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Wang W, Albadari N, Du Y, Fowler JF, Sang HT, Xian W, McKeon F, Li W, Zhou J, Zhang R. MDM2 Inhibitors for Cancer Therapy: The Past, Present, and Future. Pharmacol Rev 2024; 76:414-453. [PMID: 38697854 PMCID: PMC11068841 DOI: 10.1124/pharmrev.123.001026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2023] [Revised: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 05/05/2024] Open
Abstract
Since its discovery over 35 years ago, MDM2 has emerged as an attractive target for the development of cancer therapy. MDM2's activities extend from carcinogenesis to immunity to the response to various cancer therapies. Since the report of the first MDM2 inhibitor more than 30 years ago, various approaches to inhibit MDM2 have been attempted, with hundreds of small-molecule inhibitors evaluated in preclinical studies and numerous molecules tested in clinical trials. Although many MDM2 inhibitors and degraders have been evaluated in clinical trials, there is currently no Food and Drug Administration (FDA)-approved MDM2 inhibitor on the market. Nevertheless, there are several current clinical trials of promising agents that may overcome the past failures, including agents granted FDA orphan drug or fast-track status. We herein summarize the research efforts to discover and develop MDM2 inhibitors, focusing on those that induce MDM2 degradation and exert anticancer activity, regardless of the p53 status of the cancer. We also describe how preclinical and clinical investigations have moved toward combining MDM2 inhibitors with other agents, including immune checkpoint inhibitors. Finally, we discuss the current challenges and future directions to accelerate the clinical application of MDM2 inhibitors. In conclusion, targeting MDM2 remains a promising treatment approach, and targeting MDM2 for protein degradation represents a novel strategy to downregulate MDM2 without the side effects of the existing agents blocking p53-MDM2 binding. Additional preclinical and clinical investigations are needed to finally realize the full potential of MDM2 inhibition in treating cancer and other chronic diseases where MDM2 has been implicated. SIGNIFICANCE STATEMENT: Overexpression/amplification of the MDM2 oncogene has been detected in various human cancers and is associated with disease progression, treatment resistance, and poor patient outcomes. This article reviews the previous, current, and emerging MDM2-targeted therapies and summarizes the preclinical and clinical studies combining MDM2 inhibitors with chemotherapy and immunotherapy regimens. The findings of these contemporary studies may lead to safer and more effective treatments for patients with cancers overexpressing MDM2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (W.W., Y.D., J.F.F., H.T.S., R.Z.), Drug Discovery Institute (W.W., R.Z.), Stem Cell Center, Department of Biology and Biochemistry (W.X., F.M.), University of Houston, Houston, Texas; College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (N.A., W.L.); and Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (J.Z.)
| | - Najah Albadari
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (W.W., Y.D., J.F.F., H.T.S., R.Z.), Drug Discovery Institute (W.W., R.Z.), Stem Cell Center, Department of Biology and Biochemistry (W.X., F.M.), University of Houston, Houston, Texas; College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (N.A., W.L.); and Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (J.Z.)
| | - Yi Du
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (W.W., Y.D., J.F.F., H.T.S., R.Z.), Drug Discovery Institute (W.W., R.Z.), Stem Cell Center, Department of Biology and Biochemistry (W.X., F.M.), University of Houston, Houston, Texas; College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (N.A., W.L.); and Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (J.Z.)
| | - Josef F Fowler
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (W.W., Y.D., J.F.F., H.T.S., R.Z.), Drug Discovery Institute (W.W., R.Z.), Stem Cell Center, Department of Biology and Biochemistry (W.X., F.M.), University of Houston, Houston, Texas; College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (N.A., W.L.); and Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (J.Z.)
| | - Hannah T Sang
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (W.W., Y.D., J.F.F., H.T.S., R.Z.), Drug Discovery Institute (W.W., R.Z.), Stem Cell Center, Department of Biology and Biochemistry (W.X., F.M.), University of Houston, Houston, Texas; College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (N.A., W.L.); and Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (J.Z.)
| | - Wa Xian
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (W.W., Y.D., J.F.F., H.T.S., R.Z.), Drug Discovery Institute (W.W., R.Z.), Stem Cell Center, Department of Biology and Biochemistry (W.X., F.M.), University of Houston, Houston, Texas; College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (N.A., W.L.); and Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (J.Z.)
| | - Frank McKeon
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (W.W., Y.D., J.F.F., H.T.S., R.Z.), Drug Discovery Institute (W.W., R.Z.), Stem Cell Center, Department of Biology and Biochemistry (W.X., F.M.), University of Houston, Houston, Texas; College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (N.A., W.L.); and Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (J.Z.)
