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Tian X, Srinivasan PR, Tajiknia V, Sanchez Sevilla Uruchurtu AF, Seyhan AA, Carneiro BA, De La Cruz A, Pinho-Schwermann M, George A, Zhao S, Strandberg J, Di Cristofano F, Zhang S, Zhou L, Raufi AG, Navaraj A, Zhang Y, Verovkina N, Ghandali M, Ryspayeva D, El-Deiry WS. Targeting apoptotic pathways for cancer therapy. J Clin Invest 2024; 134:e179570. [PMID: 39007268 PMCID: PMC11245162 DOI: 10.1172/jci179570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/16/2024] Open
Abstract
Apoptosis is a form of programmed cell death that is mediated by intrinsic and extrinsic pathways. Dysregulation of and resistance to cell death are hallmarks of cancer. For over three decades, the development of therapies to promote treatment of cancer by inducing various cell death modalities, including apoptosis, has been a main goal of clinical oncology. Apoptosis pathways also interact with other signaling mechanisms, such as the p53 signaling pathway and the integrated stress response (ISR) pathway. In addition to agents directly targeting the intrinsic and extrinsic pathway components, anticancer drugs that target the p53 and ISR signaling pathways are actively being developed. In this Review, we discuss selected and promising anticancer therapies in various stages of development, including drug targets, mechanisms, and resistance to related treatments, focusing especially on B cell lymphoma 2 (BCL-2) inhibitors, TRAIL analogues, DR5 antibodies, and strategies that target p53, mutant p53, and the ISR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaobing Tian
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics and
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Praveen R. Srinivasan
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics and
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Vida Tajiknia
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics and
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Ashley F. Sanchez Sevilla Uruchurtu
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics and
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Pathobiology Graduate Program, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Attila A. Seyhan
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics and
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Benedito A. Carneiro
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics and
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Hematology/Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Arielle De La Cruz
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics and
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Maximilian Pinho-Schwermann
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics and
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Hematology/Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Andrew George
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics and
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Shuai Zhao
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics and
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Jillian Strandberg
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics and
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Francesca Di Cristofano
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics and
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Shengliang Zhang
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics and
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Lanlan Zhou
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics and
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Alexander G. Raufi
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics and
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Hematology/Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Arunasalam Navaraj
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics and
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Yiqun Zhang
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics and
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Nataliia Verovkina
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics and
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Maryam Ghandali
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics and
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Dinara Ryspayeva
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics and
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
| | - Wafik S. El-Deiry
- Laboratory of Translational Oncology and Experimental Cancer Therapeutics and
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Joint Program in Cancer Biology, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Legorreta Cancer Center at Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Pathobiology Graduate Program, Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
- Hematology/Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Lifespan Health System and Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island, USA
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Zhou K, Wang D, Du X, Feng X, Zhu X, Wang C. UBE2C enhances temozolomide resistance by regulating the expression of p53 to induce aerobic glycolysis in glioma. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2024; 56:916-926. [PMID: 38634120 PMCID: PMC11214954 DOI: 10.3724/abbs.2024033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024] Open
Abstract
UBE2C is overexpressed in gliomas, and its overexpression has been reported to be correlated with the drug resistance of gliomas to some extent. In this study, we explore the role of UBE2C in regulating temozolomide (TMZ) resistance in glioma and investigate the underlying mechanisms involved. Twenty normal brain tissues and 100 glioma tissues from 50 TMZ-resistant patients and 50 TMZ-sensitive patients are included in this study. TMZ-resistant cell lines are constructed to explore the role of UBE2C in regulating glioma cell viability and TMZ resistance. Our results show that both the mRNA and protein levels of UBE2C are significantly elevated in the brain tissues of glioma patients, especially in those of TMZ-resistant patients. Consistently, UBE2C expression is markedly upregulated in TMZ-resistant cell lines. Overexpression of UBE2C rescues glioma cells from TMZ-mediated apoptosis and enhances cell viability. In contrast, downregulation of UBE2C expression further enhances TMZ function, increases cell apoptosis and decreases cell viability. Mechanistically, UBE2C overexpression decreases p53 expression and enhances aerobic glycolysis level by increasing ATP level, lactate production, and glucose uptake. Downregulation of p53 level abolishes the role of UBE2C downregulation in inhibiting TMZ resistance and aerobic glycolysis in glioma cells. Moreover, an animal assay confirms that downregulation of UBE2C expression further suppresses tumor growth in the context of TMZ treatment. Collectively, this study reveals that downregulation of UBE2C expression enhances the sensitivity of glioma cells to TMZ by regulating the expression of p53 to inhibit aerobic glycolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgerythe Jinyang Hospital Affiliated to Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyang550084China
| | - Dexin Wang
- Department of Neurosurgerythe Jinyang Hospital Affiliated to Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyang550084China
| | - Xiaolin Du
- Department of Neurosurgerythe Jinyang Hospital Affiliated to Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyang550084China
| | - Xia Feng
- Department of Sleep Medicinethe Second People’s Hospital of Guizhou ProvinceGuiyang550084China
| | - Xiaoxi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Cell Engineering of Guizhou ProvinceAffiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical UniversityZunyi563000China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Department of Neurosurgerythe Jinyang Hospital Affiliated to Guizhou Medical UniversityGuiyang550084China
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3
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Trejo-Solís C, Castillo-Rodríguez RA, Serrano-García N, Silva-Adaya D, Vargas-Cruz S, Chávez-Cortéz EG, Gallardo-Pérez JC, Zavala-Vega S, Cruz-Salgado A, Magaña-Maldonado R. Metabolic Roles of HIF1, c-Myc, and p53 in Glioma Cells. Metabolites 2024; 14:249. [PMID: 38786726 PMCID: PMC11122955 DOI: 10.3390/metabo14050249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2024] [Revised: 04/18/2024] [Accepted: 04/20/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The metabolic reprogramming that promotes tumorigenesis in glioblastoma is induced by dynamic alterations in the hypoxic tumor microenvironment, as well as in transcriptional and signaling networks, which result in changes in global genetic expression. The signaling pathways PI3K/AKT/mTOR and RAS/RAF/MEK/ERK stimulate cell metabolism, either directly or indirectly, by modulating the transcriptional factors p53, HIF1, and c-Myc. The overexpression of HIF1 and c-Myc, master regulators of cellular metabolism, is a key contributor to the synthesis of bioenergetic molecules that mediate glioma cell transformation, proliferation, survival, migration, and invasion by modifying the transcription levels of key gene groups involved in metabolism. Meanwhile, the tumor-suppressing protein p53, which negatively regulates HIF1 and c-Myc, is often lost in glioblastoma. Alterations in this triad of transcriptional factors induce a metabolic shift in glioma cells that allows them to adapt and survive changes such as mutations, hypoxia, acidosis, the presence of reactive oxygen species, and nutrient deprivation, by modulating the activity and expression of signaling molecules, enzymes, metabolites, transporters, and regulators involved in glycolysis and glutamine metabolism, the pentose phosphate cycle, the tricarboxylic acid cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation, as well as the synthesis and degradation of fatty acids and nucleic acids. This review summarizes our current knowledge on the role of HIF1, c-Myc, and p53 in the genic regulatory network for metabolism in glioma cells, as well as potential therapeutic inhibitors of these factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Trejo-Solís
- Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Departamento de Neurofisiología, Laboratorio Clínico y Banco de Sangre y Laboratorio de Reprogramación Celular, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de Mexico 14269, Mexico; (N.S.-G.); (D.S.-A.); (S.Z.-V.)
| | | | - Norma Serrano-García
- Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Departamento de Neurofisiología, Laboratorio Clínico y Banco de Sangre y Laboratorio de Reprogramación Celular, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de Mexico 14269, Mexico; (N.S.-G.); (D.S.-A.); (S.Z.-V.)
| | - Daniela Silva-Adaya
- Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Departamento de Neurofisiología, Laboratorio Clínico y Banco de Sangre y Laboratorio de Reprogramación Celular, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de Mexico 14269, Mexico; (N.S.-G.); (D.S.-A.); (S.Z.-V.)
