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Qu J, Xia Z, Liu Y, Li M, Xie Y. Targeting Antheraea pernyi silk fibroin modified dual-gene coexpressing vector enhances gene transport and promotes lung tumor suppression. Int J Biol Macromol 2024; 262:130074. [PMID: 38342259 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2024.130074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2023] [Revised: 01/31/2024] [Accepted: 02/07/2024] [Indexed: 02/13/2024]
Abstract
Poor systemic administration capability, a natural tendency to target CAR-positive cells, nonspecific shedding to normal organs, and poor viral persistence in tumor tissues are major hindrances to the therapeutic benefit of adenovirus (Ad) gene vectors in the clinical setting. Antheraea pernyi silk fibroin (ASF) grafted with targeted peptides was used to coat ING4-IL-24 dual-gene coexpressing adenovirus for targeted gene therapy of lung carcinoma. The dual-gene vector with a diameter of 390 nm could target and infect H460 lung tumor cells, internalize into cells, express the ING4 and IL-24 genes at a high level, effectively inhibit the proliferation of lung tumor cells, and induce their apoptosis. The in vivo treatment of H460 human lung carcinoma xenograft tumors showed that the dual-gene coexpressing vector suppressed the proliferation of lung tumor cells by downregulating the expression of Ki67 and Bcl-2, promoted apoptosis by upregulating the expression of C Caspase-3 and Bax, and blocked tumor angiogenesis by downregulating the expression of VEGF and CD31, thus exerting a multichannel tumor inhibition effect. Surface modification of Ad with targeted cationic silk fibroin is an effective way to solve the natural tendencies and in vivo instability of adenovirus vectors, and such vectors have potential for clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Qu
- School of Textile Garment and Design, Changshu Institute of Technology, Suzhou 215500, China; National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Key Laboratory of Textile Industry for Silk Products in Medical and Health Use, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China.
| | - Zhenran Xia
- School of Textile Garment and Design, Changshu Institute of Technology, Suzhou 215500, China
| | - Yu Liu
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Key Laboratory of Textile Industry for Silk Products in Medical and Health Use, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Mingzhong Li
- National Engineering Laboratory for Modern Silk, Key Laboratory of Textile Industry for Silk Products in Medical and Health Use, College of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Yufeng Xie
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215006, China
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HMGA1 Regulates the Expression of Replication-Dependent Histone Genes and Cell-Cycle in Breast Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010594. [PMID: 36614035 PMCID: PMC9820469 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2022] [Revised: 12/16/2022] [Accepted: 12/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the primary cause of cancer mortality in women and the triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) is the most aggressive subtype characterized by poor differentiation and high proliferative properties. High mobility group A1 (HMGA1) is an oncogenic factor involved in the onset and progression of the neoplastic transformation in BC. Here, we unraveled that the replication-dependent-histone (RD-HIST) gene expression is enriched in BC tissues and correlates with HMGA1 expression. We explored the role of HMGA1 in modulating the RD-HIST genes expression in TNBC cells and show that MDA-MB-231 cells, depleted of HMGA1, express low levels of core histones. We show that HMGA1 participates in the activation of the HIST1H4H promoter and that it interacts with the nuclear protein of the ataxia-telangiectasia mutated locus (NPAT), the coordinator of the transcription of the RD-HIST genes. Moreover, we demonstrate that HMGA1 silencing increases the percentage of cells in G0/G1 phase both in TNBC and epirubicin resistant TNBC cells. Moreover, HMGA1 silencing causes an increase in epirubicin IC50 both in parental and epirubicin resistant cells thus suggesting that targeting HMGA1 could affect the efficacy of epirubicin treatment.
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Saed L, Balcerczak E, Łochowski M, Olechnowicz E, Sałagacka-Kubiak A. HMGA1 gene expression level in cancer tissue and blood samples of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients: preliminary report. Mol Genet Genomics 2022; 297:1505-1514. [PMID: 35948739 PMCID: PMC9596564 DOI: 10.1007/s00438-022-01936-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The study aimed to assess the HMGA1 gene expression level in NSCLC patients and to evaluate its association with selected clinicopathological features and overall survival of patients. The expression of the HMGA1, coding non-histone transcription regulator HMGA1, was previously proved to correlate with the ability of cancer cells to metastasize the advancement of the disease. The prognostic value of the HMGA1 expression level was demonstrated in some neoplasms, e.g., pancreatic, gastric, endometrial, hepatocellular cancer, but the knowledge about its role in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is still limited. Thus, the HMGA1 expression level was evaluated by real-time PCR method in postoperative tumor tissue and blood samples collected at the time of diagnosis, 100 days and 1 year after surgery from 47 NSCLC patients. Mean HMGA1 expression level in blood decreased systematically from the time of cancer diagnosis to 1 year after surgery. The blood HMGA1 expression level 1 year after surgery was associated with the tobacco smoking status of patients (p= 0.0230). Patients with high blood HMGA1 expression levels measured 100 days after surgery tend to have worse overall survival than those with low expression levels (p= 0.1197). Tumor HMGA1 expression level was associated with neither features nor the overall survival of NSCLC patients. Moreover, no correlation between HMGA1 expression level measured in tumor tissue and blood samples was stated. Blood HMGA1 mRNA level could be a promising factor in the prognostication of non-small cell lung cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lias Saed
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewa Balcerczak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Mariusz Łochowski
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Memorial Copernicus Hospital, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Ewa Olechnowicz
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
| | - Aleksandra Sałagacka-Kubiak
- Department of Pharmaceutical Biochemistry and Molecular Diagnostics, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland.
