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Palmer JA, Rosenthal N, Teichmann SA, Litvinukova M. Revisiting Cardiac Biology in the Era of Single Cell and Spatial Omics. Circ Res 2024; 134:1681-1702. [PMID: 38843288 PMCID: PMC11149945 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.124.323672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 06/09/2024]
Abstract
Throughout our lifetime, each beat of the heart requires the coordinated action of multiple cardiac cell types. Understanding cardiac cell biology, its intricate microenvironments, and the mechanisms that govern their function in health and disease are crucial to designing novel therapeutical and behavioral interventions. Recent advances in single-cell and spatial omics technologies have significantly propelled this understanding, offering novel insights into the cellular diversity and function and the complex interactions of cardiac tissue. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the cellular landscape of the heart, bridging the gap between suspension-based and emerging in situ approaches, focusing on the experimental and computational challenges, comparative analyses of mouse and human cardiac systems, and the rising contextualization of cardiac cells within their niches. As we explore the heart at this unprecedented resolution, integrating insights from both mouse and human studies will pave the way for novel diagnostic tools and therapeutic interventions, ultimately improving outcomes for patients with cardiovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jack A. Palmer
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom (J.A.P., S.A.T.)
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus (J.A.P., S.A.T.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Nadia Rosenthal
- The Jackson Laboratory for Mammalian Genetics, Bar Harbor, ME (N.R.)
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, United Kingdom (N.R.)
| | - Sarah A. Teichmann
- Wellcome Sanger Institute, Wellcome Genome Campus, Hinxton, Cambridge, United Kingdom (J.A.P., S.A.T.)
- Wellcome-MRC Cambridge Stem Cell Institute, Jeffrey Cheah Biomedical Centre, Cambridge Biomedical Campus (J.A.P., S.A.T.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Theory of Condensed Matter Group, Department of Physics, Cavendish Laboratory (S.A.T.), University of Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Monika Litvinukova
- University Hospital Würzburg, Germany (M.L.)
- Würzburg Institute of Systems Immunology, Max Planck Research Group at the Julius-Maximilians-Universität Würzburg, Germany (M.L.)
- Helmholtz Pioneer Campus, Helmholtz Munich, Germany (M.L.)
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2
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Jansen I, Cahalane R, Hengst R, Akyildiz A, Farrell E, Gijsen F, Aikawa E, van der Heiden K, Wissing T. The interplay of collagen, macrophages, and microcalcification in atherosclerotic plaque cap rupture mechanics. Basic Res Cardiol 2024; 119:193-213. [PMID: 38329498 PMCID: PMC11008085 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-024-01033-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 01/17/2024] [Accepted: 01/19/2024] [Indexed: 02/09/2024]
Abstract
The rupture of an atherosclerotic plaque cap overlying a lipid pool and/or necrotic core can lead to thrombotic cardiovascular events. In essence, the rupture of the plaque cap is a mechanical event, which occurs when the local stress exceeds the local tissue strength. However, due to inter- and intra-cap heterogeneity, the resulting ultimate cap strength varies, causing proper assessment of the plaque at risk of rupture to be lacking. Important players involved in tissue strength include the load-bearing collagenous matrix, macrophages, as major promoters of extracellular matrix degradation, and microcalcifications, deposits that can exacerbate local stress, increasing tissue propensity for rupture. This review summarizes the role of these components individually in tissue mechanics, along with the interplay between them. We argue that to be able to improve risk assessment, a better understanding of the effect of these individual components, as well as their reciprocal relationships on cap mechanics, is required. Finally, we discuss potential future steps, including a holistic multidisciplinary approach, multifactorial 3D in vitro model systems, and advancements in imaging techniques. The obtained knowledge will ultimately serve as input to help diagnose, prevent, and treat atherosclerotic cap rupture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imke Jansen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thorax Center Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rachel Cahalane
- Mechanobiology and Medical Device Research Group (MMDRG), Biomedical Engineering, College of Science and Engineering, University of Galway, Galway, Ireland
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ranmadusha Hengst
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thorax Center Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ali Akyildiz
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thorax Center Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Biomechanical Engineering, Technical University Delft, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Farrell
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Erasmus Medical Centre, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank Gijsen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thorax Center Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
- Biomechanical Engineering, Technical University Delft, Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Medicine, Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Kim van der Heiden
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thorax Center Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tamar Wissing
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Thorax Center Erasmus MC, University Medical Center Rotterdam, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
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Janssen E, van den Dries K, Ventre M, Cambi A. Mechanobiology of myeloid cells. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2024; 86:102311. [PMID: 38176349 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2023.102311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2023] [Revised: 12/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/06/2024]
Abstract
Tissue-resident myeloid cells sense and transduce mechanical signals such as stiffness, stretch and compression. In the past two years, our understanding of the mechanosensitive signalling pathways in myeloid cells has significantly expanded. Moreover, it is increasingly clear which mechanical signals induce myeloid cells towards a pro- or anti-inflammatory phenotype. This is especially relevant in the context of altered matrix mechanics in immune-related pathologies or in the response to implanted biomaterials. A detailed understanding of myeloid cell mechanosensing may eventually lead to more effective cell-based immunotherapies for cancer, the development of mechanically inspired therapies to target fibrosis, and the engineering of safer implants. This review covers these recent advances in the emerging field of mechanoimmunology of myeloid cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eline Janssen
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 26-28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Koen van den Dries
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 26-28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Maurizio Ventre
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Industrial Production Engineering, University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125, Naples, Italy; Center for Advanced Biomaterials for Healthcare@CRIB, Fondazione Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Largo Barsanti e Matteucci 53, Naples, Italy; Interdisciplinary Research Centre on Biomaterials, University of Naples Federico II, Italy
| | - Alessandra Cambi
- Department of Medical BioSciences, Radboud University Medical Center, Geert Grooteplein Zuid 26-28, 6525 GA Nijmegen, the Netherlands.