- Centro de Investigación Sobre el Envejecimiento, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados (CIE-CINVESTAV), Ciudad de Mexico 14330, Mexico
| | - Salvador Vargas-Cruz
- Departamento de Cirugía, Hospital Ángeles del Pedregal, Camino a Sta. Teresa, Ciudad de Mexico 10700, Mexico;
| | | | - Juan Carlos Gallardo-Pérez
- Departamento de Fisiopatología Cardio-Renal, Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología, Ciudad de Mexico 14080, Mexico;
| | - Sergio Zavala-Vega
- Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Departamento de Neurofisiología, Laboratorio Clínico y Banco de Sangre y Laboratorio de Reprogramación Celular, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de Mexico 14269, Mexico; (N.S.-G.); (D.S.-A.); (S.Z.-V.)
| | - Arturo Cruz-Salgado
- Centro de Investigación Sobre Enfermedades Infecciosas, Instituto Nacional de Salud Pública, Cuernavaca 62100, Mexico;
| | - Roxana Magaña-Maldonado
- Laboratorio Experimental de Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas, Departamento de Neurofisiología, Laboratorio Clínico y Banco de Sangre y Laboratorio de Reprogramación Celular, Instituto Nacional de Neurología y Neurocirugía, Ciudad de Mexico 14269, Mexico; (N.S.-G.); (D.S.-A.); (S.Z.-V.)
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Valenti GE, Roveri A, Venerando R, Menichini P, Monti P, Tasso B, Traverso N, Domenicotti C, Marengo B. PTC596-Induced BMI-1 Inhibition Fights Neuroblastoma Multidrug Resistance by Inducing Ferroptosis. Antioxidants (Basel) 2023; 13:3. [PMID: 38275623 PMCID: PMC10812464 DOI: 10.3390/antiox13010003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Neuroblastoma (NB) is a paediatric cancer with noteworthy heterogeneity ranging from spontaneous regression to high-risk forms that are characterised by cancer relapse and the acquisition of drug resistance. The most-used anticancer drugs exert their cytotoxic effect by inducing oxidative stress, and long-term therapy has been demonstrated to cause chemoresistance by enhancing the antioxidant response of NB cells. Taking advantage of an in vitro model of multidrug-resistant (MDR) NB cells, characterised by high levels of glutathione (GSH), the overexpression of the oncoprotein BMI-1, and the presence of a mutant P53 protein, we investigated a new potential strategy to fight chemoresistance. Our results show that PTC596, an inhibitor of BMI-1, exerted a high cytotoxic effect on MDR NB cells, while PRIMA-1MET, a compound able to reactivate mutant P53, had no effect on the viability of MDR cells. Furthermore, both PTC596 and PRIMA-1MET markedly reduced the expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition proteins and limited the clonogenic potential and the cancer stemness of MDR cells. Of particular interest is the observation that PTC596, alone or in combination with PRIMA-1MET and etoposide, significantly reduced GSH levels, increased peroxide production, stimulated lipid peroxidation, and induced ferroptosis. Therefore, these findings suggest that PTC596, by inhibiting BMI-1 and triggering ferroptosis, could be a promising approach to fight chemoresistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Elda Valenti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, General Pathology Section, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (G.E.V.); (N.T.); (B.M.)
| | - Antonella Roveri
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy; (A.R.); (R.V.)
| | - Rina Venerando
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua, 35128 Padua, Italy; (A.R.); (R.V.)
| | - Paola Menichini
- Mutagenesis and Cancer Prevention Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (P.M.); (P.M.)
| | - Paola Monti
- Mutagenesis and Cancer Prevention Unit, IRCCS Ospedale Policlinico San Martino, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (P.M.); (P.M.)
| | - Bruno Tasso
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Genoa, 16148 Genoa, Italy;
| | - Nicola Traverso
- Department of Experimental Medicine, General Pathology Section, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (G.E.V.); (N.T.); (B.M.)
| | - Cinzia Domenicotti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, General Pathology Section, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (G.E.V.); (N.T.); (B.M.)
| | - Barbara Marengo
- Department of Experimental Medicine, General Pathology Section, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (G.E.V.); (N.T.); (B.M.)
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Muzyka L, Goff NK, Choudhary N, Koltz MT. Systematic Review of Molecular Targeted Therapies for Adult-Type Diffuse Glioma: An Analysis of Clinical and Laboratory Studies. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:10456. [PMID: 37445633 DOI: 10.3390/ijms241310456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Gliomas are the most common brain tumor in adults, and molecularly targeted therapies to treat gliomas are becoming a frequent topic of investigation. The current state of molecular targeted therapy research for adult-type diffuse gliomas has yet to be characterized, particularly following the 2021 WHO guideline changes for classifying gliomas using molecular subtypes. This systematic review sought to characterize the current state of molecular target therapy research for adult-type diffuse glioma to better inform scientific progress and guide next steps in this field of study. A systematic review was conducted in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Studies meeting inclusion criteria were queried for study design, subject (patients, human cell lines, mice, etc.), type of tumor studied, molecular target, respective molecular pathway, and details pertaining to the molecular targeted therapy-namely the modality, dose, and duration of treatment. A total of 350 studies met the inclusion criteria. A total of 52 of these were clinical studies, 190 were laboratory studies investigating existing molecular therapies, and 108 were laboratory studies investigating new molecular targets. Further, a total of 119 ongoing clinical trials are also underway, per a detailed query on clinicaltrials.gov. GBM was the predominant tumor studied in both ongoing and published clinical studies as well as in laboratory analyses. A few studies mentioned IDH-mutant astrocytomas or oligodendrogliomas. The most common molecular targets in published clinical studies and clinical trials were protein kinase pathways, followed by microenvironmental targets, immunotherapy, and cell cycle/apoptosis pathways. The most common molecular targets in laboratory studies were also protein kinase pathways; however, cell cycle/apoptosis pathways were the next most frequent target, followed by microenvironmental targets, then immunotherapy pathways, with the wnt/β-catenin pathway arising in the cohort of novel targets. In this systematic review, we examined the current evidence on molecular targeted therapy for adult-type diffuse glioma and discussed its implications for clinical practice and future research. Ultimately, published research falls broadly into three categories-clinical studies, laboratory testing of existing therapies, and laboratory identification of novel targets-and heavily centers on GBM rather than IDH-mutant astrocytoma or oligodendroglioma. Ongoing clinical trials are numerous in this area of research as well and follow a similar pattern in tumor type and targeted pathways as published clinical studies. The most common molecular targets in all study types were protein kinase pathways. Microenvironmental targets were more numerous in clinical studies, whereas cell cycle/apoptosis were more numerous in laboratory studies. Immunotherapy pathways are on the rise in all study types, and the wnt/β-catenin pathway is increasingly identified as a novel target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Logan Muzyka
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, 1501 Red River Street, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Nicolas K Goff
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, 1501 Red River Street, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Nikita Choudhary
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, 1501 Red River Street, Austin, TX 78712, USA
| | - Michael T Koltz
- Department of Neurosurgery, Dell Medical School, The University of Texas at Austin, 1501 Red River Street, Austin, TX 78712, USA
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6
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Magalhaes YT, Boell VK, Cardella GD, Forti FL. Downregulation of the Rho GTPase pathway abrogates resistance to ionizing radiation in wild-type p53 glioblastoma by suppressing DNA repair mechanisms. Cell Death Dis 2023; 14:283. [PMID: 37085490 PMCID: PMC10121706 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-023-05812-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Revised: 03/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/23/2023]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM), the most common aggressive brain tumor, is characterized by rapid cellular infiltration and is routinely treated with ionizing radiation (IR), but therapeutic resistance inevitably recurs. The actin cytoskeleton of glioblastoma cells provides their high invasiveness, but it remains unclear whether Rho GTPases modulate DNA damage repair and therapeutic sensitivity. Here, we irradiated glioblastoma cells with different p53 status and explored the effects of Rho pathway inhibition to elucidate how actin cytoskeleton disruption affects the DNA damage response and repair pathways. p53-wild-type and p53-mutant cells were subjected to Rho GTPase pathway modulation by treatment with C3 toxin; knockdown of mDia-1, PFN1 and MYPT1; or treatment with F-actin polymerization inhibitors. Rho inhibition increased the sensitivity of glioma cells to IR by increasing the number of DNA double-strand breaks and delaying DNA repair by nonhomologous end-joining in p53-wild-type cells. p53 knockdown reversed this phenotype by reducing p21 expression and Rho signaling activity, whereas reactivation of p53 in p53-mutant cells by treatment with PRIMA-1 reversed these effects. The interdependence between p53 and Rho is based on nuclear p53 translocation facilitated by G-actin and enhanced by IR. Isolated IR-resistant p53-wild-type cells showed an altered morphology and increased stress fiber formation: inhibition of Rho or actin polymerization decreased cell viability in a p53-dependent manner and reversed the resistance phenotype. p53 silencing reversed the Rho inhibition-induced sensitization of IR-resistant cells. Rho inhibition also impaired the repair of IR-damaged DNA in 3D spheroid models. Rho GTPase activity and actin cytoskeleton dynamics are sensitive targets for the reversal of acquired resistance in GBM tumors with wild-type p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuli Thamires Magalhaes
