MicroRNA-messenger RNA interactions involving JAK-STAT signaling genes in colorectal cancer

Non-coding RNAs as mediators of epithelial to mesenchymal transition in metastatic colorectal cancers

Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality globally, necessitating the development of innovative treatment strategies. Recent research has underscored the significant role of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in CRC pathogenesis, offering new avenues for diagnosis and therapy. In this review, we delve into the intricate roles of various ncRNAs, including microRNAs (miRNAs), long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), and circular RNAs (circRNAs), in CRC progression, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), metastasis, and drug resistance. We highlight the interaction of these ncRNAs with and regulation of key signaling pathways, such as Wnt/β-catenin, Notch, JAK-STAT, EGFR, and TGF-β, and the functional relevance of these interactions in CRC progression. Additionally, the review highlights the emerging applications of nanotechnology in enhancing the delivery and efficacy of ncRNA-based therapeutics, which could address existing challenges related to specificity and side effects. Future research directions, including advanced diagnostic tools, targeted therapeutics, strategies to overcome drug resistance, and the integration of personalized medicine approaches are discussed. Integrating nanotechnology with a deeper understanding of CRC biology offers the potential for more effective, targeted, and personalized strategies, though further research is essential to validate these approaches.

Inhibitory effect of miR-377 on the proliferative and invasive behaviors of prostate cancer cells through the modulation of MYC mRNA via its interaction with BCL-2/Bax, PTEN, and CDK4

The MYC gene is a regulatory and proto-oncogenic gene that is overexpressed in the majority of prostate cancers (PCa). Numerous studies have indicated that aberrant expression of microRNAs is involved in the initiation and progression of prostate cancer. In this investigation, we assessed the impact of miR-377 on MYC through luciferase assay. Real-time PCR was employed to determine whether miR-377 could reduce the levels of MYC mRNA in transfected PCa cell lines (PC-3 and DU145) and change in the mRNA levels of BCL-2/Bax, PTEN, and CDK4 as a consequence of MYC downregulation. Moreover, we analyzed the effects of miR-377 on apoptosis, proliferation, cell cycle, and wound healing. Our findings demonstrate that miR-377 effectively targets MYC mRNA, as confirmed by luciferase assay and Real-time PCR. We observed a significant reduction in BCL-2 and CDK4 expression, along with an increase in Bax and PTEN, in prostate cancer cell lines upon MYC suppression. Additionally, elevated levels of miR-377 in PCa cell lines induced apoptosis, inhibited proliferation and migration, and arrested the cell cycle. Taken together, these results unveil the inhibitory role of miR-377 in MYC function within PCa, thereby suggesting its potential as a therapeutic target for the treatment of this malignancy.

Janus Kinase-Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription Inhibitors for the Treatment and Management of Cancer

According to the World Health Organization (WHO), cancer is the second-highest cause of mortality worldwide, killing nearly 9.6 million people annually. Despite the advances in diagnosis and treatment during the last couple of decades, it remains a serious concern due to the limitations of currently available cancer management strategies. Therefore, alternative strategies are highly required to overcome these glitches. In addition, many etiological factors such as environmental and genetic factors initiate the activation of the Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of the transcription (STAT) pathway. This aberrant activation of the JAK-STAT pathway has been reported in various disease states, including inflammatory conditions, hematologic malignancies, and cancer. For instance, many patients with myeloproliferative neoplasms carry the acquired gain-of-function JAK2 V617F somatic mutation. This knowledge has dramatically improved our understanding of pathogenesis and has facilitated the development of therapeutics capable of suppressing the constitutive activation of the JAK-STAT pathway. Our aim is not to be expansive but to highlight emerging ideas towards preventive therapy in a modern view of JAK-STAT inhibitors. A series of agents with different specificities against different members of the JAK family of proteins is currently undergoing evaluation in clinical trials. Here we give a summary of how JAK-STAT inhibitors function and a detailed review of current clinical drugs for managing cancer as a new therapeutic approach.

Important players in carcinogenesis as potential targets in cancer therapy: an update

The development of cancer is a problem that has accompanied mankind for years. The growing number of cases, emerging drug resistance, and the need to reduce the serious side effects of pharmacotherapy are forcing scientists to better understand the complex mechanisms responsible for the initiation, promotion, and progression of the disease. This paper discusses the modulation of the particular stages of carcinogenesis by selected physiological factors, including: acetylcholine (ACh), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR), fatty acid-binding proteins (FABPs), Bruton's tyrosine kinase (Btk), aquaporins (AQPs), insulin-like growth factor-2 (IGF-2), and exosomes. Understanding their role may contribute to the development of more effective and safer therapies based on new binding sites.