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Sgubin M, Pegoraro S, Pellarin I, Ros G, Sgarra R, Piazza S, Baldassarre G, Belletti B, Manfioletti G. HMGA1 positively regulates the microtubule-destabilizing protein stathmin promoting motility in TNBC cells and decreasing tumour sensitivity to paclitaxel. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:429. [PMID: 35504904 PMCID: PMC9065117 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04843-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Revised: 03/30/2022] [Accepted: 04/06/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
High Mobility Group A1 (HMGA1) is an architectural chromatin factor involved in the regulation of gene expression and a master regulator in Triple Negative Breast Cancer (TNBC). In TNBC, HMGA1 is overexpressed and coordinates a gene network that controls cellular processes involved in tumour development, progression, and metastasis formation. Here, we find that the expression of HMGA1 and of the microtubule-destabilizing protein stathmin correlates in breast cancer (BC) patients. We demonstrate that HMGA1 depletion leads to a downregulation of stathmin expression and activity on microtubules resulting in decreased TNBC cell motility. We show that this pathway is mediated by the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27kip1 (p27). Indeed, the silencing of HMGA1 expression in TNBC cells results both in an increased p27 protein stability and p27-stathmin binding. When the expression of both HMGA1 and p27 is silenced, we observe a significant rescue in cell motility. These data, obtained in cellular models, were validated in BC patients. In fact, we find that patients with high levels of both HMGA1 and stathmin and low levels of p27 have a statistically significant lower survival probability in terms of relapse-free survival (RFS) and distant metastasis-free survival (DMFS) with respect to the patient group with low HMGA1, low stathmin, and high p27 expression levels. Finally, we show in an in vivo xenograft model that depletion of HMGA1 chemo-sensitizes tumour cells to paclitaxel, a drug that is commonly used in TNBC treatments. This study unveils a new interaction among HMGA1, p27, and stathmin that is critical in BC cell migration. Moreover, our data suggest that taxol-based treatments may be more effective in reducing the tumour burden when tumour cells express low levels of HMGA1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Sgubin
- grid.5133.40000 0001 1941 4308Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy ,grid.418321.d0000 0004 1757 9741Division of Molecular Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Silvia Pegoraro
- grid.5133.40000 0001 1941 4308Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Ilenia Pellarin
- grid.418321.d0000 0004 1757 9741Division of Molecular Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Gloria Ros
- grid.5133.40000 0001 1941 4308Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy ,grid.5970.b0000 0004 1762 9868Present Address: International School for Advanced Studies (SISSA), Area of Neuroscience Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Riccardo Sgarra
- grid.5133.40000 0001 1941 4308Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
| | - Silvano Piazza
- grid.425196.d0000 0004 1759 4810International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology (ICGEB), Padriciano 99, Trieste, Italy
| | - Gustavo Baldassarre
- grid.418321.d0000 0004 1757 9741Division of Molecular Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Barbara Belletti
- grid.418321.d0000 0004 1757 9741Division of Molecular Oncology, Centro di Riferimento Oncologico di Aviano (CRO), IRCCS, National Cancer Institute, Aviano, Italy
| | - Guidalberto Manfioletti
- grid.5133.40000 0001 1941 4308Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, Trieste, Italy
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Expression Profiles of Long Non-Coding RNA GAS5 and MicroRNA-222 in Younger AML Patients. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 12:diagnostics12010086. [PMID: 35054253 PMCID: PMC8774494 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics12010086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Revised: 12/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) is a heterogeneous malignant disease both on clinical and genetic levels. AML has poor prognosis and, therefore, there is a constant need to find new prognostic markers, as well as markers that can be used as targets for innovative therapeutics. Recently, the search for new biomarkers has turned researchers’ attention towards non-coding RNAs, especially long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and micro RNAs (miRNAs). We investigated the expression level of growth arrest-specific transcript 5 (GAS5) lncRNA in 94 younger AML patients, and also the expression level of miR-222 in a cohort of 39 AML patients with normal karyotype (AML-NK), in order to examine their prognostic potential. Our results showed that GAS5 expression level in AML patients was lower compared to healthy controls. Lower GAS5 expression on diagnosis was related to an adverse prognosis. In the AML-NK group patients had higher expression of miR-222 compared to healthy controls. A synergistic effect of GAS5low/miR-222high status on disease prognosis was not established. This is the first study focused on examining the GAS5 and miR-222 expression pattern in AML patients. Its initial findings indicate the need for further investigation of these two non-coding RNAs, their potential roles in leukemogenesis, and the prognosis of AML patients.
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Wang D, Sang Y, Sun T, Kong P, Zhang L, Dai Y, Cao Y, Tao Z, Liu W. Emerging roles and mechanisms of microRNA‑222‑3p in human cancer (Review). Int J Oncol 2021; 58:20. [PMID: 33760107 PMCID: PMC7979259 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2021.5200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs/miRs) are a class of small non‑coding RNAs that maintain the precise balance of various physiological processes through regulating the function of target mRNAs. Dysregulation of miRNAs is closely associated with various types of human cancer. miR‑222‑3p is considered a canonical factor affecting the expression and signal transduction of multiple genes involved in tumor occurrence and progression. miR‑222‑3p in human biofluids, such as urine and plasma, may be a potential biomarker for the early diagnosis of tumors. In addition, miR‑222‑3p acts as a prognostic factor for the survival of patients with cancer. The present review first summarizes and discusses the role of miR‑222‑3p as a biomarker for diverse types of cancers, and then focuses on its essential roles in tumorigenesis, progression, metastasis and chemoresistance. Finally, the current understanding of the regulatory mechanisms of miR‑222‑3p at the molecular level are summarized. Overall, the current evidence highlights the crucial role of miR‑222‑3p in cancer diagnosis, prognosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Piaoping Kong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Lingyu Zhang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Yibei Dai
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Ying Cao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Zhihua Tao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, P.R. China
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Ahmed R, Muralidharan R, Srivastava A, Johnston SE, Zhao YD, Ekmekcioglu S, Munshi A, Ramesh R. Molecular Targeting of HuR Oncoprotein Suppresses MITF and Induces Apoptosis in Melanoma Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13020166. [PMID: 33418925 PMCID: PMC7825065 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13020166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 12/27/2020] [Accepted: 12/29/2020] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The human antigen R (HuR) protein regulates the expression of hundreds of proteins in a cell that support tumor growth, drug resistance, and metastases. HuR is overexpressed in several human cancers, including melanoma, and is a molecular target for cancer therapy. Our study objective, therefore, was to develop HuR-targeted therapy for melanoma. We identified that HuR regulates the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) that has been implicated in both intrinsic and acquired drug resistance in melanoma and is a putative therapeutic target in melanoma. Using a gene therapeutic approach, we demonstrated silencing of HuR reduced MITF protein expression and inhibited the growth of melanoma cells but not normal melanocytes. However, combining HuR-targeted therapy with a small molecule MEK inhibitor suppressed MITF and produced a synergistic antitumor activity against melanoma cells. Our study results demonstrate that HuR is a promising target for melanoma treatment and offers new combinatorial treatment strategies for overriding MITF-mediated drug resistance. Abstract Background: Treatment of metastatic melanoma possesses challenges due to drug resistance and metastases. Recent advances in targeted therapy and immunotherapy have shown clinical benefits in melanoma patients with increased survival. However, a subset of patients who initially respond to targeted therapy relapse and succumb to the disease. Therefore, efforts to identify new therapeutic targets are underway. Due to its role in stabilizing several oncoproteins’ mRNA, the human antigen R (HuR) has been shown as a promising molecular target for cancer therapy. However, little is known about its potential role in melanoma treatment. Methods: In this study, we tested the impact of siRNA-mediated gene silencing of HuR in human melanoma (MeWo, A375) and normal melanocyte cells in vitro. Cells were treated with HuR siRNA encapsulated in a lipid nanoparticle (NP) either alone or in combination with MEK inhibitor (U0126) and subjected to cell viability, cell-cycle, apoptosis, Western blotting, and cell migration and invasion assays. Cells that were untreated or treated with control siRNA-NP (C-NP) were included as controls. Results: HuR-NP treatment significantly reduced the expression of HuR and HuR-regulated oncoproteins, induced G1 cell cycle arrest, activated apoptosis signaling cascade, and mitigated melanoma cells’ aggressiveness while sparing normal melanocytes. Furthermore, we demonstrated that HuR-NP treatment significantly reduced the expression of the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) in both MeWo and MITF-overexpressing MeWo cells (p < 0.05). Finally, combining HuR-NP with U0126 resulted in synergistic antitumor activity against MeWo cells (p < 0.01). Conclusion: HuR-NP exhibited antitumor activity in melanoma cells independent of their oncogenic B-RAF mutational status. Additionally, combinatorial therapy incorporating MEK inhibitor holds promise in overriding MITF-mediated drug resistance in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebaz Ahmed
- Department of Pathology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (R.A.); (R.M.); (A.S.)