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Systems Signaling, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Viktor Kalbermatter Boell
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Systems Signaling, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Giovanna Duo Cardella
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Systems Signaling, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fabio Luis Forti
- Laboratory of Biomolecular Systems Signaling, Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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7
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Wang H, Guo M, Wei H, Chen Y. Targeting p53 pathways: mechanisms, structures, and advances in therapy. Signal Transduct Target Ther 2023; 8:92. [PMID: 36859359 PMCID: PMC9977964 DOI: 10.1038/s41392-023-01347-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 117.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2022] [Revised: 12/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2023] [Indexed: 03/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The TP53 tumor suppressor is the most frequently altered gene in human cancers, and has been a major focus of oncology research. The p53 protein is a transcription factor that can activate the expression of multiple target genes and plays critical roles in regulating cell cycle, apoptosis, and genomic stability, and is widely regarded as the "guardian of the genome". Accumulating evidence has shown that p53 also regulates cell metabolism, ferroptosis, tumor microenvironment, autophagy and so on, all of which contribute to tumor suppression. Mutations in TP53 not only impair its tumor suppressor function, but also confer oncogenic properties to p53 mutants. Since p53 is mutated and inactivated in most malignant tumors, it has been a very attractive target for developing new anti-cancer drugs. However, until recently, p53 was considered an "undruggable" target and little progress has been made with p53-targeted therapies. Here, we provide a systematic review of the diverse molecular mechanisms of the p53 signaling pathway and how TP53 mutations impact tumor progression. We also discuss key structural features of the p53 protein and its inactivation by oncogenic mutations. In addition, we review the efforts that have been made in p53-targeted therapies, and discuss the challenges that have been encountered in clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haolan Wang
- Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Ming Guo
- Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China
| | - Hudie Wei
- Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.
| | - Yongheng Chen
- Department of Oncology, NHC Key Laboratory of Cancer Proteomics, Laboratory of Structural Biology, National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, 410008, China.
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8
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Durairaj G, Demir Ö, Lim B, Baronio R, Tifrea D, Hall LV, DeForest JC, Lauinger L, Jebril Fallatah MM, Yu C, Bae H, Lin DW, Kim JK, Salehi F, Jang C, Qiao F, Lathrop RH, Huang L, Edwards R, Rychnovsky S, Amaro RE, Kaiser P. Discovery of compounds that reactivate p53 mutants in vitro and in vivo. Cell Chem Biol 2022; 29:1381-1395.e13. [PMID: 35948006 PMCID: PMC9481737 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2022.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 07/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
The tumor suppressor p53 is the most frequently mutated protein in human cancer. The majority of these mutations are missense mutations in the DNA binding domain of p53. Restoring p53 tumor suppressor function could have a major impact on the therapy for a wide range of cancers. Here we report a virtual screening approach that identified several small molecules with p53 reactivation activities. The UCI-LC0023 compound series was studied in detail and was shown to bind p53, induce a conformational change in mutant p53, restore the ability of p53 hotspot mutants to associate with chromatin, reestablish sequence-specific DNA binding of a p53 mutant in a reconstituted in vitro system, induce p53-dependent transcription programs, and prevent progression of tumors carrying mutant p53, but not p53null or p53WT alleles. Our study demonstrates feasibility of a computation-guided approach to identify small molecule corrector drugs for p53 hotspot mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geetha Durairaj
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Özlem Demir
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Bryant Lim
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Roberta Baronio
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Delia Tifrea
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Linda V Hall
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Jacob C DeForest
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Linda Lauinger
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | | | - Clinton Yu
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Hosung Bae
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Da-Wei Lin
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Jin Kwang Kim
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Faezeh Salehi
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Cholsoon Jang
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Feng Qiao
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Richard H Lathrop
- Department of Computer Science, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Lan Huang
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Robert Edwards
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Scott Rychnovsky
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Rommie E Amaro
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Peter Kaiser
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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9
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McCubrey JA, Abrams SL, Steelman LS, Cocco L, Ratti S, Martelli AM, Lombardi P, Gizak A, Duda P. APR-246-The Mutant TP53 Reactivator-Increases the Effectiveness of Berberine and Modified Berberines to Inhibit the Proliferation of Pancreatic Cancer Cells. Biomolecules 2022; 12:276. [PMID: 35204775 PMCID: PMC8961609 DOI: 10.3390/biom12020276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2022] [Revised: 02/04/2022] [Accepted: 02/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is the most common form of pancreatic cancer. In ~75% of PDAC, the tumor suppressor TP53 gene is mutated. Novel approaches to treat cancer involve compounds called mutant TP53 reactivators. They interact with mutant TP53 proteins and restore some of their growth suppressive properties, but they may also interact with other proteins, e.g., TP63 and TP73. We examined the ability of the TP53 reactivator APR-246 to interact with eleven modified berberine compounds (NAX compounds) in the presence and absence of WT-TP53 in two PDAC cell lines: the MIA-PaCa-2, which has gain of function (GOF) TP53 mutations on both alleles, and PANC-28, which lacks expression of the WT TP53 protein. Our results indicate the TP53 reactivator-induced increase in therapeutic potential of many modified berberines.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Andrew McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA; (S.L.A.); (L.S.S.)
| | - Stephen L. Abrams
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA; (S.L.A.); (L.S.S.)
| | - Linda S. Steelman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27858, USA; (S.L.A.); (L.S.S.)
| | - Lucio Cocco
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Università di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (L.C.); (S.R.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Stefano Ratti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Università di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (L.C.); (S.R.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Alberto M. Martelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Università di Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy; (L.C.); (S.R.); (A.M.M.)
| | - Paolo Lombardi
- Naxospharma, Via Giuseppe Di Vittorio 70, 20026 Novate Milanese, Italy;
| | - Agnieszka Gizak
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Wrocław, 50-335 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.G.); (P.D.)
| | - Przemysław Duda
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Neurobiology, University of Wrocław, 50-335 Wroclaw, Poland; (A.G.); (P.D.)
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10
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Papavassiliou KA, Papavassiliou AG. Transcription factors in glioblastoma - Molecular pathogenesis and clinical implications. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2021; 1877:188667. [PMID: 34894431 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2021.188667] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 11/25/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma, also known as glioblastoma multiforme (GBM), is one of the most lethal human cancers, however, the molecular mechanisms driving GBM remain largely elusive. Recent studies have revealed that transcription factors are significantly involved in GBM biology. Transcription factors (TFs), which are proteins that bind DNA to regulate gene expression, have critical roles at focal points in signaling pathways, orchestrating many cellular processes, such as cell growth and proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis, immune responses, and metabolism. Dysregulated or mutated TFs are common in GBM, resulting in aberrant gene expression that promotes tumor initiation, progression, and resistance to conventional therapies. In the present Review, we focus on TFs that are implicated in GBM pathogenesis, highlighting their oncogenic or tumor suppressive functions and describing the molecular mechanisms underlying their effect on GBM cells. We also discuss their use as biomarkers for GBM prognosis and therapeutic response, as well as their targeting with drugs for GBM treatment. Deciphering the role of TFs in the biology of GBM will provide new insights into the pathological mechanisms and reveal novel biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kostas A Papavassiliou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Athens, Greece
| | - Athanasios G Papavassiliou
- Department of Biological Chemistry, Medical School, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 11527, Athens, Greece.
