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Cao J, Zeng K, Chen Q, Yang T, Lu F, Lin C, Zhan J, Ma W, Zhou T, Huang Y, Luo F, Zhao H. PQR309, a dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor, synergizes with gemcitabine by impairing the GSK-3β and STAT3/HSP60 signaling pathways to treat nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Cell Death Dis 2024; 15:237. [PMID: 38555280 PMCID: PMC10981756 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-024-06615-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2023] [Revised: 03/10/2024] [Accepted: 03/15/2024] [Indexed: 04/02/2024]
Abstract
End-stage nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC) has unsatisfactory survival. The limited benefit of chemotherapy and the scarcity of targeted drugs are major challenges in NPC. New approaches to treat late-stage NPC are urgently required. In this study, we explored whether the dual PI3K/mTOR inhibitor, PQR309, exerted a favorable antineoplastic effect and sensitized the response to gemcitabine in NPC. We observed that PI3K expression was positive and elevated in 14 NPC cell lines compared with that in normal nasopharygeal cell lines. Patients with NPC with higher PI3K levels displayed poorer prognosis. We subsequently showed that PQR309 alone effectively decreased the viability, invasiveness, and migratory capability of NPC cells and neoplasm development in mice xenograft models, and dose-dependently induced apoptosis. More importantly, PQR309 remarkably strengthened the anti-NPC function of gemcitabine both in vivo and in vitro. Mechanistically, PQR309 sensitized NPC to gemcitabine by increasing caspase pathway-dependent apoptosis, blocking GSK-3β and STAT3/HSP60 signaling, and ablating epithelial-mesenchyme transition. Thus, targeting PI3K/mTOR using PQR309 might represent a treatment option to promote the response to gemcitabine in NPC, and provides a theoretical foundation for the study of targeted drugs combined with chemotherapy for NPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxin Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China
| | - Kangmei Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China
| | - Qun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China
| | - Ting Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China
| | - Feiteng Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China
| | - Chaozhuo Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China
| | - Jianhua Zhan
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China
| | - Wenjuan Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China
| | - Ting Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China
| | - Yan Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China
| | - Fan Luo
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China.
| | - Hongyun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Nasopharyngeal Carcinoma Diagnosis and Therapy, Guangdong Provincial Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, 510060, PR China.
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Sun Y, Li X, Cheng H, Wang S, Zhou D, Ding J, Ma F. Drug resistance and new therapies in gallbladder cancer. Drug Discov Ther 2023; 17:220-229. [PMID: 37587052 DOI: 10.5582/ddt.2023.01013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/18/2023]
Abstract
Gallbladder cancer (GBC) is a highly aggressive malignancy, which poses significant challenges for timely diagnosis, resulting in a dismal prognosis. Chemotherapy serves as a primary treatment option in cases where surgery is not feasible. However, the emergence of chemoresistance poses a significant challenge to the effectiveness of chemotherapy, ultimately resulting in a poor prognosis. Despite extensive research on mechanisms of chemotherapeutic resistance in oncology, the underlying mechanisms of chemoresistance in GBC remain poorly understood. In this review, we present the findings from the last decade on the molecular mechanisms of chemotherapeutic resistance in GBC. We hope that these insights may provide novel therapeutic and experimental targets for further investigations into this lethal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxin Sun
- Department of Oncology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xiaoxuan Li
- Qingdao University, Qingdao, Shandong, China
| | - Haihong Cheng
- Department of Oncology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shouhua Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Di Zhou