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Li R, Feng D, Han S, Zhai X, Yu X, Fu Y, Jin F. Macrophages and fibroblasts in foreign body reactions: How mechanical cues drive cell functions? Mater Today Bio 2023; 22:100783. [PMID: 37701130 PMCID: PMC10494263 DOI: 10.1016/j.mtbio.2023.100783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2023] [Revised: 08/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/28/2023] [Indexed: 09/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Biomaterials, when implanted in the human body, can induce a series of cell- and cytokine-related reactions termed foreign body reactions (FBRs). In the progression of FBRs, macrophages regulate inflammation and healing by polarizing to either a pro-inflammatory or pro-healing phenotype and recruit fibroblasts by secreting cytokines. Stimulated by the biomaterials, fibrotic capsule is formed eventually. The implant, along with its newly formed capsule, introduces various mechanical cues that influence cellular functions. Mechanosensing proteins, such as integrins or ion channels, transduce extracellular mechanical signals into cytoplasm biochemical signals in response to mechanical stimuli. Consequently, the morphology, migration mode, function, and polarization state of the cells are affected. Modulated by different intracellular signaling pathways and their crosstalk, the expression of fibrotic genes increases with fibroblast activation and fibroblast to myofibroblast transition under stiff or force stimuli. However, summarized in most current studies, the outcomes of macrophage polarization in the effect of different mechanical cues are inconsistent. The underlying mechanisms should be investigated with more advanced technology and considering more interfering aspects. Further research is needed to determine how to modulate the progression of fibrotic capsule formation in FBR artificially.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rihan Li
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110000, China
- Department of Breast and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110000, China
| | - Dongdong Feng
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110000, China
- Department of Breast and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110000, China
| | - Siyuan Han
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110000, China
- Department of Breast and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110000, China
| | - Xiaoyue Zhai
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical College, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110000, China
| | - Xinmiao Yu
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110000, China
- Department of Breast and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110000, China
| | - Yuanyuan Fu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Basic Medical College, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110000, China
| | - Feng Jin
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, 110000, China
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Lowen JM, Bond GC, Griffin KH, Shimamoto NK, Thai VL, Leach JK. Multisized Photoannealable Microgels Regulate Cell Spreading, Aggregation, and Macrophage Phenotype through Microporous Void Space. Adv Healthc Mater 2023; 12:e2202239. [PMID: 36719946 PMCID: PMC10198868 DOI: 10.1002/adhm.202202239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Microgels are an emerging platform for in vitro models and guiding cell fate due to their inherent porosity and tunability. This work describes a light-based technique for rapidly annealing microgels across a range of diameters. Utilizing 8-arm poly(ethylene) glycol-vinyl sulfone, the number of arms available for crosslinking, functionalization, and annealing is stoichiometrically controlled. Small and large microgels are fabricated to explore how microgel diameter impacts void space and the role of porosity on cell spreading, cell aggregation, and macrophage polarization. Mesenchymal stromal cells spread rapidly in both formulations, yet the smaller microgels permit a higher cell density. When seeded with macrophages, the smaller microgels promote an M1 phenotype, while larger microgels promote an M2 phenotype. As another application, the inherent porosity of annealed microgels is leveraged to induce cell aggregation. Finally, the microgels are implanted to examine how different size microgels influence endogenous cell invasion and macrophage polarization. The use of ultraviolet light allows for microgels to be noninvasively injected into a desired mold or wound defect before annealing, and microgels of different properties combined to create a heterogeneous scaffold. This approach is clinically relevant given its tunability and fast annealing time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M. Lowen
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, CA 95817
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616
| | - Gabriella C. Bond
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, CA 95817
| | - Katherine H. Griffin
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, CA 95817
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of California, Davis, CA 95616
| | | | - Victoria L. Thai
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, CA 95817
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616
| | - J. Kent Leach
- Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, UC Davis Health, Sacramento, CA 95817
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616
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Yang Y, Wei S, Li Q, Chu K, Zhou Y, Xue L, Tian H, Tao S. Vitamin D protects silica particles induced lung injury by promoting macrophage polarization in a KLF4-STAT6 manner. J Nutr Biochem 2022; 110:109148. [PMID: 36049670 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2022.109148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2021] [Revised: 01/10/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Silicosis is one of the severest occupational diseases worldwide, manifesting as infiltration of inflammatory cells, excessive secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators and pulmonary diffuse fibrosis. Macrophages polarization to M2 is one of the major strategies that attenuates inflammatory response. Our previous study found that vitamin D could protect against silica-induced lung injury by damping the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines. Here we further identified that vitamin D attenuated silica particles-induced lung inflammation by regulating macrophage polarization in a KLF4-STAT6 