| | - Wei Li
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (W.W., Y.D., J.F.F., H.T.S., R.Z.), Drug Discovery Institute (W.W., R.Z.), Stem Cell Center, Department of Biology and Biochemistry (W.X., F.M.), University of Houston, Houston, Texas; College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (N.A., W.L.); and Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (J.Z.)
| | - Jia Zhou
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (W.W., Y.D., J.F.F., H.T.S., R.Z.), Drug Discovery Institute (W.W., R.Z.), Stem Cell Center, Department of Biology and Biochemistry (W.X., F.M.), University of Houston, Houston, Texas; College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (N.A., W.L.); and Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (J.Z.)
| | - Ruiwen Zhang
- Department of Pharmacological and Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy (W.W., Y.D., J.F.F., H.T.S., R.Z.), Drug Discovery Institute (W.W., R.Z.), Stem Cell Center, Department of Biology and Biochemistry (W.X., F.M.), University of Houston, Houston, Texas; College of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee (N.A., W.L.); and Chemical Biology Program, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, Texas (J.Z.)
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Gupta V, Vashisht V, Vashisht A, Mondal AK, Alptekin A, Singh H, Kolhe R. Comprehensive Analysis of Clinically Relevant Copy Number Alterations (CNAs) Using a 523-Gene Next-Generation Sequencing Panel and NxClinical Software in Solid Tumors. Genes (Basel) 2024; 15:396. [PMID: 38674331 PMCID: PMC11049607 DOI: 10.3390/genes15040396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2024] [Revised: 03/18/2024] [Accepted: 03/21/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Copy number alterations (CNAs) are significant in tumor initiation and progression. Identifying these aberrations is crucial for targeted therapies and personalized cancer diagnostics. Next-generation sequencing (NGS) methods present advantages in scalability and cost-effectiveness, surpassing limitations associated with reference assemblies and probe capacities in traditional laboratory approaches. This retrospective study evaluated CNAs in 50 FFPE tumor samples (breast cancer, ovarian carcinoma, pancreatic cancer, melanoma, and prostate carcinoma) using Illumina's TruSight Oncology 500 (TSO500) and the Affymetrix Oncoscan Molecular Inversion Probe (OS-MIP) (ThermoFisher Scientific, Waltham, MA, USA). NGS analysis with the NxClinical 6.2 software demonstrated a high sensitivity and specificity (100%) for CNA detection, with a complete concordance rate as compared to the OS-MIP. All 54 known CNAs were identified by NGS, with gains being the most prevalent (63%). Notable CNAs were observed in MYC (18%), TP53 (12%), BRAF (8%), PIK3CA, EGFR, and FGFR1 (6%) genes. The diagnostic parameters exhibited high accuracy, including a positive predictive value, negative predictive value, and overall diagnostic accuracy. This study underscores NxClinical as a reliable software for identifying clinically relevant gene alterations using NGS TSO500, offering valuable insights for personalized cancer treatment strategies based on CNA analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivek Gupta
- Department of Pathology, Government Institute of Medical Sciences, Greater Noida 201310, India;
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (V.V.); (A.V.); (A.K.M.); (A.A.); (H.S.)
| | - Vishakha Vashisht
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (V.V.); (A.V.); (A.K.M.); (A.A.); (H.S.)
| | - Ashutosh Vashisht
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (V.V.); (A.V.); (A.K.M.); (A.A.); (H.S.)
| | - Ashis K. Mondal
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (V.V.); (A.V.); (A.K.M.); (A.A.); (H.S.)
| | - Ahmet Alptekin
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (V.V.); (A.V.); (A.K.M.); (A.A.); (H.S.)
| | - Harmanpreet Singh
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (V.V.); (A.V.); (A.K.M.); (A.A.); (H.S.)
| | - Ravindra Kolhe
- Department of Pathology, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA; (V.V.); (A.V.); (A.K.M.); (A.A.); (H.S.)