- Department of General Surgery, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Jun Ding
- Department of Biliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Shanghai Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Fei Ma
- Department of Oncology, Xinhua Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
- Shanghai Institute for Pediatric Research, Shanghai, China
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Palacon MP, Ferrisse TM, Barbeiro CDO, Massucato EMS, Bufalino A. Calreticulin Expression in Human Carcinomas: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2023; 24:2929-2940. [PMID: 37774043 PMCID: PMC10762747 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2023.24.9.2929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The present study performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies on whether calreticulin levels could represent a prognostic factor in carcinoma patients. Calreticulin (CRT) is a multifunctional protein in the endoplasmic reticulum that can play distinct roles in different cancers. METHODS The search was performed in PubMed, Scopus, the Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Lilacs, Science Direct, Embase, Bireme, and SciELO databases. After a full-text evaluation, only 14 articles remained. The RoBANS tool assessed the risk of bias. The meta-analysis was performed with R software, and the odds ratio (OR) was the effect measure. The random effects model was chosen, and the quality of evidence was evaluated according to GRADE. RESULT The most frequent carcinomas were in the breasts and the colon. CRT expression varied according to carcinoma origin and type, but these diseases had a prevalence of high CRT levels, indicating tumor progression. The high CRT levels were associated with lymph node metastasis (OR = 3.06 [1.71; 5.48]/p = 0.0002/I2 = 0%). All included articles had a blinding bias. CONCLUSION High CRT levels may represent a prognostic factor for metastatic lymph nodes in carcinoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Paravani Palacon
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Tulio Morandin Ferrisse
- Department of Dental Prothesis, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Camila de Oliveira Barbeiro
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Elaine Maria Sgavioli Massucato
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Andreia Bufalino
- Department of Diagnosis and Surgery, São Paulo State University (UNESP), School of Dentistry, Araraquara, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Zhang M, Xiao J, Liu J, Bai X, Zeng X, Zhang Z, Liu F. Calreticulin as a marker and therapeutic target for cancer. Clin Exp Med 2023; 23:1393-1404. [PMID: 36335525 DOI: 10.1007/s10238-022-00937-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Calreticulin (CRT) is a multifunctional protein found within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In addition, CRT participates in the formation and development of tumors and promotes the proliferation and migration of tumor cells. When a malignant tumor occurs in the human body, cancer cells that die from immunogenic cell death (ICD) expose CRT on their surface, and CRT that is transferred to the cell surface represents an "eat me" signal, which promotes dendritic cells to phagocytose the tumor cells, thereby increasing the sensitivity of tumors to anticancer immunotherapy. Expression of CRT in tumor tissues is higher than in normal tissues and is associated with disease progression in many malignant tumors. Thus, the dysfunctional production of CRT can promote tumorigenesis because it disturbs not only the balance of healthy cells but also the body's immune surveillance. CRT may be a diagnostic marker and a therapeutic target for cancer, which is discussed extensively in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meilan Zhang
- Department of Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Juan Xiao
- Department of Otolaryngology, Hengyang Medical School, The Second Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Jiangrong Liu
- Department of Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Xue Bai
- Department of Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Xuemei Zeng
- Department of Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China
| | - Zhiwei Zhang
- Department of Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China.
| | - Feng Liu
- Department of Cancer Research Institute, Hengyang Medical School, University of South China, Hengyang, 421001, Hunan, China.
