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Duan C, Townley H. Exploitation of High Tumour GSH Levels for Targeted siRNA Delivery in Rhabdomyosarcoma Cells. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12081129. [PMID: 36009022 PMCID: PMC9405954 DOI: 10.3390/biom12081129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic alveolar rhabdomyosarcoma (aRMS) is an aggressive paediatric cancer with a poor prognosis. Downregulation of critical tumour genes using targeted siRNA remains an obstacle, but association with nanoparticles could help to deliver, protect, target, and enhance penetration. siRNA towards two genes was investigated: (i) Human αB-crystallin (CRYAB) and Heat Shock Protein Family B (Small) Member 2 (HSPB2), and (ii) Keratin 17 (KRT17). A mesoporous silica based nanosystem was linked to siRNA via disulfide bonds and loaded with IR820 dye. Transfection efficiency and signalling was evaluated, and the metabolic effects and cell proliferation were monitored in 2D culture and 3D spheroid models. The bound siRNA was protected from degradation with RNase I for at least 24 h. The delivered siRNA showed significant suppression of viability; 53.21 ± 23.40% for CRYAB and HSPB2 siRNA, and 88.06 ± 17.28% for KRT17 siRNA. After 72 h this increased to >50% cell apoptosis and necrosis. Intracellular total glutathione (GSH) levels were also compared with fibroblasts, and the RMS cell lines showed a several-fold increase. IR820 cellular uptake rate and penetration depth was significantly improved by nanoparticle delivery. Targetted siRNA delivery may pave the way for less invasive and more effective treatments of aRMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengchen Duan
- Nuffield Department of Women’s and Reproductive Health, Oxford University John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Helen Townley
- Nuffield Department of Women’s and Reproductive Health, Oxford University John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
- Department of Engineering Science, Oxford University, Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3PJ, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-1865-283792
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Dashnaw CM, Koone JC, Abdolvahabi A, Shaw BF. Measuring how two proteins affect each other's net charge in a crowded environment. Protein Sci 2021; 30:1594-1605. [PMID: 33928693 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Theory predicts that the net charge (Z) of a protein can be altered by the net charge of a neighboring protein as the two approach one another below the Debye length. This type of charge regulation suggests that a protein's charge and perhaps function might be affected by neighboring proteins without direct binding. Charge regulation during protein crowding has never been directly measured due to analytical challenges. Here, we show that lysine specific protein crosslinkers (NHS ester-Staudinger pairs) can be used to mimic crowding by linking two non-interacting proteins at a maximal distance of ~7.9 Å. The net charge of the regioisomeric dimers and preceding monomers can then be determined with lysine-acyl "protein charge ladders" and capillary electrophoresis. As a proof of concept, we covalently linked myoglobin (Zmonomer = -0.43 ± 0.01) and α-lactalbumin (Zmonomer = -4.63 ± 0.05). Amide hydrogen/deuterium exchange and circular dichroism spectroscopy demonstrated that crosslinking did not significantly alter the structure of either protein or result in direct binding (thus mimicking crowding). Ultimately, capillary electrophoretic analysis of the dimeric charge ladder detected a change in charge of ΔZ = -0.04 ± 0.09 upon crowding by this pair (Zdimer = -5.10 ± 0.07). These small values of ΔZ are not necessarily general to protein crowding (qualitatively or quantitatively) but will vary per protein size, charge, and solvent conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chad M Dashnaw
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Jordan C Koone
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
| | - Alireza Abdolvahabi
- Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, USA
| | - Bryan F Shaw
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Baylor University, Waco, Texas, USA
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Ulyanova V, Dudkina E, Nadyrova A, Kalashnikov V, Surchenko Y, Ilinskaya O. The Cytotoxicity of RNase-Derived Peptides. Biomolecules 2020; 11:E16. [PMID: 33375305 PMCID: PMC7824363 DOI: 10.3390/biom11010016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 12/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial ribonuclease binase exhibits a cytotoxic effect on tumor cells possessing certain oncogenes. The aim of this study was to identify the structural parts of the binase molecule that exert cytotoxicity. Out of five designed peptides, the peptides representing the binase regions 21-50 and 74-94 have the highest cytotoxic potential toward human cervical HeLa and breast BT-20 and MCF-7 cancer cells. The peptides B21-50 and B74-94 were not able to enter human lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells, unlike BT-20 cells, explaining their failure to inhibit A549 cell proliferation. The peptide B74-94 shares similarities with epidermal growth factor (EGF), suggesting the peptide's specificity for EGF receptor overexpressed in BT-20 cells. Thus, the binase-derived peptides have the potential of being further developed as tumor-targeting peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elena Dudkina
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, 420008 Kazan, Russia; (V.U.); (A.N.); (V.K.); (Y.S.); (O.I.)