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Yue L, Gong T, Jiang W, Qian L, Gong W, Sun Y, Cai X, Xu H, Liu F, Wang H, Li S, Zhu Y, Zheng Z, Wu Q, Guo T. Proteomic profiling of ovarian clear cell carcinomas identifies prognostic biomarkers for chemotherapy. Proteomics 2024; 24:e2300242. [PMID: 38171885 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.202300242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2023] [Revised: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 01/05/2024]
Abstract
Clear cell ovarian carcinoma (CCOC) is a relatively rare subtype of ovarian cancer (OC) with high degree of resistance to standard chemotherapy. Little is known about the underlying molecular mechanisms, and it remains a challenge to predict its prognosis after chemotherapy. Here, we first analyzed the proteome of 35 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) CCOC tissue specimens from a cohort of 32 patients with CCOC (H1 cohort) and characterized 8697 proteins using data-independent acquisition mass spectrometry (DIA-MS). We then performed proteomic analysis of 28 fresh frozen (FF) CCOC tissue specimens from an independent cohort of 24 patients with CCOC (H2 cohort), leading to the identification of 9409 proteins with DIA-MS. After bioinformatics analysis, we narrowed our focus to 15 proteins significantly correlated with the recurrence free survival (RFS) in both cohorts. These proteins are mainly involved in DNA damage response, extracellular matrix (ECM), and mitochondrial metabolism. Parallel reaction monitoring (PRM)-MS was adopted to validate the prognostic potential of the 15 proteins in the H1 cohort and an independent confirmation cohort (H3 cohort). Interferon-inducible transmembrane protein 1 (IFITM1) was observed as a robust prognostic marker for CCOC in both PRM data and immunohistochemistry (IHC) data. Taken together, this study presents a CCOC proteomic data resource and a single promising protein, IFITM1, which could potentially predict the recurrence and survival of CCOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Yue
- School of Life Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- Westlake Center for Intelligent Proteomics, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Tingting Gong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University
| | - Wenhao Jiang
- Westlake Center for Intelligent Proteomics, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Liujia Qian
- Westlake Center for Intelligent Proteomics, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Wangang Gong
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yaoting Sun
- Westlake Center for Intelligent Proteomics, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xue Cai
- Westlake Center for Intelligent Proteomics, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Heli Xu
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Fanghua Liu
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - He Wang
- Westlake Center for Intelligent Proteomics, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Sainan Li
- Westlake Center for Intelligent Proteomics, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
- National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Institute of Reproductive and Child Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Zhu
- Westlake Center for Intelligent Proteomics, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Zhiguo Zheng
- Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Hangzhou Institute of Medicine (HIM), Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Qijun Wu
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning, China
| | - Tiannan Guo
- Westlake Center for Intelligent Proteomics, Westlake Laboratory of Life Sciences and Biomedicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Key Laboratory of Structural Biology of Zhejiang Province, School of Life Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
- Research Center for Industries of the Future, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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4
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Gu QY, Liu YX, Wang JL, Huang XL, Li RN, Linghu H. LLGL2 Inhibits Ovarian Cancer Metastasis by Regulating Cytoskeleton Remodeling via ACTN1. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5880. [PMID: 38136424 PMCID: PMC10742334 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15245880] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2023] [Revised: 12/09/2023] [Accepted: 12/10/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer is the most lethal gynecological malignant tumor. Although debulking surgery, chemotherapy, and PARP inhibitors have greatly improved survival, the prognosis for patients with advanced EOC without HRD is still poor. LLGL2, as a cell polarity factor, is involved in maintaining cell polarity and asymmetric cell division. In the study of zebrafish development, LLGL2 regulated the proliferation and migration of epidermal cells and the formation of cortical F-actin. However, the role of LLGL2 in ovarian cancer has not been described. Our study found, through bioinformatics analysis, that low expression of LLGL2 was significantly associated with a more advanced stage and a higher grade of EOC and a poorer survival of patients. Functional experiments that involved LLGL2 overexpression and knockdown showed that LLGL2 inhibited the migration and invasion abilities of ovarian cancer cells in vitro, without affecting their proliferation. LLGL2-overexpressing mice had fewer metastatic implant foci than the controls in vivo. Mechanistically, immunoprecipitation combined with mass spectrometry analysis suggested that LLGL2 regulated cytoskeletal remodeling by interacting with ACTN1. LLGL2 altered the intracellular localization and function of ACTN1 without changing its protein and mRNA levels. Collectively, we uncovered that LLGL2 impaired actin filament aggregation into bundles by interacting with ACTN1, which led to cytoskeleton remodeling and inhibition of the invasion and metastasis of ovarian cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Ruo-Nan Li
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; (Q.-Y.G.); (Y.-X.L.); (J.-L.W.); (X.-L.H.)
| | - Hua Linghu
- Department of Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China; (Q.-Y.G.); (Y.-X.L.); (J.-L.W.); (X.-L.H.)
