Circulating CD5L is associated with cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality in individuals with chronic kidney disease

Identification of diagnostic biomarkers used in the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases and diabetes mellitus: A systematic review of quantitative studies

AIMS

To perform a systematic review of studies that sought to identify diagnostic biomarkers for the diagnosis of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and diabetes mellitus (DM), which could be used in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) where there is a lack of diagnostic equipment, treatments and training.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Papers were sourced from six databases: the British Nursing Index, Google Scholar, PubMed, Sage, Science Direct and Scopus. Articles published between January 2002 and January 2023 were systematically reviewed by three reviewers and appropriate search terms and inclusion/exclusion criteria were applied.

RESULTS

A total of 18 studies were yielded, as well as 234 diagnostic biomarkers (74 for CVD and 160 for DM). Primary biomarkers for the diagnosis of CVDs included growth differentiation factor 15 and neurogenic locus notch homologue protein 1 (Notch1). For the diagnosis of DM, alpha-2-macroglobulin, C-peptides, isoleucine, glucose, tyrosine, linoleic acid and valine were frequently reported across the included studies. Advanced analytical techniques, such as liquid chromatography mass spectrometry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and vibrational spectroscopy, were also repeatedly reported in the included studies and were utilized in combination with traditional and alternative matrices such as fingernails, hair and saliva.

CONCLUSIONS

While advanced analytical techniques are expensive, laboratories in LMICs should carry out a cost-benefit analysis of their use. Alternatively, laboratories may want to explore emerging techniques such as infrared, Fourier transform-infrared and near-infrared spectroscopy, which allow sensitive noninvasive analysis.

CD5L as a promising biological therapeutic for treating sepsis

Sepsis results from systemic, dysregulated inflammatory responses to infection, culminating in multiple organ failure. Here, we demonstrate the utility of CD5L for treating experimental sepsis caused by cecal ligation and puncture (CLP). We show that CD5L's important features include its ability to enhance neutrophil recruitment and activation by increasing circulating levels of CXCL1, and to promote neutrophil phagocytosis. CD5L-deficient mice exhibit impaired neutrophil recruitment and compromised bacterial control, rendering them susceptible to attenuated CLP. CD5L-/- peritoneal cells from mice subjected to medium-grade CLP exhibit a heightened pro-inflammatory transcriptional profile, reflecting a loss of control of the immune response to the infection. Intravenous administration of recombinant CD5L (rCD5L) in immunocompetent C57BL/6 wild-type (WT) mice significantly ameliorates measures of disease in the setting of high-grade CLP-induced sepsis. Furthermore, rCD5L lowers endotoxin and damage-associated molecular pattern (DAMP) levels, and protects WT mice from LPS-induced endotoxic shock. These findings warrant the investigation of rCD5L as a possible treatment for sepsis in humans.

Ameliorative effect and mechanism of ursodeoxycholic acid on hydrogen peroxide-induced hepatocyte injury

To assess the ameliorative effect of ursodeoxycholic acid (UDCA) on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced hepatocyte injury. In our in vivo experiments, we modelled hyperlipidemia in ApoE-/- mice subjected to a 3-month high-fat diet and found that HE staining of the liver showed severe liver injury and excessive H2O2 was detected in the serum. We modelled oxidative stress injury in L02 cells by H2O2 in vitro and analyzed the levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and related genes. UDCA significantly improved the level of oxidative stress in H2O2-injured L02 cells (P < 0.05). In addition, UDCA improved the transcription levels of inflammation and oxidative stress-related genes (P < 0.05), showing anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative stress effects. UDCA has a protective effect on H2O2-damaged L02 cells, which lays a theoretical foundation for its application development.

AIM/CD5L ameliorates autoimmune arthritis by promoting removal of inflammatory DAMPs at the lesions

The hallmark of autoimmune arthritis is the preceding autoantibody production and the following synovial inflammation with hyperplasia and tissue destruction of the joints. The joint inflammation is mediated not only by effector lymphocytes and auto-antibodies but also chronic activation of innate immunity, particularly promoted by the danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). Here we show that apoptosis inhibitor of macrophage (AIM, also called CD5L) protein regulates arthritis by promoting removal of lesional DAMPs both physiologically and therapeutically. When the autoimmune arthritis was promoted by injecting a cocktail of anti-collagen antibodies without type-II collagen immunization, AIM-deficient (AIM-/-) mice exhibited more exacerbated and sustained swelling at multiple joints with greater synovial hyperplasia and bone erosion than wild-type mice. Administration of recombinant AIM (rAIM) reduced S100A8/9, a major DAMP known to be involved in arthritis progression, and decreased various inflammatory cytokines at the lesions in antibody-injected AIM-/- mice, leading to marked prevention of arthritis symptoms. In human rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients, AIM was more activated via dissociating from IgM-pentamer in response to DAMPs-mediated inflammation both in serum and synovial fluid than in healthy individuals or non-autoimmune osteoarthritis patients, suggesting a disease-regulatory potency of AIM also in human RA patients. Thus, our study implied a therapeutic availability of rAIM to prevent arthritis symptoms targeting DAMPs.

