a decade of healthspan extension and healthier metabolomics profiles. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4518. [PMID: 37500622 PMCID: PMC10374564 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-40245-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, the lifespan of populations increases but the healthspan is lagging behind. Previous research showed that survival into extreme ages (longevity) clusters in families as illustrated by the increasing lifespan of study participants with each additional long-lived family member. Here we investigate whether the healthspan in such families follows a similar quantitative pattern using three-generational data from two databases, LLS (Netherlands), and SEDD (Sweden). We study healthspan in 2143 families containing index persons with 26 follow-up years and two ancestral generations, comprising 17,539 persons. Our results provide strong evidence that an increasing number of long-lived ancestors associates with up to a decade of healthspan extension. Further evidence indicates that members of long-lived families have a delayed onset of medication use, multimorbidity and, in mid-life, healthier metabolomic profiles than their partners. We conclude that both lifespan and healthspan are quantitatively linked to ancestral longevity, making family data invaluable to identify protective mechanisms of multimorbidity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niels van den Berg
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, section of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands.
- Centre for Economic Demography, Department of Economic History, Lund University, Scheelevägen 15B, 223 63, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Mar Rodríguez-Girondo
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, section of Medical Statistics, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Ingrid K van Dijk
- Centre for Economic Demography, Department of Economic History, Lund University, Scheelevägen 15B, 223 63, Lund, Sweden
| | - P Eline Slagboom
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, section of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands
- Max Planck Institute for Biology of Ageing, Joseph-Stelzmann-Str. 9b, D-50931, Cologne, Germany
| | - Marian Beekman
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, section of Molecular Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, 2333 ZA, Leiden, the Netherlands
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Galvin A, Feitosa M, Arbeev K, Kuipers AL, Wojczynski M, Ukrainsteva S, Christensen K. Physical resilience after a diagnosis of cardiovascular disease among offspring of long-lived siblings. Eur J Ageing 2022; 19:437-445. [PMID: 36052181 PMCID: PMC9424427 DOI: 10.1007/s10433-021-00641-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Health benefits of longevity-enriched families transmit across generations and a lower incidence of cardiovascular diseases (CVD) have been shown to contribute to this phenomenon. In the current study, we investigated whether the offspring of long-lived siblings also have better survival after a CVD diagnosis compared to matched controls, i.e., are they both robust and resilient? Offspring of long-lived siblings were identified from three nationwide Danish studies and linked to national registers. Offspring with first diagnosis of acute myocardial infarction, chronic ischemic heart disease, heart failure or cerebrovascular disease between 1996 and 2011 were included and matched with two controls from the Danish population on sex, year of birth and diagnosis, and type of CVD. Stratified Cox proportional-hazards models on the matching data were performed to study 10-year overall survival. A total of 402 offspring and 804 controls were included: 64.2% male with a median age at diagnosis of 63.0. For offspring and controls, overall survival was 73% and 65% at 10 years from diagnosis, respectively. Offspring of long-lived siblings had a significantly better survival than controls, and this association was slightly attenuated after controlling for marital status, medication and Charlson Comorbidity Index score simultaneously. This study suggested that offspring of long-lived siblings not only show lower CVD incidence but also a better survival following CVD diagnosis compared to matched population controls. The higher biological resilience appears to be a universal hallmark of longevity-enriched families, which makes them uniquely positioned for studying healthy aging and longevity mechanisms. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s10433-021-00641-7.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angéline Galvin
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Biodemography, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløws Vej 9, 5 000 Odense C, Denmark
| | - Mary Feitosa
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Konstantin Arbeev
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC USA
| | - Allison L. Kuipers
- Department of Epidemiology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA USA
| | - Mary Wojczynski
- Division of Statistical Genomics, Department of Genetics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO USA
| | - Svetlana Ukrainsteva
- Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Social Science Research Institute, Duke University, Durham, NC USA
| | - Kaare Christensen
- Epidemiology, Biostatistics, and Biodemography, Department of Public Health, University of Southern Denmark, J.B. Winsløws Vej 9, 5 000 Odense C, Denmark
- Department of Public Health, The Danish Aging Research Center, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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Yashin AI, Wu D, Arbeev K, Yashkin AP, Akushevich I, Bagley O, Duan M, Ukraintseva S. Roles of interacting stress-related genes in lifespan regulation: insights for translating experimental findings to humans. JOURNAL OF TRANSLATIONAL GENETICS AND GENOMICS 2021; 5:357-379. [PMID: 34825130 PMCID: PMC8612394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
AIM Experimental studies provided numerous evidence that caloric/dietary restriction may improve health and increase the lifespan of laboratory animals, and that the interplay among molecules that sense cellular stress signals and those regulating cell survival can play a crucial role in cell response to nutritional stressors. However, it is unclear whether the interplay among corresponding genes also plays a role in human health and lifespan. METHODS Literature about roles of cellular stressors have been reviewed, such as amino acid deprivation, and the integrated stress response (ISR) pathway in health and aging. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in two candidate genes (GCN2/EIF2AK4 and CHOP/DDIT3) that are closely involved in the cellular stress response to amino acid starvation, have been selected using information from experimental studies. Associations of these SNPs and their interactions with human survival in the Health and Retirement Study data have been estimated. The impact of collective associations of multiple interacting SNP pairs on survival has been evaluated, using a recently developed composite index: the SNP-specific Interaction Polygenic Risk Score (SIPRS). RESULTS Significant interactions have been found between SNPs from GCN2/EIF2AK4 and CHOP/DDI3T genes that were associated with survival 85+ compared to survival between ages 75 and 85 in the total sample (males and females combined) and in females only. This may reflect sex differences in genetic regulation of the human lifespan. Highly statistically significant associations of SIPRS [constructed for the rs16970024 (GCN2/EIF2AK4) and rs697221 (CHOP/DDIT3)] with survival in both sexes also been found in this study. CONCLUSION Identifying associations of the genetic interactions with human survival is an important step in translating the knowledge from experimental to human aging research. Significant associations of multiple SNPxSNP interactions in ISR genes with survival to the oldest old age that have been found in this study, can help uncover mechanisms of multifactorial regulation of human lifespan and its heterogeneity.
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Decline in biological resilience as key manifestation of aging: Potential mechanisms and role in health and longevity. Mech Ageing Dev 2020; 194:111418. [PMID: 33340523 DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2020.111418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Decline in biological resilience (ability to recover) is a key manifestation of aging that contributes to increase in vulnerability to death with age eventually limiting longevity even in people without major chronic diseases. Understanding the mechanisms of this decline is essential for developing efficient anti-aging and pro-longevity interventions. In this paper we discuss: a) mechanisms of the decline in resilience with age, and aging components that contribute to this decline, including depletion of body reserves, imperfect repair mechanisms, and slowdown of physiological processes and responses with age; b) anti-aging interventions that may improve resilience or attenuate its decline; c) biomarkers of resilience available in human and experimental studies; and d) genetic factors that could influence resilience. There are open questions about optimal anti-aging interventions that would oppose the decline in resilience along with extending longevity limits. However, the area develops quickly, and prospects are exciting.
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