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Ranganayaki Muralidharan
- Department of Pathology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (R.A.); (R.M.); (A.S.)
- Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (Y.D.Z.); (A.M.)
| | - Akhil Srivastava
- Department of Pathology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (R.A.); (R.M.); (A.S.)
- Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (Y.D.Z.); (A.M.)
| | - Sarah E. Johnston
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA;
| | - Yan D. Zhao
- Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (Y.D.Z.); (A.M.)
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA;
| | - Suhendan Ekmekcioglu
- Department of Melanoma Medical Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Anupama Munshi
- Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (Y.D.Z.); (A.M.)
- Department of Radiation Oncology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Rajagopal Ramesh
- Department of Pathology, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (R.A.); (R.M.); (A.S.)
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
- Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA; (Y.D.Z.); (A.M.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-405-271-6101
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SUMO-fusion and autoinduction-based combinatorial approach for enhanced production of bioactive human interleukin-24 in Escherichia coli. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:9671-9682. [PMID: 33005978 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10921-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2020] [Revised: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
High-level production of recombinant human interleukin-24 (IL-24), a multifunctional immunomodulatory cytokine, has been challenging due primarily to its aggregation as inclusion bodies in the bacterial host while persistent poor-expression in the insect/mammalian expression systems. The present study presents a robust, vector-host combination (pE-SUMO-IL24), auto-inducible medium (YNG/M9NG), and a simple purification scheme for soluble, bioactive, and cost-effective production of native-like IL-24 (nIL-24) in Escherichia coli. The final protein yield, following a three-step purification scheme (IMAC, SEC, dialysis), was 98 mg/L in shake-flask culture (with scale-up potential), which was several folds higher than reported earlier. In vitro cytotoxicity assays with HeLa and HCT116 cancer cell lines (performed using different concentrations of nIL-24) and the fluorescence activated cell sorting analysis (FACS) revealed a dose- and concentration-dependent increase in the population of pro-apoptotic cells with concomitant, statistically significant drop in the number of cells existent at Go/G1-, S-, and G2/M-phases (P < 0.002). The bioactive nIL-24, developed through this study, holds promise for use in further functional characterizations/applications. KEY POINTS: • Yeast SUMO fusion partner at N-terminus for improved solubility of an otherwise insoluble IL-24 in E. coli. • Enhanced cell densities with concomitant several-fold increase in protein yield by lactose-inducible media. • Improved inhibition of cervical and colorectal carcinomas by native-like nIL-24 compared with Met-containing IL. • Heterologous nIL-24 may enable better understanding of the functional intricacies linked up with its unique cancer-specific features. Graphical abstract.
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Valiyari S, Salimi M, Bouzari S. Novel fusion protein NGR-sIL-24 for targetedly suppressing cancer cell growth via apoptosis. Cell Biol Toxicol 2020; 36:179-193. [PMID: 32239369 DOI: 10.1007/s10565-020-09519-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Pro-apoptotic peptides have attracted much attention as promising anticancer agents due to their high activity. However, poor cellular uptake of the peptides is often associated with limited therapeutic application. Cell-penetrating homing peptides (CPHPs) were found to increase cell internalization as well as anticancer efficacy of the peptide conjugates. In this study, we developed a novel recombinant fusion protein composed of sIL-24 peptide as a pro-apoptotic moiety and asparagine-glycine-arginine (NGR) motif as a CD13-targeting CPHP component. In silico analysis demonstrated that flexible GGGGS linker provided the best structure and stability for our designed fusion protein. Cell adhesion experiments showed a significant binding affinity toward high CD13-expressing cells (U937 and A549) for NGR-sIL-24. Moreover, confocal microscopy revealed that NGR strongly facilitated the binding and cellular uptake of sIL-24 in U937 and A549 cancer cells. NGR-sIL-24 treatment markedly inhibited the growth of U937 and A549 cancer cells in a dose and time-dependent manner, without affecting the normal cell line MRC-5. Flow cytometric analysis and Hoechst 33342 staining exhibited potent apoptosis induction in U937 and A549 cells treated with NGR-sIL-24. Further mechanism elucidation uncovered that apoptotic death promoted by NGR-sIL-24 was attributed to upregulation of BiP/GRP78, Bax/Bcl-2, GADD34, cytochrome c release, and cleavage of caspase-3, suggesting NGR-sIL-24 penetration into cancerous cells and subsequent apoptosis induction, mainly through endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-dependent and mitochondria-dependent signaling pathways. Our results indicate that the designed recombinant fusion protein NGR-sIL-24 may serve as a potential targeted therapy agent for cancers with high expression of CD13.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samira Valiyari
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
- Legal Medicine Research Center, Legal Medicine Organization, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mona Salimi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeid Bouzari
- Department of Molecular Biology, Pasteur Institute of Iran, Tehran, Iran.