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Mize BK, Salvi A, Ren Y, Burdette JE, Fuchs JR. Discovery and development of botanical natural products and their analogues as therapeutics for ovarian cancer. Nat Prod Rep 2023; 40:1250-1270. [PMID: 37387219 PMCID: PMC10448539 DOI: 10.1039/d2np00091a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/01/2023]
Abstract
Covering: 2015 through the end of July 2022Ovarian cancer is one of the most common cancers affecting the female reproductive organs and has the highest mortality rate among gynecological cancers. Although botanical drugs and their derivatives, namely members of the taxane and camptothecin families, represent significant therapeutics currently available for the treatment of ovarian cancer, new drugs that have alternative mechanisms of action are still needed to combat the disease. For this reason, many efforts to identify additional novel compounds from botanical sources, along with the further development of existing therapeutics, have continued to appear in the literature. This review is designed to serve as a comprehensive look at both the currently available small-molecule therapeutic options and the recently reported botanically-derived natural products currently being studied and developed as potential future therapeutics that could one day be used against ovarian cancer. Specifically, key properties, structural features, and biological data are highlighted that are important for the successful development of potential agents. Recently reported examples are specifically discussed in the context of "drug discovery attributes," including the presence of structure-activity relationship, mechanism of action, toxicity, and pharmacokinetic studies, to help indicate the potential for future development and to highlight where these compounds currently exist in the development process. The lessons learned from both the successful development of the taxanes and camptothecins, as well as the strategies currently being employed for new drug development, are expected to ultimately help guide the future development of botanical natural products for ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brittney K Mize
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
| | - Amrita Salvi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Yulin Ren
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
| | - Joanna E Burdette
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - James R Fuchs
- Division of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA.
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Chien W, Tyner JW, Gery S, Zheng Y, Li LY, Gopinatha Pillai MS, Nam C, Bhowmick NA, Lin DC, Koeffler HP. Treatment for ovarian clear cell carcinoma with combined inhibition of WEE1 and ATR. J Ovarian Res 2023; 16:80. [PMID: 37087441 PMCID: PMC10122390 DOI: 10.1186/s13048-023-01160-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2022] [Accepted: 04/10/2023] [Indexed: 04/24/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Standard platinum-based therapy for ovarian cancer is inefficient against ovarian clear cell carcinoma (OCCC). OCCC is a distinct subtype of epithelial ovarian cancer. OCCC constitutes 25% of ovarian cancers in East Asia (Japan, Korea, China, Singapore) and 6-10% in Europe and North America. The cancer is characterized by frequent inactivation of ARID1A and 10% of cases of endometriosis progression to OCCC. The aim of this study was to identify drugs that are either FDA-approved or in clinical trials for the treatment of OCCC. RESULTS High throughput screening of 166 compounds that are either FDA-approved, in clinical trials or are in pre-clinical studies identified several cytotoxic compounds against OCCC. ARID1A knockdown cells were more sensitive to inhibitors of either mTOR (PP242), dual mTOR/PI3K (GDC0941), ATR (AZD6738) or MDM2 (RG7388) compared to control cells. Also, compounds targeting BH3 domain (AZD4320) and SRC (AZD0530) displayed preferential cytotoxicity against ARID1A mutant cell lines. In addition, WEE1 inhibitor (AZD1775) showed broad cytotoxicity toward OCCC cell lines, irrespective of ARID1A status. CONCLUSIONS In a selection of 166 compounds we showed that inhibitors of ATR and WEE1 were cytotoxic against a panel of OCCC cell lines. These two drugs are already in other clinical trials, making them ideal candidates for treatment of OCCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenwen Chien
- Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA.