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Mironova N, Vlassov V. Surveillance of Tumour Development: The Relationship Between Tumour-Associated RNAs and Ribonucleases. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:1019. [PMID: 31572192 PMCID: PMC6753386 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.01019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumour progression is accompanied by rapid cell proliferation, loss of differentiation, the reprogramming of energy metabolism, loss of adhesion, escape of immune surveillance, induction of angiogenesis, and metastasis. Both coding and regulatory RNAs expressed by tumour cells and circulating in the blood are involved in all stages of tumour progression. Among the important tumour-associated RNAs are intracellular coding RNAs that determine the routes of metabolic pathways, cell cycle control, angiogenesis, adhesion, apoptosis and pathways responsible for transformation, and intracellular and extracellular non-coding RNAs involved in regulation of the expression of their proto-oncogenic and oncosuppressing mRNAs. Considering the diversity/variability of biological functions of RNAs, it becomes evident that extracellular RNAs represent important regulators of cell-to-cell communication and intracellular cascades that maintain cell proliferation and differentiation. In connection with the elucidation of such an important role for RNA, a surge in interest in RNA-degrading enzymes has increased. Natural ribonucleases (RNases) participate in various cellular processes including miRNA biogenesis, RNA decay and degradation that has determined their principal role in the sustention of RNA homeostasis in cells. Findings were obtained on the contribution of some endogenous ribonucleases in the maintenance of normal cell RNA homeostasis, which thus prevents cell transformation. These findings directed attention to exogenous ribonucleases as tools to compensate for the malfunction of endogenous ones. Recently a number of proteins with ribonuclease activity were discovered whose intracellular function remains unknown. Thus, the comprehensive investigation of physiological roles of RNases is still required. In this review we focused on the control mechanisms of cell transformation by endogenous ribonucleases, and the possibility of replacing malfunctioning enzymes with exogenous ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadezhda Mironova
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Valentin Vlassov
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Mitkevich VA, Petrushanko IY, Makarov AA. RNases Disrupt the Adaptive Potential of Malignant Cells: Perspectives for Therapy. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:922. [PMID: 31474868 PMCID: PMC6707412 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Exogenous RNases are selectively toxic to tumor cells. The reasons for this selectivity are not quite clear and should be searched for in the properties that distinguish malignant from normal cells. During onco-transformation, cells acquire properties allowing them to adapt to the altered microenvironment, such as resistance to hypoxia, changes in intracellular pH, disruption of ion transport, reduced adhesion and increased mobility, and production of specific exosomes. These adaptation mechanisms distinguish malignant cells from normal ones and give them a competitive advantage, ensuring survival and spread in the organism. Here, we analyze if the directed cytotoxic effect of exogenous RNases is linked to the disruption of the adaptive potential of tumor cells and how it can be used in anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Irina Yu Petrushanko
- Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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Burnysheva KM, Petrushanko IY, Spirin PV, Prassolov VS, Makarov AA, Mitkevich VA. Ribonuclease binase induces death in T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells by apoptosis. Mol Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893316020035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Dudkina E, Ulyanova V, Shah Mahmud R, Khodzhaeva V, Dao L, Vershinina V, Kolpakov A, Ilinskaya O. Three-step procedure for preparation of pure Bacillus altitudinis ribonuclease. FEBS Open Bio 2016; 6:24-32. [PMID: 27047739 PMCID: PMC4794795 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribonucleases are considered as promising tools for anticancer treatment due to their selective cytotoxicity against tumor cells. We investigated a new RNase from Bacillus altitudinis termed BALNASE (B. altitudinis RNase). Balnase is a close homolog of the well-known cytotoxic binase, differing by only one amino acid residue: nonpolar hydrophobic alanine at position 106 in the balnase molecule is replaced by a polar uncharged threonine in binase. The most exciting question is how the physico-chemical properties and biological effects of RNase might be changed by A106T substitution. Here, we have developed a chromatography-based rapid and modern technique for the purification of this new RNase which allowed us to get a protein sample of high quality with specific activity of 1.2 × 10(6) units in preparative amounts, suitable for further investigation of its biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Dudkina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology Kazan Federal (Volga-Region) University Russia
| | - Vera Ulyanova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology Kazan Federal (Volga-Region) University Russia
| | - Raihan Shah Mahmud
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology Kazan Federal (Volga-Region) University Russia
| | - Vera Khodzhaeva
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology Kazan Federal (Volga-Region) University Russia
| | - Linh Dao
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology Kazan Federal (Volga-Region) University Russia
| | - Valentina Vershinina
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology Kazan Federal (Volga-Region) University Russia
| | - Alexei Kolpakov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology Kazan Federal (Volga-Region) University Russia
| | - Olga Ilinskaya
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology Kazan Federal (Volga-Region) University Russia
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Mitkevich VA, Pace CN, Koschinski A, Makarov AA, Ilinskaya ON. Cytotoxicity mechanism of the RNase Sa cationic mutants involves inhibition of potassium current through Ca2+-activated channels. Mol Biol 2015. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893315060199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Hameş EE, Demir T. Microbial ribonucleases (RNases): production and application potential. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2015; 31:1853-62. [PMID: 26433394 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-015-1945-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Ribonuclease (RNase) is hydrolytic enzyme that catalyzes the cleavage of phosphodiester bonds in RNA. RNases play an important role in the metabolism of cellular RNAs, such as mRNA and rRNA or tRNA maturation. Besides their cellular roles, RNases possess biological activity, cell stimulating properties, cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. Cytotoxic effect of particular microbial RNases was comparable to that of animal derived counterparts. In this respect, microbial RNases have a therapeutic potential as anti-tumor drugs. The significant development of DNA vaccines and the progress of gene therapy trials increased the need for RNases in downstream processes. In addition, RNases are used in different fields, such as food industry for single cell protein preparations, and in some molecular biological studies for the synthesis of specific nucleotides, identifying RNA metabolism and the relationship between protein structure and function. In some cases, the use of bovine or other animal-derived RNases have increased the difficulties due to the safety and regulatory issues. Microbial RNases have promising potential mainly for pharmaceutical purposes as well as downstream processing. Therefore, an effort has been given to determination of optimum fermentation conditions to maximize RNase production from different bacterial and fungal producers. Also immobilization or strain development experiments have been carried out.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Esin Hameş
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, 35100, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey.
| | - Tuğçe Demir
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Kocaeli University, Umut Tepe Yerleşkesi, 41380, Kocaeli, Turkey
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir A Mitkevich
- a Engelhardt Institute of Molecular Biology ; Russian Academy of Sciences ; Moscow , Russia
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