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11
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Nguyen HM, Guz-Montgomery K, Lowe DB, Saha D. Pathogenetic Features and Current Management of Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13040856. [PMID: 33670551 PMCID: PMC7922739 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13040856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 02/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common form of primary malignant brain tumor with a devastatingly poor prognosis. The disease does not discriminate, affecting adults and children of both sexes, and has an average overall survival of 12-15 months, despite advances in diagnosis and rigorous treatment with chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and surgical resection. In addition, most survivors will eventually experience tumor recurrence that only imparts survival of a few months. GBM is highly heterogenous, invasive, vascularized, and almost always inaccessible for treatment. Based on all these outstanding obstacles, there have been tremendous efforts to develop alternative treatment options that allow for more efficient targeting of the tumor including small molecule drugs and immunotherapies. A number of other strategies in development include therapies based on nanoparticles, light, extracellular vesicles, and micro-RNA, and vessel co-option. Advances in these potential approaches shed a promising outlook on the future of GBM treatment. In this review, we briefly discuss the current understanding of adult GBM's pathogenetic features that promote treatment resistance. We also outline novel and promising targeted agents currently under development for GBM patients during the last few years with their current clinical status.
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12
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Dey A, Islam SMA, Patel R, Acevedo-Duncan M. The interruption of atypical PKC signaling and Temozolomide combination therapy against glioblastoma. Cell Signal 2020; 77:109819. [PMID: 33147518 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2020.109819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 10/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Current treatment options of glioblastoma include chemotherapy and limited surgical resection. Temozolomide (TMZ) is the current therapeutic choice for chemotherapy. Still, it has severe limitations due to the development of resistance that occurs by genetic modification and constitutive activation of several cell signaling pathways. Therefore, it is essential to develop combination therapy of TMZ with other novel compounds to prevent the development of chemo-resistance. In this study, we used two inhibitors; ICA, an inhibitor of PKC-ι and ζ-Stat, an inhibitor of PKC-ζ. T98G and U87MG glioblastoma cells were treated with either ICA or ζ-stat or TMZ monotherapies, as well as TMZ were combined with either ICA or ζ-stat for five consecutive days. Our in vitro results exhibited that ICA when combined with TMZ, significantly decreased the viability of cancerous cells compared with untreated or TMZ or ICA monotherapies. Additionally, glioblastoma cells were remarkably undergoing apoptosis against the combination treatment of TMZ and ICA nucleotide compared with untreated control cells, as suggested by our Annexin-V/PI flow cytometric analysis. Moreover, the combination of TMZ and ICA also decreased the invasion of glioblastoma cell lines by acting on FAK/Paxillin pathway, as evidenced by scratch assay, transwell invasion assay, Western blot and immunoprecipitation analysis. Furthermore, our in vivo data presented that the combination of ICA and TMZ also reduced glioblastoma tumor growth and volume in mice. These data suggest that atypical PKCs, particularly PKC-ι might be an important therapeutic target as adjuvant therapy in the treatment of glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avijit Dey
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 E Fowler Ave, Tampa, FL 33620, United States of America
| | - S M Anisul Islam
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 E Fowler Ave, Tampa, FL 33620, United States of America
| | - Rekha Patel
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 E Fowler Ave, Tampa, FL 33620, United States of America
| | - Mildred Acevedo-Duncan
- Department of Chemistry, University of South Florida, 4202 E Fowler Ave, Tampa, FL 33620, United States of America.
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13
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Lee JE, Yoon SS, Lee JW, Moon EY. Curcumin-induced cell death depends on the level of autophagic flux in A172 and U87MG human glioblastoma cells. Chin J Nat Med 2020; 18:114-122. [PMID: 32172947 DOI: 10.1016/s1875-5364(20)30012-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma is the deadliest neoplasm with the worst 5-year survival rate among all human cancers. Autophagy promotes autophagic cell death or blocks the induction of apoptosis in eukaryotic cells. Here, we investigated whether varying levels of autophagic flux in glioblastoma lead to different efficacies of curcumin treatment using U87MG and A172 human glioblastoma cells. The number of LC3 puncta, the number of cells with LC3 puncta and the level of LC3 II, Atg5 and Atg7 protein were higher in U87MG cells compared with A172 cells. When the cells were incubated with curcumin for 24 or 48 h, the percentage of cell death was higher in A172 cells compared with U87MG cells. Although the level of LC3 was lower, that of curcumin-induced LC3 was higher, in A172 cells than in U87MG cells. The relative increases in cell death and LC3-mediated autophagy were greater under serum starvation in A172 cells compared with U87MG cells. Curcumin-induced A172 cell death was reduced by serum starvation. When both types of cells were transfected with LC3-GFP, the percentage of cell death was higher in A172 cells than that in U87MG cells. Taken together, the data demonstrate that curcumin-mediated tumor cell death is regulated by the basal level of autophagic flux in different glioblastoma cells. This suggests that prior to the use of various curcumin therapeutics, the level of basal or induced autophagic flux should be carefully examined in tumor cells for the best efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jong-Eun Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Sik Yoon
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Wook Lee
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun-Yi Moon
- Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Sejong University, Seoul 05006, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Duffy MJ, Synnott NC, O'Grady S, Crown J. Targeting p53 for the treatment of cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 79:58-67. [PMID: 32741700 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Revised: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Dysfunction of the TP53 (p53) gene occurs in most if not all human malignancies. Two principal mechanisms are responsible for this dysfunction; mutation and downregulation of wild-type p53 mediated by MDM2/MDM4. Because of its almost universal inactivation in malignancy, p53 is a highly attractive target for the development of new anticancer drugs. Although multiple strategies have been investigated for targeting dysfunctional p53 for cancer treatment, only 2 of these have so far yielded compounds for testing in clinical trials. These strategies include the identification of compounds for reactivating the mutant form of p53 back to its wild-type form and compounds for inhibiting the interaction between wild-type p53 and MDM2/MDM4. Currently, multiple p53-MDM2/MDM4 antagonists are undergoing clinical trials, the most advanced being idasanutlin which is currently undergoing testing in a phase III clinical trial in patients with relapsed or refractory acute myeloid leukemia. Two mutant p53-reactivating compounds have progressed to clinical trials, i.e., APR-246 and COTI-2. Although promising data has emerged from the testing of both MDM2/MDM4 inhibitors and mutant p53 reactivating compounds in preclinical models, it is still unclear if these agents have clinical efficacy. However, should any of the compounds currently being evaluated in clinical trials be shown to have efficacy, it is likely to usher in a new era in cancer treatment, especially as p53 dysfunction is so prevalent in human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael J Duffy
- UCD School of Medicine, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; UCD Clinical Research Centre, St. Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Naoise C Synnott
- UCD School of Medicine, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland; Division of Cancer Epidemiology and Genetics, and Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institute of Health, Rockville, MD, USA
| | - Shane O'Grady
- UCD School of Medicine, Conway Institute of Biomolecular and Biomedical Research, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - John Crown
- Department of Medical Oncology, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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15
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Giotta Lucifero A, Luzzi S, Brambilla I, Trabatti C, Mosconi M, Savasta S, Foiadelli T. Innovative therapies for malignant brain tumors: the road to a tailored cure. ACTA BIO-MEDICA : ATENEI PARMENSIS 2020; 91:5-17. [PMID: 32608372 PMCID: PMC7975829 DOI: 10.23750/abm.v91i7-s.9951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background: Immune tolerance, immune escape, neoangiogenesis, phenotypic changes, and glioma stem cells are all responsible for the resistance of malignant brain tumors to current therapies and persistent recurrence. The present study provides a panoramic view of innovative therapies for malignant brain tumors, especially glioblastoma, aimed at achieving a tailored approach. Methods: PubMed/Medline and ClinicalTrials.gov were the main sources of an extensive literature review in which “Regenerative Medicine,” “Cell-Based Therapy,” “Chemotherapy,” “Vaccine,” “Cell Engineering,” “Immunotherapy, Active,” “Immunotherapy, Adoptive,” “Stem Cells,” “Gene Therapy,” “Target Therapy,” “Brain Cancer,” “Glioblastoma,” and “Malignant Brain Tumor” were the search terms. Only articles in English published in the last 5 years were included. A further selection was made according to the quality of the studies and level of evidence. Results: Cell-based and targeted therapies represent the newest frontiers of brain cancer treatment. Active and adoptive immunotherapies, stem cell therapies, and gene therapies represent a tremendous evolution in recent years due to many preclinical and clinical studies. Clinical trials have validated the effectiveness of antibody-based immunotherapies, including an in-depth study of bevacizumab, in combination with standard of care. Preclinical data highlights the role of vaccines, stem cells, and gene therapies to prevent recurrence. Conclusion: Monoclonal antibodies strengthen the first-line therapy for high grade gliomas. Vaccines, engineered cells, stem cells, and gene and targeted therapies are good candidates for second-line treatment of both newly diagnosed and recurrent gliomas. Further data are necessary to validate this tailored approach at the bedside. (www.actabiomedica.it)
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sabino Luzzi
- Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy; Neurosurgery Unit, Department of Surgical Sciences, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Ilaria Brambilla
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Uni-versity of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Chiara Trabatti
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Uni-versity of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Mario Mosconi
- Orthopaedic and Traumatology Unit, Department of Clinical-Surgical, Diagnostic and Pediatric Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Salvatore Savasta
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Uni-versity of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
| | - Thomas Foiadelli
- Pediatric Clinic, Department of Pediatrics, Fondazione IRCCS Policlinico San Matteo, Uni-versity of Pavia, Pavia, Italy.