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E. MP, Liu T, Zhang X, Yang H, Wang J, Huang R, Wang Y. High-mobility group A1 ( HMGA1) gene expressions in various colorectal cancer cell lines and correlation with prognosis. Transl Cancer Res 2020; 9:763-773. [PMID: 35117422 PMCID: PMC8798761 DOI: 10.21037/tcr.2019.12.10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2019] [Accepted: 11/15/2019] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The high-mobility group A1 gene (HMGA1) plays a major role in the development of malignant cancers. However, the mechanisms underlying the correlation between HMGA1 expression level and patients' overall survival rate in various malignant cancers is unclear. METHODS We used The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database (https://genome-cancer.ucsc.edu/) to search for mRNA expression levels of HMGA1 in tumor patients and grouped them by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve. This divided patients into a high expression cohort and low expression cohort, and Kaplan-Meier analysis revealed the overall survival of the cancer patients. We also used real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) to detect the expression of HMGA1, CBX7, E-cadherin, and β-catenin gene was detected by normalized to the expression of β-actin in colorectal cancer cell lines. RESULTS High expression group correlated with worse survival prognosis statistically significant (P<0.05), and scatter plots showed HMGA1 high expression in the different cancers (lung cancers; lung adenocarcinoma and lung squamous cell carcinoma; stomach and colorectal cancers; liver and pancreatic cancer; kidney papillary cell carcinoma; kidney clear cell carcinoma, brain lower grade glioma; adrenocortical cancer; acute myeloid leukemia; and sarcoma; head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, cholangio and bladder urothelial cancers). Further, we also found that the mRNA expressions of HMGA1, CBX7, E-cadherin, and β-catenin genes significantly in colorectal cancer cell lines (P value: 0.0005), consistent with the results of HMGA1 in TCGA database. CONCLUSIONS HMGA1 is highly expressed in various cancers than normal tissues, and high expression levels of HMGA1 correlated with a worse prognosis. The gene expressions and the TCGA data clearly supports that targeting HMGA1 in the management of cancers increases the survival rate of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maruthi Prasad E.
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, Shenzhen Key of Laboratory of Translational Medicine of Tumor, Shenzhen University Health Science Center, Shenzhen 518060, China
| | - Ting Liu
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Xiang Zhang
- Department of Gynecologic Radiation Oncology, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310022, China
| | - Hongli Yang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Infection and Immunity, Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou 215123, China
| | - Renpeng Huang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - Yuhong Wang
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China
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Role of miR-221/222 in Tumor Development and the Underlying Mechanism. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2019; 2019:7252013. [PMID: 31929798 PMCID: PMC6942871 DOI: 10.1155/2019/7252013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 10/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNA-221/222 (miRNA-221/222, miR-221/222) is a noncoding microRNA which is widely distributed in eukaryotic organisms and deeply involved in the posttranscriptional regulation of gene expressions. According to recent studies, abnormal expressions of miR-221/222 are closely related to the occurrence and development of various kinds of malignant tumors. The role of miR-221/222 in tumor development and their potential molecular mechanism in various cancers, including liver cancer, colorectal cancer, cervical cancer, ovarian cancer, and endometrial carcinoma, are summarized and reviewed in this paper. Moreover, the potential translational biomarker role of abnormal miR-221/222 level in tumor or blood circulation for tumor diagnosis is also discussed.
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12
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Zhang Y, Liu Y, Xu Y. Interleukin-24 Regulates T Cell Activity in Patients With Colorectal Adenocarcinoma. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1401. [PMID: 31921658 PMCID: PMC6915036 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-24 plays a potential anti-tumor activity in colorectal cancer in a dose-dependent manner. However, the immunoregulatory role of IL-24 to peripheral and tumor-infiltrating T cell function in colorectal cancer was not fully elucidated. In this study, twenty-nine colorectal adenocarcinoma patients and fifteen healthy individuals were enrolled. IL-24 expression and IL-24 receptor (IL-20R1, IL-20R2, and IL-22R1) mRNA relative level was measured by ELISA and real-time PCR, respectively. CD4+ and CD8+ T cells were purified from peripheral bloods and cancer specimens, and were stimulated with low (10 ng/ml) and high (100 ng/ml) concentration of recombinant IL-24. CD4+ T cells activity was assessed by measurement of Th cell percentage, transcriptional factors, and cytokine production. CD8+ T cells activity was evaluated by investigation of cytotoxic molecules, target cell death, and interferon-γ (IFN-γ) secretion. IL-24 was decreasingly expressed in both peripheral bloods and cancer tissues in colorectal adenocarcinoma patients. However, IL-20R1 and IL-20R2 was comparable between healthy controls and colorectal adenocarcinoma patients. Low concentration of IL-24 suppressed CD4+ T cell proliferation. In contrast, high concentration of IL-24 not only promoted CD4+ T cell proliferation, but also enhanced CD4+ T cell activity, which mainly presented as up-regulation of Th1/Th17 frequency, T-bet/RORγt mRNA, and IFN-γ/IL-17 production but down-regulation of Treg percentage, FoxP3 mRNA, and IL-10/IL-35 secretion. Moreover, high concentration of IL-24 also increased perforin and granzyme B expression in CD8+ T cells, and elevated cytolytic and non-cytolytic activity of CD8+ T cells, which presented as induction of target cell death and elevation of IFN-γ expression. However, low concentration of IL-24 did not affect bioactivity of CD8+ T cells. The current data indicated that IL-24 might regulate T cell function in a dose-dependent manner. High-concentration of IL-24 might promote anti-tumor immune responses in development novel therapeutic approaches to colorectal adenocarcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Zhang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Ye Liu
- Intensive Care Unit, 964th Hospital of PLA, Changchun, China
| | - Yuechao Xu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
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13
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HMGA1 exacerbates tumor progression by activating miR-222 through PI3K/Akt/MMP-9 signaling pathway in uveal melanoma. Cell Signal 2019; 63:109386. [PMID: 31394192 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2019.109386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Revised: 08/03/2019] [Accepted: 08/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
High-mobility group A1 (HMGA1), an architectural transcription factor, participates in different human tumors' biological progression. HMGA1 overexpression is associated with malignant cellular behavior in a wide range of cancers but the underlying mechanism remains poorly illuminated. In this study, we showed PI3K/Akt/MMP9 pathway activity could be positively regulated by HMGA1 using western blotting, real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and immunochemistry both in vitro (C918 and MUM-2B cell lines) and in vivo (xenograft mouse model). Later, MiRTarBase was used to identify the relationship between HMGA1 and miR-222-3p, we found miR-222 is positively regulated by HMGA1. Moreover, the proliferation and migration of UM cells significantly increased in the miR-222 mimics group and decreased in the miR-222 inhibitor group detected by the Annexin V-FITC apoptosis detection kit, CCK-8 and scratch wound-healing. The p-PI3K, p-Akt and MMP9 expressions were elevated in UM cells transfected with miR-222 mimics, and suppressed in the miR-222 inhibitor group. Together, our study highlights that HMGA1 acts as a pivotal regulator in UM tumor growth, proposing a critical viewpoint that HMGA1 expedites progression through the PI3K/Akt/MMP9 pathway and oncogenic miR-222 in UM.
