Mitoquinone shifts energy metabolism to reduce ROS-induced oxeiptosis in female granulosa cells and mouse oocytes

Mitochondrial Quality Control in Ovarian Function: From Mechanisms to Therapeutic Strategies

Mitochondrial quality control plays a critical role in cytogenetic development by regulating various cell-death pathways and modulating the release of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Dysregulated mitochondrial quality control can lead to a broad spectrum of diseases, including reproductive disorders, particularly female infertility. Ovarian insufficiency is a significant contributor to female infertility, given its high prevalence, complex pathogenesis, and profound impact on women's health. Understanding the pathogenesis of ovarian insufficiency and devising treatment strategies based on this understanding are crucial. Oocytes and granulosa cells (GCs) are the primary ovarian cell types, with GCs regulated by oocytes, fulfilling their specific energy requirements prior to ovulation. Dysregulation of mitochondrial quality control through gene knockout or external stimuli can precipitate apoptosis, inflammatory responses, or ferroptosis in both oocytes and GCs, exacerbating ovarian insufficiency. This review aimed to delineate the regulatory mechanisms of mitochondrial quality control in GCs and oocytes during ovarian development. This study highlights the adverse consequences of dysregulated mitochondrial quality control on GCs and oocyte development and proposes therapeutic interventions for ovarian insufficiency based on mitochondrial quality control. These insights provide a foundation for future clinical approaches for treating ovarian insufficiency.

Mini-review: research and progress of oxeiptosis in diseases

Oxeiptosis is a novel cell death pathway that was introduced in 2018. As a form of regulated cell death, it operates independently of caspases and is induced by ROS. Distinguished from other cell death pathways such as apoptosis, necroptosis, pyroptosis, and ferroptosis, oxeiptosis features unique damage causes pivotal genes, and signaling pathways (KEAP1/PGAM5/AIFM1). Emerging studies indicate that oxeiptosis plays a significant role in the progression of various diseases and its regulation could serve as a promising therapeutic target. However, the precise molecular mechanisms underlying oxeiptosis remain to be fully elucidated. In this mini-review, we systematically summarize the latest developments in oxeiptosis-related diseases while detailing the molecular mechanisms and regulatory networks of oxeiptosis. These insights offer a foundation for a deeper understanding of oxeiptosis.

Ovarian aging: energy metabolism of oocytes

In women who are getting older, the quantity and quality of their follicles or oocytes and decline. This is characterized by decreased ovarian reserve function (DOR), fewer remaining oocytes, and lower quality oocytes. As more women choose to delay childbirth, the decline in fertility associated with age has become a significant concern for modern women. The decline in oocyte quality is a key indicator of ovarian aging. Many studies suggest that age-related changes in oocyte energy metabolism may impact oocyte quality. Changes in oocyte energy metabolism affect adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) production, but how related products and proteins influence oocyte quality remains largely unknown. This review focuses on oocyte metabolism in age-related ovarian aging and its potential impact on oocyte quality, as well as therapeutic strategies that may partially influence oocyte metabolism. This research aims to enhance our understanding of age-related changes in oocyte energy metabolism, and the identification of biomarkers and treatment methods.

Intravascular Laser Blood Irradiation (ILIB) Enhances Antioxidant Activity and Energy Metabolism in Aging Ovaries

BACKGROUND

Ovarian aging is characterized by the accumulation of free radicals, leading to tissue damage and affecting reproductive health. Intravascular laser irradiation of blood (ILIB, using a low-energy He-Ne laser) is known for its efficacy in treating vascular-related diseases by reducing free radicals and inflammation. However, its impact on ovarian aging remains unexplored. This study aimed to investigate the effects of ILIB on oxidative stress and energy metabolism in aging ovaries.

METHODS

Genetic analysis was conducted on 75 infertile patients with aging ovaries, divided into ILIB-treated and control (CTRL) groups. Patients underwent two courses of laser treatment, and clinical parameters were evaluated. Cumulus cells were collected for the genetic analysis of oxeiptosis, glycolysis, and the tricarboxylic acid (TCA) cycle.