manner. Myeloid-specific Stat6 knockout (cKO) mice were generated for in vivo studies. Primary macrophages purified from bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) of wildtype or Stat6 cKO mice and differentiated THP-1 cells were used for in vitro studies. Vitamin D was found to promote alveolar macrophage polarizing to M2 phenotype through the STAT6 signaling pathway, as demonstrated by worse lung inflammation and ablated protection of vitamin D in silica particles-instilled Stat6 cKO mice. Mechanismly, vitamin D upregulated KLF4 expression in the alveolar macrophage, which synergistically activated STAT6. Additionally, KLF4 was found to upregulate macrophages autophagy, which protected them from silica particles-induced oxidative stress and cell apoptosis. The protective effects of vitamin D were dismissed by silencing KLF4. Our study demonstrates the potential mechanism of vitamin D-mediated macrophage polarization and reveals the therapeutic application of vitamin D in inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjing Yang
- Chongqing University Central Hospital and Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing, China; School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shuhui Wei
- School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Qianmin Li
- School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Kaimiao Chu
- School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Yujia Zhou
- School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Lian Xue
- School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hailin Tian
- School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shasha Tao
- Chongqing University Central Hospital and Chongqing Emergency Medical Center, Chongqing, China; School of Public Health, Medical College of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.
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Lee M, Du H, Winer DA, Clemente-Casares X, Tsai S. Mechanosensing in macrophages and dendritic cells in steady-state and disease. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:1044729. [PMID: 36467420 PMCID: PMC9712790 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.1044729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages and dendritic cells are myeloid cells that play critical roles in immune responses. Macrophages help to maintain homeostasis through tissue regeneration and the clearance of dead cells, but also mediate inflammatory processes against invading pathogens. As the most potent antigen-presenting cells, dendritic cells are important in connecting innate to adaptive immune responses via activation of T cells, and inducing tolerance under physiological conditions. While it is known that macrophages and dendritic cells respond to biochemical cues in the microenvironment, the role of extracellular mechanical stimuli is becoming increasingly apparent. Immune cell mechanotransduction is an emerging field, where accumulating evidence suggests a role for extracellular physical cues coming from tissue stiffness in promoting immune cell recruitment, activation, metabolism and inflammatory function. Additionally, many diseases such as pulmonary fibrosis, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and cirrhosis are associated with changes to the tissue biophysical environment. This review will discuss current knowledge about the effects of biophysical cues including matrix stiffness, topography, and mechanical forces on macrophage and dendritic cell behavior under steady-state and pathophysiological conditions. In addition, we will also provide insight on molecular mediators and signaling pathways important in macrophage and dendritic cell mechanotransduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan Lee
- Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine and Dentistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Huixun Du
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Leonard Davis School of Gerontology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Daniel A. Winer
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Diabetes Research Group, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute (TGHRI), University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Pathology, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, Novato, CA, United States
| | - Xavier Clemente-Casares
- Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Sue Tsai
- Cancer Research Institute of Northern Alberta, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Virology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
- *Correspondence: Sue Tsai,
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Jain N, Lord JM, Vogel V. Mechanoimmunology: Are inflammatory epigenetic states of macrophages tuned by biophysical factors? APL Bioeng 2022; 6:031502. [PMID: 36051106 PMCID: PMC9427154 DOI: 10.1063/5.0087699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Many inflammatory diseases that are responsible for a majority of deaths are still uncurable, in part as the underpinning pathomechanisms and how to combat them is still poorly understood. Tissue-resident macrophages play pivotal roles in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis, but if they gradually convert to proinflammatory phenotypes, or if blood-born proinflammatory macrophages persist long-term after activation, they contribute to chronic inflammation and fibrosis. While biochemical factors and how they regulate the inflammatory transcriptional response of macrophages have been at the forefront of research to identify targets for therapeutic interventions, evidence is increasing that physical factors also tune the macrophage phenotype. Recently, several mechanisms have emerged as to how physical factors impact the mechanobiology of macrophages, from the nuclear translocation of transcription factors to epigenetic modifications, perhaps even DNA methylation. Insight into the mechanobiology of macrophages and associated epigenetic modifications will deliver novel therapeutic options going forward, particularly in the context of increased inflammation with advancing age and age-related diseases. We review here how biophysical factors can co-regulate pro-inflammatory gene expression and epigenetic modifications and identify knowledge gaps that require urgent attention if this therapeutic potential is to be realized.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Viola Vogel
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Institute of Translational Medicine, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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