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14
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Bedi D, Henderson HJ, Manne U, Samuel T. Camptothecin Induces PD-L1 and Immunomodulatory Cytokines in Colon Cancer Cells. MEDICINES 2019; 6:medicines6020051. [PMID: 31022845 PMCID: PMC6631458 DOI: 10.3390/medicines6020051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
: Background: Immunotherapy has changed the options for the treatment of various cancer types, but not colon cancer. Current checkpoint blockade approaches are ineffective in a large proportion of colon cancer cases, necessitating studies to elucidate its mechanisms and to identify new targets and strategies against it. Methods: Here, we examined Programmed Death-Ligand 1(PD-L1), cytokine and receptor responses of colon cancer cells exposed to camptothecin (CPT), a clinically used topoisomerase inhibitor. Colon cancer cells were treated with CPT at concentrations of up to 10 µM, and the expressions of PD-L1 and immunoregulatory cytokine genes and receptors were analyzed. Results: PD-L1, a current immunotherapy target for various cancers, was shown to be upregulated in colon cancer cells independent of the cellular p53 status. In metastasis-derived SW620 cells, CPT most extensively upregulated cytokines with T-cell attraction or growth factor functions. Of those modulated genes, SPP1, IL1RN, IL1A, TNFSF13B, OSM, and CSF3 had the most clinical relevance, as their high expression was associated with poor cancer patient overall survival. Conclusions: These findings highlight the need to examine, in preclinical and clinical situations, the potential benefits of combining topoisomerase inhibitors with immune-checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepa Bedi
- College of Veterinary Medicine. Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL 36088, USA.
| | - Henry J Henderson
- College of Veterinary Medicine. Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL 36088, USA.
| | - Upender Manne
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA.
| | - Temesgen Samuel
- College of Veterinary Medicine. Tuskegee University, Tuskegee, AL 36088, USA.
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15
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Wang Y, Hu L, Zheng Y, Guo L. HMGA1 in cancer: Cancer classification by location. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 23:2293-2302. [PMID: 30614613 PMCID: PMC6433663 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The high mobility group A1 (HMGA1) gene plays an important role in numerous malignant cancers. HMGA1 is an oncofoetal gene, and we have a certain understanding of the biological function of HMGA1 based on its activities in various neoplasms. As an architectural transcription factor, HMGA1 remodels the chromatin structure and promotes the interaction between transcriptional regulatory proteins and DNA in different cancers. Through analysis of the molecular mechanism of HMGA1 and clinical studies, emerging evidence indicates that HMGA1 promotes the occurrence and metastasis of cancer. Within a similar location or the same genetic background, the function and role of HMGA1 may have certain similarities. In this paper, to characterize HMGA1 comprehensively, research on various types of tumours is discussed to further understanding of the function and mechanism of HMGA1. The findings provide a more reliable basis for classifying HMGA1 function according to the tumour location. In this review, we summarize recent studies related to HMGA1, including its structure and oncogenic properties, its major functions in each cancer, its upstream and downstream regulation associated with the tumourigenesis and metastasis of cancer, and its potential as a biomarker for clinical diagnosis of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuhong Wang
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Department of Pathology, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lin Hu
- Institutes of Biology and Medical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yushuang Zheng
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Department of Pathology, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lingchuan Guo
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University Department of Pathology, Suzhou, Jiangsu, China
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16
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Ma M, Zhao R, Yang X, Zhao L, Liu L, Zhang C, Wang X, Shan B. The clinical significance of Mda-7/IL-24 and C-myb expression in tumor tissues of patients with diffuse large B cell lymphoma. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:649-656. [PMID: 30112030 PMCID: PMC6090436 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) is the most common type of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in adults. Mda-7/IL-24 had been identified as a differentiation inducer of B phenotype lymphoma cells. Previous studies have revealed that knockdown of C-myb also leads to the terminal differentiation of B cell lymphoma. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between the expression of Mda-7/IL-24 and C-myb, and their prognostic significance for DLBCL patients. The tumor tissues were collected from 72 cases of DLBCL patients and detected with reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blotting and immunohistochemistry assays. The results showed that, the expression of Mda-7/IL-24 mRNA and protein was lower while the expression of C-myb was higher in DLBCL tissues, compared with the specimens of normal lymph node tissues. Furthermore, C-myb expression was negatively correlated with Mda-7/IL-24 expression at mRNA and protein levels in DLBCL tissues. The expression of Mda-7/IL-24 and C-myb in DLBCL tissues was associated with some clinicopathological parameters such as clinical stage, infiltration in bone marrow, Ki67 expression level in the tumor tissues and overall survival rates. These results indicated that low expression of Mda-7/IL-24, along with high expression of C-myb, are predictor for poor prognosis of DLBCL patients, suggesting that Mda-7/IL-24 and C-myb may be potential targets for clinical treatment of DLBCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Ma
- Clinical Laboratory, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
| | - Riyang Zhao
- Research Center, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
| | - Xingxiao Yang
- Department of Infection Management, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
| | - Lianmei Zhao
- Research Center, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
| | - Lihua Liu
- Department of Biotherapy, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
| | - Cong Zhang
- Research Center, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
| | - Xuexiao Wang
- Department of Biotherapy, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
| | - Baoen Shan
- Research Center, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050011, P.R. China
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17
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Fu F, Wang T, Wu Z, Feng Y, Wang W, Zhou S, Ma X, Wang S. HMGA1 exacerbates tumor growth through regulating the cell cycle and accelerates migration/invasion via targeting miR-221/222 in cervical cancer. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:594. [PMID: 29789601 PMCID: PMC5964147 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-0683-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