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Lai J, Yang S, Lin Z, Huang W, Li X, Li R, Tan J, Wang W. Update on Chemoresistance Mechanisms to First-Line Chemotherapy for Gallbladder Cancer and Potential Reversal Strategies. Am J Clin Oncol 2023; 46:131-141. [PMID: 36867653 PMCID: PMC10030176 DOI: 10.1097/coc.0000000000000989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Gallbladder cancer (GBC) mortality remains high and chemoresistance is increasing. This review consolidates what is known about the mechanisms of chemoresistance to inform and accelerate the development of novel GBC-specific chemotherapies. METHODS Studies related to GBC-related chemoresistance were systematically screened in PubMed using the advanced search function. Search terms included GBC, chemotherapy, and signaling pathway. RESULTS Analysis of existing studies showed that GBC has poor sensitivity to cisplatin, gemcitabine (GEM), and 5-fluorouracil. DNA damage repair-related proteins, including CHK1, V-SCR, and H2AX, are involved in tumor adaptation to drugs. GBC-specific chemoresistance is often accompanied by changes in the apoptosis and autophagy-related molecules, BCL-2, CRT, and GBCDRlnc1. CD44 + and CD133 + GBC cells are less resistant to GEM, indicating that tumor stem cells are also involved in chemoresistance. In addition, glucose metabolism, fat synthesis, and glutathione metabolism can influence the development of drug resistance. Finally, chemosensitizers such as lovastatin, tamoxifen, chloroquine, and verapamil are able improve the therapeutic effect of cisplatin or GEM in GBC. CONCLUSIONS This review summarizes recent experimental and clinical studies of the molecular mechanisms of chemoresistance, including autophagy, DNA damage, tumor stem cells, mitochondrial function, and metabolism, in GBC. Information on potential chemosensitizers is also discussed. The proposed strategies to reverse chemoresistance should inform the clinical use of chemosensitizers and gene-based targeted therapy for this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinbao Lai
- Yan’an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunological Prevention and Treatment of Yunnan Province
- Kunming Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Songlin Yang
- Yan’an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunological Prevention and Treatment of Yunnan Province
- Kunming Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Zhuying Lin
- Yan’an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunological Prevention and Treatment of Yunnan Province
- Kunming Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Wenwen Huang
- Yan’an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunological Prevention and Treatment of Yunnan Province
- Kunming Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Xiao Li
- Yan’an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunological Prevention and Treatment of Yunnan Province
- Kunming Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Ruhong Li
- Yan’an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunological Prevention and Treatment of Yunnan Province
- Kunming Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Jing Tan
- Yan’an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunological Prevention and Treatment of Yunnan Province
- Kunming Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Kunming, Yunnan, China
| | - Wenju Wang
- Yan’an Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Immunological Prevention and Treatment of Yunnan Province
- Kunming Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, Kunming, Yunnan, China
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Membrane Bound CRT Fragment Accelerates Tumor Growth of Melanoma B16 Cell In Vivo through Promoting M2 Polarization via TLR4. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:4626813. [PMID: 36249426 PMCID: PMC9560857 DOI: 10.1155/2022/4626813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Calreticulin (CRT) is a major calcium-binding luminal resident protein on the endoplasmic reticulum that can also be released extracellular as well as anchored on surface of cells. Previously, we demonstrated that soluble recombinant CRT fragment 39-272 (CRT/39-272) exhibited potent immunostimulatory effects as well as immunoregulation effects on immune cells. Here, we constructed stable B16 melanoma cell lines expressing recombinant CRT/39-272 on the membrane (B16-tmCRT/39-272) to investigate the roles of cell surface CRT on tumor progression. We found that B16-tmCRT/39-272 cells subcutaneously inoculated into C57BL/6 mice exhibited stronger tumorigenicity than the B16-EGFP control cells. The tumor associated macrophages infiltrated in tumors were mainly M2 phenotype. Regulatory T cells (Tregs) were also expanded more in bearing mice. Consistent with the in vivo results, B16-tmCRT/39-272 promoted macrophage polarization toward F4/80+CD206+ M2 macrophages and promoted transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β) secretion in vitro, which could promote naïve CD4+T cell differentiation into Tregs. These results imply that the tmCRT/39-272 could accelerate tumor development by enhancing M2 macrophage polarization to induce TGF-β secretion, and then promoted Treg differentiation in the tumor microenvironment. Our data may provide useful clues for better understanding of the potentiating roles of CRT in tumorigenesis.