RESULTS

The analysis of gene expression patterns revealed intriguing findings in ILIB-treated patients compared to the untreated group. Notably, ILIB treatment resulted in significant upregulation of oxeiptosis-related genes AIFM1 and NRF2, suggesting a potential protective effect against oxidative stress-induced cell death. Furthermore, ILIB treatment led to a downregulation of glycolysis-associated gene hexokinase 2 (HK2), indicating a shift away from anaerobic metabolism, along with an increase in PDHA levels, indicative of enhanced mitochondrial function. Consistent with these changes, ILIB-treated patients exhibited elevated expression of the key TCA cycle genes citrate synthase (CS), succinate dehydrogenase complex subunit A (SDHA), and fumarate hydratase (FH), signifying improved energy metabolism.

CONCLUSION

The findings from this study underscore the potential of ILIB as a therapeutic strategy for mitigating ovarian aging. By targeting oxidative stress and enhancing energy metabolism, ILIB holds promise for preserving ovarian function and reproductive health in aging individuals. Further research is warranted to elucidate the underlying mechanisms and optimize the application of ILIB in clinical settings, with the ultimate goal of improving fertility outcomes in women experiencing age-related ovarian decline.

Examining the Effects of Nutrient Supplementation on Metabolic Pathways via Mitochondrial Ferredoxin in Aging Ovaries

As women age, oocytes are susceptible to a myriad of dysfunctions, including mitochondrial dysfunction, impaired DNA repair mechanisms, epigenetic alterations, and metabolic disturbances, culminating in reduced fertility rates among older individuals. Ferredoxin (FDX) represents a highly conserved iron-sulfur (Fe-S) protein essential for electron transport across multiple metabolic pathways. Mammalian mitochondria house two distinct ferredoxins, FDX1 and FDX2, which share structural similarities and yet perform unique functions. In our investigation into the regulatory mechanisms governing ovarian aging, we employed a comprehensive multi-omics analysis approach, integrating spatial transcriptomics, single-cell RNA sequencing, human ovarian pathology, and clinical biopsy data. Previous studies have highlighted intricate interactions involving excessive lipid peroxide accumulation, redox-induced metal ion buildup, and alterations in cellular energy metabolism observed in aging cells. Through a multi-omics analysis, we observed a notable decline in the expression of the critical gene FDX1 as ovarian age progressed. This observation prompted speculation regarding FDX1's potential as a promising biomarker for ovarian aging. Following this, we initiated a clinical trial involving 70 patients with aging ovaries. These patients were administered oral nutritional supplements consisting of DHEA, ubiquinol CoQ10, and Cleo-20 T3 for a period of two months to evaluate alterations in energy metabolism regulated by FDX1. Our results demonstrated a significant elevation in FDX1 levels among participants receiving nutritional supplementation. We hypothesize that these nutrients potentiate mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) activity or electron transport chain (ETC) efficiency, thereby augmenting FDX1 expression, an essential electron carrier in metabolic pathways, while concurrently mitigating lipid peroxide accumulation and cellular apoptosis. In summary, our findings underscore the potential of nutritional intervention to enhance in vitro fertilization outcomes in senescent cells by bolstering electron transport proteins, thus optimizing energy metabolism and improving oocyte quality in aging women.