High-mobility group AT-hook1 (HMGA1, formerly HMG-I/Y), an architectural transcription factor, participates in a number of tumor biological processes. However, its effect on cervical cancer remains largely indistinct. In this study, we found that HMGA1 was generally overexpressed in cervical cancer tissues and was positively correlated with lymph node metastasis and advanced clinical stage. Via exogenously increasing or decreasing the expression of HMGA1, we showed that HMGA1 affected the proliferation, colony formation, migration and invasion of cervical cancer cells in vitro. Rescue experiments suggested that miR-221/222 could partly reverse HMGA1-mediated migration and invasion processes. Mechanistically, we discovered that HMGA1 accelerated the G1/S phase transition by regulating the expression of cyclin D1 and cyclin E1, which was consistent with the results of the in vivo experiment. Furthermore, we found that HMGA1 regulated the expression of the miR-221/222 cluster at the transcriptional level and that miR-221/222 targeted the 3'UTR of tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases 3(TIMP3). We propose a fresh perspective that HMGA1 participates in the migration and invasion process via the miR-221/222-TIMP3-MMP2/MMP9 axis in cervical cancer. In summary, our study identified a critical role played by HMGA1 in the progression of cervical cancer and the potential mechanisms by which exerts its effects, suggesting that targeting HMGA1-related pathways could be conducive to the therapies for cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangfang Fu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Tian Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Zhangying Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Affiliated Hospital of Guizhou Medical University, 55000, Guiyang, Guizhou, China
| | - Yourong Feng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wenwen Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Su Zhou
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xiangyi Ma
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Shixuan Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 430030, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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18
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Zhang H, Yang J, Walters MS, Staudt MR, Strulovici-Barel Y, Salit J, Mezey JG, Leopold PL, Crystal RG. Mandatory role of HMGA1 in human airway epithelial normal differentiation and post-injury regeneration. Oncotarget 2018; 9:14324-14337. [PMID: 29581847 PMCID: PMC5865673 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24511] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to high levels of expression in aggressive tumors, high mobility group AT-hook 1 (HMGA1) has recently attracted attention as a potential anti-tumor target. However, HMGA1 is also expressed in normal somatic progenitor cells, raising the question: how might systemic anti-HMGA1 therapies affect the structure and function of normal tissue differentiation? In the present study, RNA sequencing data demonstrated HMGA1 is highly expressed in human airway basal stem/progenitor cells (BC), but decreases with BC differentiation in air-liquid interface cultures (ALI). BC collected from nonsmokers, healthy smokers, and smokers with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) displayed a range of HMGA1 expression levels. Low initial expression levels of HMGA1 in BC were associated with decreased ability to maintain a differentiated ALI epithelium. HMGA1 down-regulation in BC diminished BC proliferation, suppressed gene expression related to normal proliferation and differentiation, decreased airway epithelial resistance, suppressed junctional and cell polarity gene expression, and delayed wound closure of airway epithelium following injury. Furthermore, silencing of HMGA1 in airway BC in ALI increased the expression of genes associated with airway remodeling in COPD including squamous, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and inflammatory genes. Together, the data suggests HMGA1 plays a central role in normal airway differentiation, and thus caution should be used to monitor airway epithelial structure and function in the context of systemic HMGA1-targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijun Zhang
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jing Yang
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Matthew S Walters
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michelle R Staudt
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Jacqueline Salit
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jason G Mezey
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Biological Statistics and Computational Biology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Philip L Leopold
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ronald G Crystal
- Department of Genetic Medicine, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
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19
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Amreddy N, Babu A, Muralidharan R, Panneerselvam J, Srivastava A, Ahmed R, Mehta M, Munshi A, Ramesh R. Recent Advances in Nanoparticle-Based Cancer Drug and Gene Delivery. Adv Cancer Res 2017; 137:115-170. [PMID: 29405974 PMCID: PMC6550462 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2017.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Effective and safe delivery of anticancer agents is among the major challenges in cancer therapy. The majority of anticancer agents are toxic to normal cells, have poor bioavailability, and lack in vivo stability. Recent advancements in nanotechnology provide safe and efficient drug delivery systems for successful delivery of anticancer agents via nanoparticles. The physicochemical and functional properties of the nanoparticle vary for each of these anticancer agents, including chemotherapeutics, nucleic acid-based therapeutics, small molecule inhibitors, and photodynamic agents. The characteristics of the anticancer agents influence the design and development of nanoparticle carriers. This review focuses on strategies of nanoparticle-based drug delivery for various anticancer agents. Recent advancements in the field are also highlighted, with suitable examples from our own research efforts and from the literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narsireddy Amreddy
- The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States; Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Anish Babu
- The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States; Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Ranganayaki Muralidharan
- The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States; Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Janani Panneerselvam
- The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States; Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Akhil Srivastava
- The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States; Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Rebaz Ahmed
- The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States; Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Meghna Mehta
- The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States; Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Anupama Munshi
- The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States; Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States
| | - Rajagopal Ramesh
- The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States; Stephenson Cancer Center, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States; Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK, United States.