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16
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A co-formulation of interferons type I and II enhances temozolomide response in glioblastoma with unmethylated MGMT promoter status. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:5263-5271. [PMID: 32607953 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05604-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2019] [Accepted: 06/20/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Temozolomide (TMZ) is a chemotherapeutic used for the treatment of glioblastoma. The MGMT repair enzyme (O'-(6)-methyl guanine-DNA-methyltransferase) promoter methylation is a predictive biomarker to TMZ response; interferons (IFNs) type I can downregulate MGMT expression improving survival in patients with unmethylated MGMT promoter. HeberFERON is a co-formulation of IFNs type I and II with higher antiproliferative effect over glioblastoma cell lines than individual IFNs. We investigated the proliferative response of patient-derived glioblastoma cultures to HeberFERON and its combination with TMZ in relation to MGMT promoter methylation and the regulation of MGMT transcript after HeberFERON treatment. Eleven glioblastoma-derived cultures, molecularly classified according to TCGA and MGMT promoter methylation, were assayed for proliferation inhibition with HeberFERON at low doses (1-25 IU/mL) [alone or combined with TMZ] or at higher doses (50-200 IU/mL) using CellTiter-Glo Luminescent Cell Viability Assay (Promega). Eight cultures were further treated with 100 IU/mL of HeberFERON for 72 h, total RNA purified (Qiagen) and converted to cDNA (Superscript III kit, Invitrogen) as quantitative PCR templates. Changes of MGMT&P53 transcripts level were monitored. Response of cultures to HeberFERON is variable, dose-dependent and apparently independent from TCGA classification and MGMT methylation status, based on the eight Classical cultures data. When combining HeberFERON with TMZ there was an increase in cell death for cultures, 2/4 with methylated and 5/5 with unmethylated MGMT promoter. In two out five cultures with unmethylated MGMT status, we observed a decrease of MGMT gene levels and an increase in P53 encoding gene levels. HeberFERON and TMZ combination should be further assayed in glioblastoma, mainly for those with unmethylated MGMT promoter.
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17
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Shi H, Sun S, Xu H, Zhao Z, Han Z, Jia J, Wu D, Lu J, Liu H, Yu R. Combined Delivery of Temozolomide and siPLK1 Using Targeted Nanoparticles to Enhance Temozolomide Sensitivity in Glioma. Int J Nanomedicine 2020; 15:3347-3362. [PMID: 32494134 PMCID: PMC7229804 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s243878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Temozolomide (TMZ) is the first-line chemotherapeutic option to treat glioma; however, its efficacy and clinical application are limited by its drug resistance properties. Polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1)-targeted therapy causes G2/M arrest and increases the sensitivity of glioma to TMZ. Therefore, to limit TMZ resistance in glioma, an angiopep-2 (A2)-modified polymeric micelle (A2PEC) embedded with TMZ and a small interfering RNA (siRNA) targeting PLK1 (siPLK1) was developed (TMZ-A2PEC/siPLK). MATERIALS AND METHODS TMZ was encapsulated by A2-PEG-PEI-PCL (A2PEC) through the hydrophobic interaction, and siPLK1 was complexed with the TMZ-A2PEC through electrostatic interaction. Then, an angiopep-2 (A2) modified polymeric micelle (A2PEC) embedding TMZ and siRNA targeting polo-like kinase 1 (siPLK1) was developed (TMZ-A2PEC/siPLK). RESULTS In vitro experiments indicated that TMZ-A2PEC/siPLK effectively enhanced the cellular uptake of TMZ and siPLK1 and resulted in significant cell apoptosis and cytotoxicity of glioma cells. In vivo experiments showed that glioma growth was inhibited, and the survival time of the animals was prolonged remarkably after TMZ-A2PEC/siPLK1 was injected via their tail vein. DISCUSSION The results demonstrate that the combination of TMZ and siPLK1 in A2PEC could enhance the efficacy of TMZ in treating glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Shi
- Clinical Medical College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- The Second People’s Hospital of Lianyungang, Lianyungang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Shuo Sun
- Clinical Medical College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
| | - Haoyue Xu
- Institute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zongren Zhao
- Institute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zhengzhong Han
- Institute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Jia
- Institute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Dongmei Wu
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jun Lu
- Key Laboratory for Biotechnology on Medicinal Plants of Jiangsu Province, School of Life Science, Jiangsu Normal University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongmei Liu
- Institute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rutong Yu
- Clinical Medical College, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, People’s Republic of China
- Institute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People’s Republic of China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, People’s Republic of China
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18
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Glioblastoma precision therapy: From the bench to the clinic. Cancer Lett 2020; 475:79-91. [DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.01.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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19
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De La Rosa J, Urdiciain A, Zazpe I, Zelaya MV, Meléndez B, Rey JA, Idoate MA, Castresana JS. The synergistic effect of DZ‑NEP, panobinostat and temozolomide reduces clonogenicity and induces apoptosis in glioblastoma cells. Int J Oncol 2019; 56:283-300. [PMID: 31746375 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Current treatment against glioblastoma consists of surgical resection followed by temozolomide, with or without combined radiotherapy. Glioblastoma frequently acquires resistance to chemotherapy and/or radiotherapy. Novel therapeutic approaches are thus required. The inhibition of enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2; a histone methylase) and histone deacetylases (HDACs) are possible epigenetic treatments. Temozolomide, 3‑deazaneplanocin A (DZ‑Nep; an EZH2 inhibitor) and panobinostat (an HDAC inhibitor) were tested in regular and temozolomide‑resistant glioblastoma cells to confirm whether the compounds could behave in a synergistic, additive or antagonistic manner. A total of six commercial cell lines, two temozolomide‑induced resistant cell lines and two primary cultures derived from glioblastoma samples were used. Cell lines were exposed to single treatments of the drugs in addition to all possible two‑ and three‑drug combinations. Colony formation assays, synergistic assays and reverse transcription‑quantitative PCR analysis of apoptosis‑associated genes were performed. The highest synergistic combination was DZ‑Nep + panobinostat. Triple treatment was also synergistic. Reduced clonogenicity and increased apoptosis were both induced. It was concluded that the therapeutic potential of the combination of these three drugs in glioblastoma was evident and should be further explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier De La Rosa