Cuproptosis-Related Gene FDX1 Identified as a Potential Target for Human Ovarian Aging

Cuproptosis is a recently discovered mode of cell death that has garnered attention due to its association with various diseases. However, the intricate genetic relationship between cuproptosis and ovarian aging has remained largely unexplored. This study aimed to bridge this knowledge gap by leveraging data sets related to ovarian aging and cuproptosis. Through comprehensive bioinformatics analyses, facilitated by R software, we uncovered FDX1 as a potential cuproptosis-related gene with relevance to ovarian aging. To gain insights into FDX1's role, we conducted spatial transcriptome analyses in the ovaries of both young and aged female mice. These experiments revealed a significant reduction in FDX1 expression in the aging group compared to the young group. To substantiate these findings at the genetic level, we turned to clinical infertility biopsies. Impressively, we observed consistent results in biopsies from elderly infertile patients, reinforcing the link between FDX1 and ovarian aging. Moreover, we delved into the pharmacogenomics of ovarian cell lines and discovered that FDX1 expression levels were intricately associated with heightened sensitivity to specific small molecule drugs. This observation suggests that modulating FDX1 could potentially be a strategy to influence drug responses in ovarian-related therapies. In sum, this study marks a pioneering effort in identifying FDX1 as a cuproptosis-related gene implicated in ovarian aging. These findings hold substantial promise, not only in shedding light on the underlying mechanisms of ovarian aging but also in positioning FDX1 as a potential diagnostic biomarker and therapeutic target. With further research, FDX1 could play a pivotal role in advancing precision medicine and therapies for ovarian-related conditions.

Research progress on mitochondrial damage and repairing in oocytes: A review

Oocytes are the female germ cells, which are susceptible to stress stimuli. The development of oocytes in the ovary is affected by many environmental and metabolic factors, food toxins, aging, and pathological factors. Mitochondria are the main target organelles of these factors, and the damage to mitochondrial structure and function can affect the production of ATP, the regulation of redox reactions, and apoptosis in oocytes. Mitochondrial damage is closely related to the decrease in oocyte quality and is the main factor leading to female infertility. Antioxidant foods or drugs have been used to prevent mitochondrial damage from some stressors or to repair damaged mitochondria, thereby improving oocyte development and female reproductive outcomes. In this paper, the damage of mitochondria during oocyte development by the above factors has been reviewed, and the relevant measures to alleviate the damage of mitochondria in oocytes have been discussed. Our findings may provide a theoretical basis and experimental basis for improving female fertility.

Multi-Omics Reveals the Role of Osteopontin/Secreted Phosphoprotein 1 in Regulating Ovarian Aging

Secreted phosphoprotein 1 (SPP1), also known as osteopontin (OPN), is located on chromosome 4q22.1. This multifunctional secreted acidic glycoprotein is expressed intracellularly and extracellularly in various tissues, where it interacts with regulatory proteins and pro-inflammatory immune chemokines, contributing to the pathogenesis of multiple diseases. Nevertheless, the intricate genetic connections between SPP1 and ovarian aging remain largely unexplored. This study aims to bridge this knowledge gap by delving into ovarian aging and its associations with SPP1 using multi-omics data analysis. Our findings indicate that SPP1 is a potential gene related to ovarian aging. To comprehend the role of SPP1, we conducted spatial transcriptomic analyses on young and aged female mouse ovaries, revealing a significant decline in SPP1 expression in the aging group compared to the young group. Similarly, a significantly low level of SPP1 was found in the 73-year-old sample. Additionally, in-depth single-cell RNA-sequencing analysis identified associations between SPP1 and ITGAV, ITGB1, CD44, MMP3, and FN1. Notably, co-expression analysis highlighted a strong correlation between SPP1 and ITGB1. In summary, this study pioneers the identification of SPP1 as a gene implicated in ovarian aging. Further research into the role of SPP1 has the potential to advance precision medicine and improve treatment strategies for ovarian aging-related conditions.