| | - Jeffrey W Tyner
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Oregon Health and Science University, 2720 S.W. Moody Avenue, Portland, OR, 97201, USA
| | - Sigal Gery
- Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Yueyuan Zheng
- Clinical Big Data Research Center, Scientific Research Center, The Seventh Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Shenzhen, 518107, P. R. China
| | - Li-Yan Li
- The Key Laboratory of Molecular Biology for High Cancer Incidence Coastal Chaoshan Area, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guandong Province, P. R. China
| | - Mohan Shankar Gopinatha Pillai
- Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - Chehyun Nam
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - Neil A Bhowmick
- Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
| | - De-Chen Lin
- Center for Craniofacial Molecular Biology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, 90089, USA
| | - H Phillip Koeffler
- Department of Medicine, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, CA, 90048, USA
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, National University Cancer Institute of Singapore, National University Hospital, Singapore, 119074, Singapore
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7
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Wang CK, Chen TJ, Tan GY, Chang FP, Sridharan S, Yu CHA, Chang YH, Chen YJ, Cheng LT, Hwang-Verslues WW. MEX3A Mediates p53 Degradation to Suppress Ferroptosis and Facilitate Ovarian Cancer Tumorigenesis. Cancer Res 2023; 83:251-263. [PMID: 36354374 PMCID: PMC9845988 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-22-1159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial ovarian cancer is a highly heterogeneous and malignant female cancer with an overall low survival rate. Mutations in p53 are prevalent in the major ovarian cancer histotype, high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC), while p53 mutations are much less frequent in other ovarian cancer subtypes, particularly in ovarian clear cell carcinoma (OCCC). Advanced stage OCCC with wild-type (WT) p53 has a worse prognosis and increased drug resistance, metastasis, and recurrence than HGSOC. The mechanisms responsible for driving the aggressiveness of WT p53-expressing ovarian cancer remain poorly understood. Here, we found that upregulation of MEX3A, a dual-function protein containing a RING finger domain and an RNA-binding domain, was critical for tumorigenesis in WT p53-expressing ovarian cancer. MEX3A overexpression enhanced the growth and clonogenicity of OCCC cell lines. In contrast, depletion of MEX3A in OCCC cells, as well as ovarian teratocarcinoma cells, reduced cell survival and proliferative ability. MEX3A depletion also inhibited tumor growth and prolonged survival in orthotopic xenograft models. MEX3A depletion did not alter p53 mRNA level but did increase p53 protein stability. MEX3A-mediated p53 protein degradation was crucial to suppress ferroptosis and enhance tumorigenesis. Consistently, p53 knockdown reversed the effects of MEX3A depletion. Together, our observations identified MEX3A as an important oncogenic factor promoting tumorigenesis in ovarian cancer cells expressing WT p53. SIGNIFICANCE Degradation of p53 mediated by MEX3A drives ovarian cancer growth by circumventing p53 tumor suppressive functions, suggesting targeting MEX3A as a potential strategy for treating of ovarian cancer expressing WT p53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Kai Wang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Tzu-Jou Chen
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Grace Y.T. Tan
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Pei Chang
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Yen-Hou Chang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Jen Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Li-Tzu Cheng
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wendy W. Hwang-Verslues
- Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan.,Corresponding Author: Wendy W. Hwang-Verslues, Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica, No. 128, Sec. 2, Academia Road, Taipei 115, Taiwan. Phone: +886-2-2787-1246; Fax: +886-2-2789-9924; E-mail:
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8
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Ovejero-Sánchez M, González-Sarmiento R, Herrero AB. DNA Damage Response Alterations in Ovarian Cancer: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Opportunities. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:448. [PMID: 36672401 PMCID: PMC9856346 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15020448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2022] [Revised: 01/03/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
The DNA damage response (DDR), a set of signaling pathways for DNA damage detection and repair, maintains genomic stability when cells are exposed to endogenous or exogenous DNA-damaging agents. Alterations in these pathways are strongly associated with cancer development, including ovarian cancer (OC), the most lethal gynecologic malignancy. In OC, failures in the DDR have been related not only to the onset but also to progression and chemoresistance. It is known that approximately half of the most frequent subtype, high-grade serous carcinoma (HGSC), exhibit defects in DNA double-strand break (DSB) repair by homologous recombination (HR), and current evidence indicates that probably all HGSCs harbor a defect in at least one DDR pathway. These defects are not restricted to HGSCs; mutations in ARID1A, which are present in 30% of endometrioid OCs and 50% of clear cell (CC) carcinomas, have also been found to confer deficiencies in DNA repair. Moreover, DDR alterations have been described in a variable percentage of the different OC subtypes. Here, we overview the main DNA repair pathways involved in the maintenance of genome stability and their deregulation in OC. We also recapitulate the preclinical and clinical data supporting the potential of targeting the DDR to fight the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Ovejero-Sánchez
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Molecular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer (IBMCC), University of Salamanca-Spanish National Research Council, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Rogelio González-Sarmiento
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Molecular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer (IBMCC), University of Salamanca-Spanish National Research Council, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
| | - Ana Belén Herrero