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Navarra School of Sciences, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Alejandro Urdiciain
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Navarra School of Sciences, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Idoya Zazpe
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hospital Complex of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - María V Zelaya
- Department of Pathology, Hospital Complex of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Bárbara Meléndez
- Molecular Pathology Research Unit, Department of Pathology, Virgen de la Salud Hospital, 45005 Toledo, Spain
| | - Juan A Rey
- IdiPaz Research Unit, La Paz University Hospital, 28046 Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Idoate
- Department of Pathology, University of Navarra Clinic, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Javier S Castresana
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Navarra School of Sciences, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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20
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Sharifi Z, Abdulkarim B, Meehan B, Rak J, Daniel P, Schmitt J, Lauzon N, Eppert K, Duncan HM, Petrecca K, Guiot MC, Jean-Claude B, Sabri S. Mechanisms and Antitumor Activity of a Binary EGFR/DNA-Targeting Strategy Overcomes Resistance of Glioblastoma Stem Cells to Temozolomide. Clin Cancer Res 2019; 25:7594-7608. [PMID: 31540977 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-19-0955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Glioblastoma (GBM) is a fatal primary malignant brain tumor. GBM stem cells (GSC) contribute to resistance to the DNA-damaging chemotherapy, temozolomide. The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) displays genomic alterations enabling DNA repair mechanisms in half of GBMs. We aimed to investigate EGFR/DNA combi-targeting in GBM. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN ZR2002 is a "combi-molecule" designed to inflict DNA damage through its chlorethyl moiety and induce irreversible EGFR tyrosine kinase inhibition. We assessed its in vitro efficacy in temozolomide-resistant patient-derived GSCs, mesenchymal temozolomide-sensitive and resistant in vivo-derived GSC sublines, and U87/EGFR isogenic cell lines stably expressing EGFR/wild-type or variant III (EGFRvIII). We evaluated its antitumor activity in mice harboring orthotopic EGFRvIII or mesenchymal TMZ-resistant GSC tumors. RESULTS ZR2002 induced submicromolar antiproliferative effects and inhibited neurosphere formation of all GSCs with marginal effects on normal human astrocytes. ZR2002 inhibited EGF-induced autophosphorylation of EGFR, downstream Erk1/2 phosphorylation, increased DNA strand breaks, and induced activation of wild-type p53; the latter was required for its cytotoxicity through p53-dependent mechanism. ZR2002 induced similar effects on U87/EGFR cell lines and its oral administration significantly increased survival in an orthotopic EGFRvIII mouse model. ZR2002 improved survival of mice harboring intracranial mesenchymal temozolomide-resistant GSC line, decreased EGFR, Erk1/2, and AKT phosphorylation and was detected in tumor brain tissue by MALDI imaging mass spectrometry. CONCLUSIONS These findings provide the molecular basis of binary EGFR/DNA targeting and uncover the oral bioavailability, blood-brain barrier permeability, and antitumor activity of ZR2002 supporting potential evaluation of this first-in-class drug in recurrent GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeinab Sharifi
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bassam Abdulkarim
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Brian Meehan
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Janusz Rak
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Paul Daniel
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Julie Schmitt
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nidia Lauzon
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kolja Eppert
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Pediatrics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Heather M Duncan
- Division of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kevin Petrecca
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-Christine Guiot
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Bertrand Jean-Claude
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Siham Sabri
- Research Institute of McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. .,Department of Pathology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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21
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Vassilakopoulos TP, Chatzidimitriou C, Asimakopoulos JV, Arapaki M, Tzoras E, Angelopoulou MK, Konstantopoulos K. Immunotherapy in Hodgkin Lymphoma: Present Status and Future Strategies. Cancers (Basel) 2019. [PMID: 31362369 DOI: 10.3390/cancers] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Although classical Hodgkin lymphoma (cHL) is usually curable, 20-30% of the patients experience treatment failure and most of them are typically treated with salvage chemotherapy and autologous stem cell transplantation (autoSCT). However, 45-55% of that subset further relapse or progress despite intensive treatment. At the advanced stage of the disease course, recently developed immunotherapeutic approaches have provided very promising results with prolonged remissions or disease stabilization in many patients. Brentuximab vedotin (BV) has been approved for patients with relapsed/refractory cHL (rr-cHL) who have failed autoSCT, as a consolidation after autoSCT in high-risk patients, as well as for patients who are ineligible for autoSCT or multiagent chemotherapy who have failed ≥ two treatment lines. However, except of the consolidation setting, 90-95% of the patients will progress and require further treatment. In this clinical setting, immune checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs) have produced impressive results. Both nivolumab and pembrolizumab have been approved for rr-cHL after autoSCT and BV failure, while pembrolizumab has also been licensed for transplant ineligible patients after BV failure. Other CPIs, sintilimab and tislelizumab, have been successfully tested in China, albeit in less heavily pretreated populations. Recent data suggest that the efficacy of CPIs may be augmented by hypomethylating agents, such as decitabine. As a result of their success in heavily pretreated disease, BV and CPIs are moving to earlier lines of treatment. BV was recently licensed by the FDA for the first-line treatment of stage III/IV Hodgkin lymphoma (HL) in combination with AVD (only stage IV according to the European Medicines Agency (EMA)). CPIs are currently being evaluated in combination with AVD in phase II trials of first-line treatment. The impact of BV and CPIs was also investigated in the setting of second-line salvage therapy. Finally, combinations of targeted therapies are under evaluation. Based on these exciting results, it appears reasonable to predict that an improvement in survival and a potential increase in the cure rates of cHL will soon become evident.
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Affiliation(s)
- Theodoros P Vassilakopoulos
- Department of Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece.