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Calreticulin as an Adjuvant In Vivo to Promote Dendritic Cell Maturation and Enhance Antigen-Specific T Lymphocyte Responses against Melanoma. J Immunol Res 2022; 2022:8802004. [PMID: 35983078 PMCID: PMC9381296 DOI: 10.1155/2022/8802004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
An endoplasmic reticulum resident protein, calreticulin (CRT), participates in many cellular processes. CRT is a tumor-associated antigen with an important role in antitumor immunity. Previously, we reported that the recombinant CRT fragment 39-272 (CRT/39-272) exhibited superior immunobiological activity, activating macrophages to release cytokines and promoting dendritic cell (DC) maturation. However, the effect of CRT/39-272 in vivo, especially its adjuvant effect on in vivo antitumor immune responses, was not fully investigated. In this study, we constructed a fusion protein linking CRT/39-272 to an ovalbumin (OVA) peptide (residues 182–297, OVAp) and used the fusion protein (OVAp-CRT) to examine the adjuvant effect of CRT. We investigated whether CRT/39-272 could induce bone marrow-derived DC maturation and strongly promote the proliferation of OVA-specific T cells in vitro. Compared with OVAp, OVAp-CRT induced stronger antigen-specific T lymphocyte responses, including antigen-specific T cell proliferation, interferon-γ secretion, and cytotoxic T lymphocyte responses. OVAp-CRT-immunized mice generated significantly increased OVAp-specific antibody and CD4+/CD8+ memory T cells, which mediated long-term protective effects. OVAp-CRT upregulated CD40, CD80, and CD86 expressions in splenic conventional DCs. Furthermore, OVAp-CRT protected immunized mice against OVA-expressing B16 melanoma cells in vivo. Moreover, mice that were adoptively transferred with OVAp-CRT-pulsed DCs showed inhibited tumor growth and prolonged mouse survival. Our results demonstrate that CRT/39-272 can be used as a potential new adjuvant for tumor vaccines, and this finding may be useful in tumor vaccine development.
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Singh N, Sharma R, Bose S. Meta-analysis of transcriptomics data identifies potential biomarkers and their associated regulatory networks in gallbladder cancer. GASTROENTEROLOGY AND HEPATOLOGY FROM BED TO BENCH 2022; 15:311-325. [PMID: 36762219 PMCID: PMC9876761 DOI: 10.22037/ghfbb.v15i4.2292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
Abstract
Aim This study aimed to identify key genes, non-coding RNAs, and their possible regulatory interactions during gallbladder cancer (GBC). Background The early detection of GBC, i.e. before metastasis, is restricted by our limited knowledge of molecular markers and mechanism(s) involved during carcinogenesis. Therefore, identifying important disease-associated transcriptome-level alterations can be of clinical importance. Methods In this study, six NCBI-GEO microarray dataseries of GBC and control tissue samples were analyzed to identify differentially expressed genes (DEGs) and non-coding RNAs {microRNAs (DEmiRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (DElncRNAs)} with a computational meta-analysis approach. A series of bioinformatic methods were applied to enrich functional pathways, create protein-protein interaction networks, identify hub genes, and screen potential targets of DEmiRNAs and DElncRNAs. Expression and interaction data were consolidated to reveal putative DElncRNAs:DEmiRNAs:DEGs interactions. Results In total, 351 DEGs (185 downregulated, 166 upregulated), 787 DEmiRNAs (299 downregulated, 488 upregulated), and 7436 DElncRNAs (3127 downregulated, 4309 upregulated) were identified. Eight genes (FGF, CDK1, RPN2, SEC61A1, SOX2, CALR, NGFR, and NCAM) were identified as hub genes. Genes associated with ubiquitin ligase activity, N-linked glycosylation, and blood coagulation were upregulated, while those for cell-cell adhesion, cell differentiation, and surface receptor-linked signaling were downregulated. DEGs-DEmiRNAs-DElncRNAs interaction network identified 46 DElncRNAs to be associated with 28 DEmiRNAs, consecutively regulating 27 DEGs. DEmiRNAs-hsa-miR-26b-5p and hsa-miR-335-5p; and DElnRNAs-LINC00657 and CTB-89H12.4 regulated the highest number of DEGs and DEmiRNAs, respectively. Conclusion The current study has identified meaningful transcriptome-level changes and gene-miRNA-lncRNA interactions during GBC and laid a platform for future studies on novel prognostic and diagnostic markers in GBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidhi Singh
- Department of Biotechnology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, India
| | - Rinku Sharma
- Department of Life Sciences, Shiv Nadar University, Noida, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Sujoy Bose
- Department of Biotechnology, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam, India
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