Scavenger Receptors in Myocardial Infarction and Ischemia/Reperfusion Injury: The Potential for Disease Evaluation and Therapy

Scavenger receptors (SRs) are a structurally heterogeneous superfamily of evolutionarily conserved receptors that are divided into classes A to J. SRs can recognize multiple ligands, such as modified lipoproteins, damage-associated molecular patterns, and pathogen-associated molecular patterns, and regulate lipid metabolism, immunity, and homeostasis. According to the literature, SRs may play a critical role in myocardial infarction and ischemia/reperfusion injury, and the soluble types of SRs may be a series of promising biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of patients with acute coronary syndrome or acute myocardial infarction. In this review, we briefly summarize the structure and function of SRs and discuss the association between each SR and ischemic cardiac injury in patients and animal models in detail. A better understanding of the effect of SRs on ischemic cardiac injury will inspire novel ideas for therapeutic drug discovery and disease evaluation in patients with myocardial infarction.

The serum soluble scavenger with 5 domains levels: A novel biomarker for individuals with heart failure

Background: We aimed to explore the relationship between the serum Soluble Scavenger with 5 Domains (SSC5D) levels and heart failure (HF). Methods and Results: We retrospectively enrolled 276 patients diagnosed with HF or normal during hospitalization in Shanghai General Hospital between September 2020 and December 2021. Previously published RNA sequencing data were re-analyzed to confirm the expression profile of SSC5D in failing and non-failing human and mouse heart tissues. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction assay was used to quantify Ssc5d mRNA levels in murine heart tissue after myocardial infarction and transverse aortic constriction surgery. To understand the HF-induced secreted proteins profile, 1,755 secreted proteins were investigated using human dilated cardiomyopathy RNA-seq data, and the results indicated that SSC5D levels were significantly elevated in failing hearts compared to the non-failing. Using single-cell RNA sequencing data, we demonstrated that Ssc5d is predominantly expressed in cardiac fibroblasts. In a murine model of myocardial infarction or transverse aortic constriction, Ssc5d mRNA levels were markedly increased compared with those in the sham group. Similarly, serum SSC5D levels were considerably elevated in the HF group compared with the control group [15,789.35 (10,745.32-23,110.65) pg/mL, 95% CI (16,263.01-19,655.43) vs. 8,938.72 (6,154.97-12,778.81) pg/mL, 95% CI (9,337.50-11,142.93); p < 0.0001]. Moreover, serum SSC5D levels were positively correlated with N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (R = 0.4, p = 7.9e-12) and inversely correlated with left ventricular ejection fraction (R = -0.46, p = 9.8e-16). Conclusion: We concluded that SSC5D was a specific response to HF. Serum SSC5D may function as a novel biomarker and therapeutic target for patients with HF.

The Presence of Psoriasis, Metabolic Syndrome and Their Combination Increases the Serum Levels of CRP and CD5L but Not sCD200R1 and sTLR2 in Participants

Psoriasis and metabolic syndrome (MetS) are chronic inflammatory conditions associated with the dysregulation of immune system reactivity. The inflammatory processes of both diseases have not yet been fully characterized, and the evaluation of proteins/markers that could be involved in their pathogenesis is of great importance. We selected four markers: CRP, sCD200R1, CD5L, and sTLR2; in particular, sCDR2001 has not yet been measured in the context of psoriasis and metabolic syndrome. Material and methods: In the study, 64 controls and 43 patients with psoriasis with or without a metabolic syndrome were enrolled. The levels of selected markers were measured using ELISA kits. Results: CRP levels were significantly higher in psoriasis patients, especially in the subgroup of patients with MetS compared to nonMetS patients (p < 0.01). sCD200R1 and sTLR2 were not significantly different between groups and subgroups; however, CD200R1 levels were slightly higher in both control groups compared to both groups of patients. CD5L levels were significantly higher in patients with MetS compared to nonMets patients (p < 0.02). We also evaluated the correlations between parameters in controls and patients’ groups, as well as in subgroups. Correlations between BMI and CRP were found in all groups and subgroups. Other correlations were group- and subgroup-specific. For example, in the patients’ group, CD5L correlated with sCD200R1 (p < 0.05) and in MetS controls, with age (p < 0.03). Conclusion: The results show that the presence of systemic inflammation associated with psoriasis and metabolic syndrome and their combination alters the expression of specific molecules, especially CRP and CD5L, which were significantly increased in patients with psoriasis and a metabolic syndrome compared to controls without metabolic syndromes. Correlations between CRP and BMI in all groups suggest that overweight and obesity increase the intensity of inflammation and potentiate CD5L expression. In contrast, levels of molecules that may limit inflammation were not increased in psoriasis and metabolic syndrome subjects (they were non-significantly lower compared with healthy controls), which may reflect the chronic nature of both diseases and the exhaustion of inhibitory mechanisms.