Combined exposure of beta-cypermethrin and emamectin benzoate interferes with the HPO axis through oxidative stress, causing an imbalance of hormone homeostasis in female rats

The impact of pesticides on reproductive health has been increasingly recognized. β-cypermethrin (β-CYP) and emamectin benzoate (EMB) are commonly used with agricultural workers. There are few published studies on the effects of combined poisoning of these two pesticides on the reproductive system. This study investigated the toxic effects and mechanism of β-CYP and EMB on the reproductive system of female rats based on the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) axis. The hypothalamic GnRH content tended to decrease, and Kiss-1 and GPR-54 mRNA and protein expression tended to increase in exposed rats. FSH content was elevated for the pituitary gland, and Kiss-1 and GPR-54 mRNA and protein expression were enhanced in all experimental groups compared with the control group. E2 content in rat ovaries and ERα mRNA and protein expression were reduced by β-CYP and EMB. Furthermore, there were interactive effects of β-CYP and EMB on FSH and E2 release, pituitary GPR-54 mRNA and protein, and ovarian ERα mRNA expression. To investigate causes of damage, oxidative damage indicators were tested and showed that exposure to β-CYP and EMB decreased GSH-Px and SOD activities in the HPO axis, increased MDA levels in the hypothalamus and ovary together with LDH activities in the HPO axis, with an interaction effect on GSH-Px and SOD activities in the hypothalamus and pituitary gland as well as on MDA in the ovary. The above results support the screening of sensitive molecular biomarkers and evaluation of the adverse effects of pesticide exposure in greenhouse operations on reproductive health.

Phenethyl isothiocyanate and dasatinib combination synergistically reduces hepatocellular carcinoma growth via cell cycle arrest and oxeiptosis

Introduction: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common type of liver cancer, which is among the most lethal tumours. Combination therapy exploits multiple drugs to target key pathways synergistically to reduce tumour growth. Isothiocyanates have been shown to possess anticancer potential and to complement the anticancer activity of other compounds. This study aimed to investigate the potential of phenethyl isothiocyanate (PEITC) to synergise with dasatinib, improving its anticancer potential in HCC. Methods: MTT, 3D spheroids and clonogenic assays were used to assess the combination anti-tumour effect in vitro, whereas a murine syngeneic model was employed to evaluate the combination efficacy in vivo. DCFDA staining was employed to evaluate the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), while flow cytometry and Western blot assays were used to elucidate the molecular mechanism of the synergistic activiy. Results: PEITC and dasatinib combination exhibited a synergistic effect in vitro and in vivo. The combination induced DNA damage and oxidative stress through the production of ROS, which led to the formation of a premature CDK1/Cyclin B1 complex associated with induction of mitotic catastrophe. Furthermore, ROS activated oxeiptosis, a caspase-independent form of programmed cell death. Conclusion: PEITC showed to enhance dasatinib action in treating HCC with increased production of ROS that induced cell cycle arrest followed by mitotic catastrophe, and to induce oxeiptosis. These results highlight the role that ITCs may have in cancer therapy as a complement of clinically approved chemotherapeutic drugs.

Investigating the Role of Ferroptosis-Related Genes in Ovarian Aging and the Potential for Nutritional Intervention

With advancing age, women experience irreversible deterioration in the quality of their oocytes, resulting in reduced fertility. To gain a deeper understanding of the influence of ferroptosis-related genes on ovarian aging, we employed a comprehensive approach encompassing spatial transcriptomics, single-cell RNA sequencing, human ovarian pathology, and clinical biopsy. This investigation revealed the intricate interactions between ferroptosis and cellular energy metabolism in aging germ cells, shedding light on the underlying mechanisms. Our study involved 75 patients with ovarian senescence insufficiency, and we utilized multi-histological predictions of ferroptosis-related genes. Following a two-month supplementation period with DHEA, Ubiquinol CoQ10, and Cleo-20 T3, we examined the changes in hub genes. Our results showed that TFRC, NCOA4, and SLC3A2 were significantly reduced and GPX4 was increased in the supplement group, confirming our prediction based on multi-omic analysis. Our hypothesis is that supplementation would enhance the mitochondrial tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA) or electron transport chain (ETC), resulting in increased levels of the antioxidant enzyme GPX4, reduced lipid peroxide accumulation, and reduced ferroptosis. Overall, our results suggest that supplementation interventions have a notable positive impact on in vitro fertilization (IVF) outcomes in aging cells by improving metal ion and energy metabolism, thereby enhancing oocyte quality in older women.