Identification of Cerebrospinal Fluid MicroRNAs Associated With Leptomeningeal Metastasis From Lung Adenocarcinoma

Background: Leptomeningeal metastasis (LM) has frequently been observed in patients with lung adenocarcinoma. So far, its diagnosis and disease course monitoring are still extremely difficult. Moreover, there is no effective treatment regimen for LM due to a lack knowledge on the molecular mechanism of LM. This study aimed to identify LM-related cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) miRNAs, which have potential value for diagnosing and monitoring LM and exploring the molecular mechanism.

Methods: CSF miRNAs were screened and verified by microarray analysis and quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) in LM patients with lung adenocarcinoma and non-LM controls, and the diagnostic performance of candidate miRNAs was evaluated. Then, candidate miRNAs in matched CSF samples from LM patients at diagnosis, after initial therapy, at relapse, and after salvage therapy, were analyzed to assess the relationship between CSF miRNAs and LM disease course. The effect of candidate miRNAs on proliferation, invasion, and migration of lung adenocarcinoma cell lines was assessed. The targeted genes of the candidate miRNA were predicted by TargetScan, miRDB, and miRTarbase online analysis tools. Gene ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) were used to analyze the functional categories of predicted target genes.

Results: CSF miR-7975, miR-7977, and miR-7641 were screened and verified to be statistically significantly up-regulated in LM patients compared to non-LM controls. The three miRNAs, when combined, exhibited optimal diagnostic performance. Longitudinal data of CSF miR-7975 and miR-7977 correlated well with clinical courses of LM. Overexpression of miR-7977 promoted proliferation, migration, and invasion of lung adenocarcinoma cells. Moreover, 385 targeted genes of miR-7977 were predicted and were involved in various pathways related to cancer metastasis.

Conclusions: This study offers insights for future research of CSF miRNAs as robust tools for diagnosing and monitoring LM. It also reveals a novel pathway for exploration of underlying mechanisms of LM.

TYK2: An Upstream Kinase of STATs in Cancer

In this review we concentrate on the recent findings describing the oncogenic potential of the protein tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2). The overview on the current understanding of TYK2 functions in cytokine responses and carcinogenesis focusses on the activation of the signal transducers and activators of transcription (STAT) 3 and 5. Insight gained from loss-of-function (LOF) gene-modified mice and human patients homozygous for Tyk2/TYK2-mutated alleles established the central role in immunological and inflammatory responses. For the description of physiological TYK2 structure/function relationships in cytokine signaling and of overarching molecular and pathologic properties in carcinogenesis, we mainly refer to the most recent reviews. Dysregulated TYK2 activation, aberrant TYK2 protein levels, and gain-of-function (GOF) TYK2 mutations are found in various cancers. We discuss the molecular consequences thereof and briefly describe the molecular means to counteract TYK2 activity under (patho-)physiological conditions by cellular effectors and by pharmacological intervention. For the role of TYK2 in tumor immune-surveillance we refer to the recent Special Issue of Cancers "JAK-STAT Signaling Pathway in Cancer".

The functional role of miRNAs in colorectal cancer: insights from a large population-based study

Identification of causal microRNAs (miRNAs) in colorectal cancer (CRC) is elusive, due to our lack of understanding of how specific miRNAs affect biological pathways and outcomes. An miRNA can regulate many mRNAs and an mRNA can be associated with many miRNAs; appreciation of these complex networks in which miRNAs operate is necessary to transition from identifying dysregulated miRNAs to identifying individual miRNAs or groups of miRNAs that are suitable for therapeutic purposes. The aim of the paper is to compile results from a population-based study (n = 1,954 cases with matched carcinoma/normal tissue) of miRNAs in CRC. The information gained allows for cohesive and comprehensive insight into miRNAs and CRC in terms of function and impact. Comparison of miRNA expression with mRNA expression from nine signaling pathways in carcinogenic processes allowed us to identify miRNA targets within a biological context. MiRNAs that directly influence mRNA expression may be effective biomarkers or therapeutic targets.