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20
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Shu J, Silva BVRE, Gao T, Xu Z, Cui J. Dynamic and Modularized MicroRNA Regulation and Its Implication in Human Cancers. Sci Rep 2017; 7:13356. [PMID: 29042600 PMCID: PMC5645395 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-13470-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNA is responsible for the fine-tuning of fundamental cellular activities and human disease development. The altered availability of microRNAs, target mRNAs, and other types of endogenous RNAs competing for microRNA interactions reflects the dynamic and conditional property of microRNA-mediated gene regulation that remains under-investigated. Here we propose a new integrative method to study this dynamic process by considering both competing and cooperative mechanisms and identifying functional modules where different microRNAs co-regulate the same functional process. Specifically, a new pipeline was built based on a meta-Lasso regression model and the proof-of-concept study was performed using a large-scale genomic dataset from ~4,200 patients with 9 cancer types. In the analysis, 10,726 microRNA-mRNA interactions were identified to be associated with a specific stage and/or type of cancer, which demonstrated the dynamic and conditional miRNA regulation during cancer progression. On the other hands, we detected 4,134 regulatory modules that exhibit high fidelity of microRNA function through selective microRNA-mRNA binding and modulation. For example, miR-18a-3p, -320a, -193b-3p, and -92b-3p co-regulate the glycolysis/gluconeogenesis and focal adhesion in cancers of kidney, liver, lung, and uterus. Furthermore, several new insights into dynamic microRNA regulation in cancers have been discovered in this study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Shu
- Systems Biology and Biomedical Informatics (SBBI) Laboratory, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Bruno Vieira Resende E Silva
- Systems Biology and Biomedical Informatics (SBBI) Laboratory, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Tian Gao
- Systems Biology and Biomedical Informatics (SBBI) Laboratory, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Zheng Xu
- Department of Statistics, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
- Quantitative Life Sciences Initiative, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA
| | - Juan Cui
- Systems Biology and Biomedical Informatics (SBBI) Laboratory, Department of Computer Science and Engineering, Lincoln, NE, 68588, USA.
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21
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Muralidharan R, Mehta M, Ahmed R, Roy S, Xu L, Aubé J, Chen A, Zhao YD, Herman T, Ramesh R, Munshi A. HuR-targeted small molecule inhibitor exhibits cytotoxicity towards human lung cancer cells. Sci Rep 2017; 7:9694. [PMID: 28855578 PMCID: PMC5577245 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07787-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Human antigen (Hu) R is an RNA-binding protein whose overexpression in human cancer correlates with aggressive disease, drug resistance, and poor prognosis. HuR inhibition has profound anticancer activity. Pharmacologic inhibitors can overcome the limitations of genetic inhibition. In this study, we examined the antitumor activity of CMLD-2, a small-molecule inhibitor directed against HuR, using non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) as a model. CMLD-2 efficacy was tested in vitro using H1299, A549, HCC827, and H1975 NSCLC cells and MRC-9 and CCD-16 normal human fibroblasts. Treatment of NSCLC cells with CMLD-2 produced dose-dependent cytotoxicity, caused a G1 phase cell-cycle arrest and induced apoptosis. CMLD-2 decreased HuR mRNA and the mRNAs of HuR-regulated proteins (Bcl2 and p27) in tumor cells. Additionally, reduction in the expression of HuR, Bcl2, cyclin E, and Bcl-XL with increased expression of Bax and p27 in CMLD-2-treated NSCLC cells were observed. CMLD-2-treated normal cells, HuR-regulated mRNAs and proteins albeit showed some reduction were less compared to tumor cells. Finally, CMLD-2 treatment resulted in greater mitochondrial perturbation, activation of caspase-9 and -3 and cleavage of PARP in tumor cells compared to normal cells. Our proof-of concept study results demonstrate CMLD-2 represents a promising HuR-targeted therapeutic class that with further development could lead to advanced preclinical studied and ultimately for lung cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranganayaki Muralidharan
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 73104, USA.,Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 73104, USA
| | - Meghna Mehta
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 73104, USA.,Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 73104, USA
| | - Rebaz Ahmed
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 73104, USA.,Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 73104, USA
| | - Sudeshna Roy
- Division of Chemical Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, USA
| | - Liang Xu
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, 66160, Kansas, USA
| | - Jeffrey Aubé
- Division of Chemical Biology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina, 27599, USA
| | - Allshine Chen
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 73104, USA
| | - Yan Daniel Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 73104, USA.,Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 73104, USA
| | - Terence Herman
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 73104, USA.,Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 73104, USA
| | - Rajagopal Ramesh
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 73104, USA. .,Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 73104, USA. .,Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 73104, USA.
| | - Anupama Munshi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 73104, USA. .,Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 73104, USA.
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Dai N, Ji F, Wright J, Minichiello L, Sadreyev R, Avruch J. IGF2 mRNA binding protein-2 is a tumor promoter that drives cancer proliferation through its client mRNAs IGF2 and HMGA1. eLife 2017; 6:27155. [PMID: 28753127 PMCID: PMC5576481 DOI: 10.7554/elife.27155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The gene encoding the Insulin-like Growth Factor 2 mRNA binding protein 2/IMP2 is amplified and overexpressed in many human cancers, accompanied by a poorer prognosis. Mice lacking IMP2 exhibit a longer lifespan and a reduced tumor burden at old age. Herein we show in a diverse array of human cancer cells that IMP2 overexpression stimulates and IMP2 elimination diminishes proliferation by 50–80%. In addition to its known ability to promote the abundance of Insulin-like Growth Factor 2/IGF2, we find that IMP2 strongly promotes IGF action, by binding and stabilizing the mRNA encoding the DNA binding protein HMGA1, a known oncogene. HMGA1 suppresses the abundance of IGF binding protein 2/IGFBP2 and Grb14, inhibitors of IGF action. IMP2 stabilization of HMGA1 mRNA plus IMP2 stimulated IGF2 production synergistically drive cancer cell proliferation and account for IMP2’s tumor promoting action. IMP2’s ability to promote proliferation and IGF action requires IMP2 phosphorylation by mTOR. Some types of cancers develop when genes known as oncogenes or tumor promoters become faulty, and are present at abnormally high levels or inappropriately turned on. For example, cancer cells often have extra copies of the gene IMP2 and therefore produce too much the IMP2 protein. Previous research has shown that mice that lack the IMP2 protein develop fewer cancers and live longer, while patients whose cancers make too much IMP2 have a poorer prognosis. In healthy cells, the IMP2 protein normally helps to make new gene products by stabilising certain newly produced RNA molecules – the precursors of proteins, and in some cases by promoting the translation of these RNAs into proteins. For example, IMP2 binds to the mRNA that encodes the