| | - Chrysovalantou Chatzidimitriou
- Department of Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - John V Asimakopoulos
- Department of Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria Arapaki
- Department of Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos Tzoras
- Department of Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Maria K Angelopoulou
- Department of Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Kostas Konstantopoulos
- Department of Haematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Laikon General Hospital, 11527 Athens, Greece
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22
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Forte I, Indovina P, Iannuzzi C, Cirillo D, Di Marzo D, Barone D, Capone F, Pentimalli F, Giordano A. Targeted therapy based on p53 reactivation reduces both glioblastoma cell growth and resistance to temozolomide. Int J Oncol 2019; 54:2189-2199. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2018] [Accepted: 11/23/2018] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Iris Forte
- Oncology Research Center of Mercogliano (CROM), Istituto Nazionale Tumori ‑ IRCCS ‑ Fondazione G. Pascale, I‑80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Paola Indovina
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
| | - Carmelina Iannuzzi
- Oncology Research Center of Mercogliano (CROM), Istituto Nazionale Tumori ‑ IRCCS ‑ Fondazione G. Pascale, I‑80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Donatella Cirillo
- Oncology Research Center of Mercogliano (CROM), Istituto Nazionale Tumori ‑ IRCCS ‑ Fondazione G. Pascale, I‑80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Domenico Di Marzo
- Oncology Research Center of Mercogliano (CROM), Istituto Nazionale Tumori ‑ IRCCS ‑ Fondazione G. Pascale, I‑80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Daniela Barone
- Oncology Research Center of Mercogliano (CROM), Istituto Nazionale Tumori ‑ IRCCS ‑ Fondazione G. Pascale, I‑80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Francesca Capone
- Experimental Pharmacology Unit, Istituto Nazionale Tumori ‑ IRCCS ‑ Fondazione G. Pascale, I‑80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Francesca Pentimalli
- Oncology Research Center of Mercogliano (CROM), Istituto Nazionale Tumori ‑ IRCCS ‑ Fondazione G. Pascale, I‑80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Center for Biotechnology, College of Science and Technology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA 19122, USA
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23
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Mlakar V, Jurkovic Mlakar S, Lesne L, Marino D, Rathi KS, Maris JM, Ansari M, Gumy-Pause F. PRIMA-1 MET-induced neuroblastoma cell death is modulated by p53 and mycn through glutathione level. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:69. [PMID: 30755224 PMCID: PMC6373164 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1066-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Background Neuroblastoma is the most common extracranial solid tumor in children. This cancer has a low frequency of TP53 mutations and its downstream pathway is usually intact. This study assessed the efficacy of the p53 activator, PRIMA-1MET, in inducing neuroblastoma cell death. Methods CellTiter 2.0 was used to study susceptibility and specificity of NB cell lines to PRIMA-1MET. Real-time PCR and western blot were used to assess the most common p53 transactivation targets. Induction of p53 and Noxa, and inhibition of Cas3/7, were used to assess impact on cell death after PRIMA-1MET treatment. Flow cytometry was used to analyze cell cycle phase and induction of apoptosis, reactive oxygen species, and the collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential. Results Neuroblastoma cell lines were at least four times more susceptible to PRIMA-1MET than were primary fibroblasts and keratinocyte cell lines. PRIMA-1MET induced cell death rapidly and in all cell cycle phases. Although PRIMA-1MET activated p53 transactivation activity, p53’s role is likely limited because its main targets remained unaffected, whereas pan-caspase inhibitor demonstrated no ability to prevent cell death. PRIMA-1MET induced oxidative stress and modulated the methionine/cysteine/glutathione axis. Variations of MYCN and p53 modulated intracellular levels of GSH and resulted in increased/decreased sensitivity of PRIMA-1MET. PRIMA-1MET inhibited thioredoxin reductase, but the effect of PRIMA-1MET was not altered by thioredoxin inhibition. Conclusions PRIMA-1MET could be a promising new agent to treat neuroblastoma because it demonstrated good anti-tumor action. Although p53 is involved in PRIMA-1MET-mediated cell death, our results suggest that direct interaction with p53 has a limited role in neuroblastoma but rather acts through modulation of GSH levels. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-019-1066-6) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vid Mlakar
- CANSEARCH Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Simona Jurkovic Mlakar
- CANSEARCH Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Laurence Lesne
- CANSEARCH Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Denis Marino
- CANSEARCH Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Komal S Rathi
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - John M Maris
- Division of Oncology and Center for Childhood Cancer Research, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,Department of Pediatrics, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Marc Ansari
- CANSEARCH Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Onco-Hematology Unit, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Fabienne Gumy-Pause
- CANSEARCH Research Laboratory, Faculty of Medicine, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland. .,Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Onco-Hematology Unit, Geneva University Hospital, Geneva, Switzerland.
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24
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The p53 Pathway in Glioblastoma. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10090297. [PMID: 30200436 PMCID: PMC6162501 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10090297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 08/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor suppressor and transcription factor p53 plays critical roles in tumor prevention by orchestrating a wide variety of cellular responses, including damaged cell apoptosis, maintenance of genomic stability, inhibition of angiogenesis, and regulation of cell metabolism and tumor microenvironment. TP53 is one of the most commonly deregulated genes in cancer. The p53-ARF-MDM2 pathway is deregulated in 84% of glioblastoma (GBM) patients and 94% of GBM cell lines. Deregulated p53 pathway components have been implicated in GBM cell invasion, migration, proliferation, evasion of apoptosis, and cancer cell stemness. These pathway components are also regulated by various microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs. TP53 mutations in GBM are mostly point mutations that lead to a high expression of a gain of function (GOF) oncogenic variants of the p53 protein. These relatively understudied GOF p53 mutants promote GBM malignancy, possibly by acting as transcription factors on a set of genes other than those regulated by wild type p53. Their expression correlates with worse prognosis, highlighting their potential importance as markers and targets for GBM therapy. Understanding mutant p53 functions led to the development of novel approaches to restore p53 activity or promote mutant p53 degradation for future GBM therapies.
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25
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Yang B, Ma YB, Chu SH. Silencing SATB1 overcomes temozolomide resistance by downregulating MGMT expression and upregulating SLC22A18 expression in human glioblastoma cells. Cancer Gene Ther 2018; 25:309-316. [PMID: 30140041 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-018-0040-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most common malignant tumor of the central nervous system and has a very poor prognosis. Currently, patients were treated by resection followed by radiotherapy plus concurrent temozolomide (TMZ) chemotherapy. However, many patients are resistant to TMZ-induced DNA damage because of upregulated expression of the DNA repair enzyme O6-methylguanine-DNA methyltransferase (MGMT). In this study, upregulation of SATB1 and MGMT, and downregulation of SLC22A18 resulted in acquisition of TMZ resistance in GBM U87 cells. Inactivation of special AT-rich sequence-binding protein 1 (SATB1) using short hairpin RNA (shRNA) downregulated MGMT expression and upregulated solute carrier family 22 member 18 (SLC22A18) expression in GBM cells. This suggested SATB1-mediated posttranscriptional regulation of the MGMT and SLC22A18 protein levels. Immunohistochemical analysis of malignant glioma specimens demonstrated a significant positive correlation between the levels of MGMT and SATB1, and a negative correlation between the levels of SLC22A18 and SATB1. Importantly, in recurrent, compared with the primary, lesions in 15 paired identical tumors, the SATB1 and MGMT protein levels were increased and the SLC22A18 levels were decreased. Finally, in TMZ-resistant GBM, SATB1 knockdown enhanced TMZ efficacy. Consequently, SATB1 inhibition might be a promising strategy combined with TMZ chemotherapy to treat TMZ-resistant GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Biao Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201999, China
| | - Yan-Bin Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201999, China
| | - Sheng-Hua Chu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 201999, China.
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26
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Simabuco FM, Morale MG, Pavan IC, Morelli AP, Silva FR, Tamura RE. p53 and metabolism: from mechanism to therapeutics. Oncotarget 2018; 9:23780-23823. [PMID: 29805774 PMCID: PMC5955117 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The tumor cell changes itself and its microenvironment to adapt to different situations, including action of drugs and other agents targeting tumor control. Therefore, metabolism plays an important role in the activation of survival mechanisms to keep the cell proliferative potential. The Warburg effect directs the cellular metabolism towards an aerobic glycolytic pathway, despite the fact that it generates less adenosine triphosphate than oxidative phosphorylation; because it creates the building blocks necessary for cell proliferation. The transcription factor p53 is the master tumor suppressor; it binds to more than 4,000 sites in the genome and regulates the expression of more than 500 genes. Among these genes are important regulators of metabolism, affecting glucose, lipids and amino acids metabolism, oxidative phosphorylation, reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation and growth factors signaling. Wild-type and mutant p53 may have opposing effects in the expression of these metabolic genes. Therefore, depending on the p53 status of the cell, drugs that target metabolism may have different outcomes and metabolism may modulate drug resistance. Conversely, induction of p53 expression may regulate differently the tumor cell metabolism, inducing senescence, autophagy and apoptosis, which are dependent on the regulation of the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway and/or ROS induction. The interplay between p53 and metabolism is essential in the decision of cell fate and for cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando M. Simabuco
- Laboratory of Functional Properties in Foods, School of Applied Sciences (FCA), Universidade de Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mirian G. Morale
- Center for Translational Investigation in Oncology/LIM24, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Radiology and Oncology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Isadora C.B. Pavan
- Laboratory of Functional Properties in Foods, School of Applied Sciences (FCA), Universidade de Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana P. Morelli
- Laboratory of Functional Properties in Foods, School of Applied Sciences (FCA), Universidade de Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Fernando R. Silva
- Laboratory of Functional Properties in Foods, School of Applied Sciences (FCA), Universidade de Campinas (UNICAMP), Limeira, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo E. Tamura
- Center for Translational Investigation in Oncology/LIM24, Instituto do Câncer do Estado de São Paulo (ICESP), São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Radiology and Oncology, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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27
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Tanaka T, Watanabe M, Yamashita K. Potential therapeutic targets of TP53 gene in the context of its classically canonical functions and its latest non-canonical functions in human cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 9:16234-16247. [PMID: 29662640 PMCID: PMC5882331 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In normal tissue, p53 protein has a wide range of functions involving cell homeostasis; its mutation, however, permits a carcinogenic acquisition of function. TP53 gene mutation is a major genomic aberration in various human cancers and is a critical event in the multi-step carcinogenesis process. TP53 mutation is clinically relevant for the molecular classification of carcinogenesis, as most recently described rigorously by the Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network. TP53 gene mutation has been considered to work as a tumor suppressor gene through the loss of its transcriptional activity, which is designated as a canonical function. However, in cancer patients with mutant TP53, mutated p53 protein is frequently overexpressed, suggesting the activation of an oncogenic process through a gain of function (GOF). As part of this GOF, molecular mechanisms explaining the non-canonical function of TP53 gene abnormality have been reported, in which mutant p53 unconventionally binds with various critical molecules suppressing oncogenic properties, such as p63 and p73. Moreover, mutant TP53 gene-targeted therapy has been rigorously developed, and promising clinical trials have been started. In this study, we summarize the novel aspects of mutant p53 and describe its prominent therapeutic potentials in human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshimichi Tanaka
- Department of Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Masahiko Watanabe
- Department of Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
| | - Keishi Yamashita
- Department of Surgery, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
- Division of Advanced Surgical Oncology, Department of Research and Development Center for New Medical Frontiers, Minami-ku, Sagamihara, Kanagawa, 252-0374, Japan
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28
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Perdrix A, Najem A, Saussez S, Awada A, Journe F, Ghanem G, Krayem M. PRIMA-1 and PRIMA-1 Met (APR-246): From Mutant/Wild Type p53 Reactivation to Unexpected Mechanisms Underlying Their Potent Anti-Tumor Effect in Combinatorial Therapies. Cancers (Basel) 2017; 9:cancers9120172. [PMID: 29258181 PMCID: PMC5742820 DOI: 10.3390/cancers9120172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 12/06/2017] [Accepted: 12/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
p53 protects cells from genetic assaults by triggering cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis. Inactivation of p53 pathway is found in the vast majority of human cancers often due to somatic missense mutations in TP53 or to an excessive degradation of the protein. Accordingly, reactivation of p53 appears as a quite promising pharmacological approach and, effectively, several attempts have been made in that sense. The most widely investigated compounds for this purpose are PRIMA-1 (p53 reactivation and induction of massive apoptosis )and PRIMA-1Met (APR-246), that are at an advanced stage of development, with several clinical trials in progress. Based on publications referenced in PubMed since 2002, here we review the reported effects of these compounds on cancer cells, with a specific focus on their ability of p53 reactivation, an overview of their unexpected anti-cancer effects, and a presentation of the investigated drug combinations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Perdrix
- Laboratory of Oncology and Experimental Surgery, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1 rue Heger-Bordet, 1000 Brussels, Belgium.
- Clinical Laboratory, Department of Biopathology, Henri Becquerel Centre, 76038 Rouen, France.
- Equipe de Recherche en Oncologie (IRON), Inserm U1245, Rouen University Hospital, 76000 Rouen, France.
| | - Ahmad Najem
- Laboratory of Oncology and Experimental Surgery, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1 rue Heger-Bordet, 1000 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Sven Saussez
- Laboratory of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMONS), 7000 Mons, Belgium.
| | - Ahmad Awada
- Laboratory of Oncology and Experimental Surgery, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1 rue Heger-Bordet, 1000 Brussels, Belgium.
- Department of Medicine, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1000 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Fabrice Journe
- Laboratory of Oncology and Experimental Surgery, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1 rue Heger-Bordet, 1000 Brussels, Belgium.
- Laboratory of Human Anatomy and Experimental Oncology, Research Institute for Health Sciences and Technology, University of Mons (UMONS), 7000 Mons, Belgium.
| | - Ghanem Ghanem
- Laboratory of Oncology and Experimental Surgery, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1 rue Heger-Bordet, 1000 Brussels, Belgium.
| | - Mohammad Krayem
- Laboratory of Oncology and Experimental Surgery, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles, 1 rue Heger-Bordet, 1000 Brussels, Belgium.
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Zhou X, Wu W, Zeng A, Nie E, Jin X, Yu T, Zhi T, Jiang K, Wang Y, Zhang J, You Y. MicroRNA-141-3p promotes glioma cell growth and temozolomide resistance by directly targeting p53. Oncotarget 2017; 8:71080-71094. [PMID: 29050344 PMCID: PMC5642619 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2017] [Accepted: 07/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme is the most common primary malignancy in the brain and confers a uniformly poor prognosis. MicroRNAs have been shown to activate or inhibit tumorigenesis. Abnormalities in the p53 signaling pathway are found in various cancers and correlate with tumor formation. We examined the expression of microRNA-141-3p (miR-141-3p) in glioma of different grades by analysis of expression profiling databases and clinical specimens. Cell proliferation and flow cytometry assays were performed to evaluate the promotion of miR-141-3p in proliferation, cell cycle, apoptosis, and temozolomide resistance of glioblastoma cells in vitro. Bioinformatics analyses, luciferase reporter assays, and immunoblotting showed that p53 is a target gene of miR-141-3p. A significant inverse correlation was observed between expression of miR-141-3p and p53 in glioma and normal brain tissues (R2=0.506, P<0.0001). Rescue experiments indicated that overexpression of p53 significantly reversed the alterations in proliferation, cell cycle distribution, and temozolomide resistance measured by cell apoptosis induced by miR-141-3p overexpression. In an orthotopic mouse model of human glioma, inhibition of miRNA-141-3p reduced the proliferation and growth of glioma cells in the brain and significantly prolonged the survival of glioma-bearing mice. We suggest that miR-141-3p promotes glioblastoma progression and temozolomide resistance by altering p53 expression and therefore may serve as a new diagnostic marker and therapeutic target for glioma in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xu Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, China
| | - Weining Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, China
| | - Ailiang Zeng
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, China
| | - Er Nie
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, China
| | - Xin Jin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, China
| | - Tianfu Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, China
| | - Tongle Zhi
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, China
| | - Kuan Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, China
| | - Yingyi Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, China
| | - Junxia Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, China
| | - Yongping You
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210000, China
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30
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Qin Y, Takahashi M, Sheets K, Soto H, Tsui J, Pelargos P, Antonios JP, Kasahara N, Yang I, Prins RM, Braun J, Gordon LK, Wadehra M. Epithelial membrane protein-2 (EMP2) promotes angiogenesis in glioblastoma multiforme. J Neurooncol 2017; 134:29-40. [PMID: 28597184 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-017-2507-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive malignant brain tumor and is associated with an extremely poor clinical prognosis. One pathologic hallmark of GBM is excessive vascularization with abnormal blood vessels. Extensive investigation of anti-angiogenic therapy as a treatment for recurrent GBM has been performed. Bevacizumab, a monoclonal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A), suggests a progression-free survival benefit but no overall survival benefit. Developing novel anti-angiogenic therapies are urgently needed in controlling GBM growth. In this study, we demonstrate tumor expression of epithelial membrane protein-2 (EMP2) promotes angiogenesis both in vitro and in vivo using cell lines from human GBM. Mechanistically, this pro-angiogenic effect of EMP2 was partially through upregulating tumor VEGF-A levels. A potential therapeutic effect of a systemic administration of anti-EMP2 IgG1 on intracranial xenografts was observed resulting in both significant reduction of tumor load and decreased tumor vasculature. These results suggest the potential for anti-EMP2 IgG1 as a promising novel anti-angiogenic therapy for GBM. Further investigation is needed to fully understand the molecular mechanisms how EMP2 modulates GBM pathogenesis and progression and to further characterize anti-EMP2 therapy in GBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Qin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | | | - Kristopher Sheets
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Horacio Soto
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jessica Tsui
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Panayiotis Pelargos
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Joseph P Antonios
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Noriyuki Kasahara
- Department of Cell Biology and Pathology, University of Miami, Miami, FL, 33136, USA
| | - Isaac Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Robert M Prins
- Department of Neurosurgery, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Department of Molecular and Medical Pharmacology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Jonathan Braun
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Lynn K Gordon
- Department of Ophthalmology, Stein Eye Institute, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.,Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA
| | - Madhuri Wadehra
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA. .,Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
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