protein IGF2, which is a protein that helps cells to grow and is commonly produced in large quantities by cancer cells. However, until now it was not clear whether IMP2 only acts by increasing the production of IGF2 or also contributes to cancer growth in other ways. Using a range of human cancer cell lines, and healthy mouse cells, Dai et al. first confirmed that without IMP2, cancer cells made less IGF2 and grew less quickly. When IGF2 was added to the cells lacking IMP2, it only partially restored their ability to grow. Further experiments revealed that cells without IMP2 had increased levels of proteins that counteract the effects of IGF2. Usually, IMP2 binds and stabilizes the mRNA that encodes the oncogenic protein HMGA1, which is known to regulate the number of ‘anti-IGF2 proteins’. However, without IMP2, the HMGA1 levels drop, which causes an increase of the anti-IGF2 proteins. This indicates that IMP2 promotes cancer cell growth both by enabling cells to produce more IGF2 and by suppressing inhibitors of IGF2 action. This suggests that cancer patients whose tumors have abnormally high levels of IMP2 may be especially sensitive to drugs that target and inhibit IGF2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Dai
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States.,Diabetes unit, Medical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Fei Ji
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States.,Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Jason Wright
- Program in Medical and Population Genetics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, United States
| | | | - Ruslan Sadreyev
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States.,Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
| | - Joseph Avruch
- Department of Molecular Biology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States.,Diabetes unit, Medical Services, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, United States.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, United States
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23
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Huo W, Du M, Pan X, Zhu X, Gao Y, Li Z. miR-203a-3p.1 targets IL-24 to modulate hepatocellular carcinoma cell growth and metastasis. FEBS Open Bio 2017; 7:1085-1091. [PMID: 28781949 PMCID: PMC5536994 DOI: 10.1002/2211-5463.12248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Revised: 04/26/2017] [Accepted: 05/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common causes of cancer‐related death. Cytokines, including interleukin 24 (IL‐24), play an important role in HCC. IL‐24 inhibits HCC metastasis but the molecular mechanism by which this occurs is still unknown. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are regulators of cancers including hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, the role that miRNAs play in the regulation of IL‐24 in HCC is unclear. The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of regulation of IL‐24 by miR‐203a‐3p.1 on liver cancer cell proliferation and metastasis. IL‐24 mRNA and miR‐203a‐3p.1 were detected by real‐time RT‐PCR, and IL‐24 protein in the cell growth medium was measured by ELISA. A luciferase assay was used to verify that the IL‐24 gene was the target of miR‐203a‐3p.1. Cell survival ability was detected by the MTT assay and colony formation. Cell metastasis was assayed by the Transwell system. The results showed that IL‐24 could be down‐regulated by miR‐203a‐3p.1 in HCC cells and that miR‐203a‐3p.1 acted as an onco‐miRNA by targeting IL‐24. Inhibition of miR‐203a‐3p.1 in cells could lead to the reversal of HCC cell proliferation and metastasis. The study highlights a novel molecular interaction between miR‐203a‐3p.1 and IL‐24, which indicates that IL‐24 and miR‐203a‐3p.1 may constitute potential therapeutic targets for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Huo
- Department of Medical Oncology Dalian Municipal Central Hospital China
| | - Min Du
- Department of Medical Oncology Dalian Municipal Central Hospital China
| | - Xinyan Pan
- Department of Medical Oncology Dalian Municipal Central Hospital China
| | - Xiaomin Zhu
- Department of Medical Oncology Dalian Municipal Central Hospital China
| | - Yu Gao
- Department of Medical Oncology Dalian Municipal Central Hospital China
| | - Zhimin Li
- Department of Medical Oncology Dalian Municipal Central Hospital China
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24
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Valiyari S, Salami M, Mahdian R, Shokrgozar MA, Oloomi M, Mohammadi Farsani A, Bouzari S. sIL-24 peptide, a human interleukin-24 isoform, induces mitochondrial-mediated apoptosis in human cancer cells. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2017; 80:451-459. [DOI: 10.1007/s00280-017-3370-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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25
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Muralidharan R, Babu A, Amreddy N, Srivastava A, Chen A, Zhao YD, Kompella UB, Munshi A, Ramesh R. Tumor-targeted Nanoparticle Delivery of HuR siRNA Inhibits Lung Tumor Growth In Vitro and In Vivo By Disrupting the Oncogenic Activity of the RNA-binding Protein HuR. Mol Cancer Ther 2017; 16:1470-1486. [PMID: 28572169 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-17-0134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Selective downregulation of the human antigen R (HuR) protein by siRNA may provide a powerful approach for treating lung cancer. To this end, we investigated the efficacy of transferrin receptor-targeted liposomal nanoparticle-based HuR siRNA (HuR-TfNP) therapy and compared with control siRNA (C)-TfNP therapy both, in vitro and in vivo using lung cancer models. In vitro studies showed HuR-TfNP, but not C-TfNP, efficiently downregulated HuR and HuR-regulated proteins in A549, and HCC827 lung cancer cells, resulting in reduced cell viability, inhibition of cell migration and invasion, and induction of G1 cell-cycle arrest culminating in apoptosis. However, HuR-TfNP activity in normal MRC-9 lung fibroblasts was negligible. In vivo biodistribution study demonstrated that fluorescently labeled HuR-siRNA or ICG dye-loaded TfNP localized in tumor tissues. Efficacy studies showed intratumoral or intravenous administration of HuR-TfNP significantly inhibited A549 (>55% inhibition) and HCC827 (>45% inhibition) subcutaneous tumor growth compared with C-TfNP. Furthermore, HuR-TfNP treatment reduced HuR, Ki67, and CD31 expression and increased caspase-9 and PARP cleavage and TUNEL-positive staining indicative of apoptotic cell death in tumor tissues compared with C-TfNP treatment. The antitumor activity of HuR-TfNP was also observed in an A549-luc lung metastatic model, as significantly fewer tumor nodules (9.5 ± 3.1; P < 0.001; 88% inhibition) were observed in HuR-TfNP-treated group compared with the C-TfNP-treated group (77.7 ± 20.1). Significant reduction in HuR, Ki67, and CD31 expression was also observed in the tumor tissues of HuR-TfNP-treatment compared with C-TfNP treatment. Our findings highlight HuR-TfNP as a promising nanotherapeutic system for lung cancer treatment. Mol Cancer Ther; 16(8); 1470-86. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ranganayaki Muralidharan
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Anish Babu
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Narsireddy Amreddy
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Akhil Srivastava
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Allshine Chen
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Yan Daniel Zhao
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Uday B Kompella
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences and Ophthalmology, University of Colorado, Denver, Colorado
| | - Anupama Munshi
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
| | - Rajagopal Ramesh
- Department of Pathology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma.
- Stephenson Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Sciences, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
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