- Institute of Biomedical Research of Salamanca (IBSAL), 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Molecular Medicine Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Salamanca, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
- Institute of Molecular and Cellular Biology of Cancer (IBMCC), University of Salamanca-Spanish National Research Council, 37007 Salamanca, Spain
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9
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Borzdziłowska P, Bednarek I. Alpha Mangostin and Cisplatin as Modulators of Exosomal Interaction of Ovarian Cancer Cell with Fibroblasts. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:8913. [PMID: 36012171 PMCID: PMC9408324 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23168913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/02/2022] [Accepted: 08/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The diversity of exosomes and their role in the microenvironment make them an important point of interest in the development of cancer. In our study, we evaluated the effect of exosomes derived from ovarian cancer cells on gene expression in fibroblasts, including genes involved in metastasis. We also attempted to evaluate the indirect effect of cisplatin and/or α-mangostin on metastasis. In this aspect, we verified the changes induced by the drugs we tested on vesicular transfer associated with the release of exosomes by cells. We isolated exosomes from ovarian cancer cells treated and untreated with drugs, and then normal human fibroblasts were treated with the isolated exosomes. Changes in the expression of genes involved in the metastasis process were then examined. In our study, we observed altered expression of genes involved in various steps of the metastasis process (including genes related to cell adhesion, genes related to the interaction with the extracellular matrix, the cell cycle, cell growth and proliferation, and apoptosis). We have shown that α-mangostin and/or cisplatin, as chemotherapeutic agents, not only directly affect tumor cells but may also indirectly (via exosomes) contribute to delaying metastasis development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Borzdziłowska
- Department of Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences in Sosnowiec, Medical University of Silesia in Katowice, 40-055 Katowice, Poland
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10
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Gounder MM, Agaram NP, Trabucco SE, Robinson V, Ferraro RA, Millis SZ, Krishnan A, Lee J, Attia S, Abida W, Drilon A, Chi P, Angelo SPD, Dickson MA, Keohan ML, Kelly CM, Agulnik M, Chawla SP, Choy E, Chugh R, Meyer CF, Myer PA, Moore JL, Okimoto RA, Pollock RE, Ravi V, Singh AS, Somaiah N, Wagner AJ, Healey JH, Frampton GM, Venstrom JM, Ross JS, Ladanyi M, Singer S, Brennan MF, Schwartz GK, Lazar AJ, Thomas DM, Maki RG, Tap WD, Ali SM, Jin DX. Clinical genomic profiling in the management of patients with soft tissue and bone sarcoma. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3406. [PMID: 35705558 PMCID: PMC9200814 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30496-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Accepted: 05/04/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
There are more than 70 distinct sarcomas, and this diversity complicates the development of precision-based therapeutics for these cancers. Prospective comprehensive genomic profiling could overcome this challenge by providing insight into sarcomas' molecular drivers. Through targeted panel sequencing of 7494 sarcomas representing 44 histologies, we identify highly recurrent and type-specific alterations that aid in diagnosis and treatment decisions. Sequencing could lead to refinement or reassignment of 10.5% of diagnoses. Nearly one-third of patients (31.7%) harbor potentially actionable alterations, including a significant proportion (2.6%) with kinase gene rearrangements; 3.9% have a tumor mutational burden ≥10 mut/Mb. We describe low frequencies of microsatellite instability (<0.3%) and a high degree of genome-wide loss of heterozygosity (15%) across sarcomas, which are not readily explained by homologous recombination deficiency (observed in 2.5% of cases). In a clinically annotated subset of 118 patients, we validate actionable genetic events as therapeutic targets. Collectively, our findings reveal the genetic landscape of human sarcomas, which may inform future development of therapeutics and improve clinical outcomes for patients with these rare cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mrinal M Gounder
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA.
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA.
| | | | | | | | - Richard A Ferraro
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Anita Krishnan
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jessica Lee
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
| | | | - Wassim Abida
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Alexander Drilon
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ping Chi
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Sandra P D' Angelo
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mark A Dickson
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Mary Lou Keohan
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ciara M Kelly
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Sant P Chawla
- Sarcoma Center of Santa Monica, Santa Monica, CA, USA
| | - Edwin Choy
- Massachusetts General Hospital, Cambridge, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Christian F Meyer
- Johns Hopkins Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Center, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Parvathi A Myer
- Montefiore Medical Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA
| | | | - Ross A Okimoto
- University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Vinod Ravi
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Arun S Singh
- University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Neeta Somaiah
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Andrew J Wagner
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John H Healey
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | | | | | - Jeffrey S Ross
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
- Albany Medical College, Albany, NY, USA
| | - Marc Ladanyi
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Samuel Singer
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Murray F Brennan
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gary K Schwartz
- Herbert Irving Cancer Center, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - David M Thomas
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst,, NSW, Australia
| | - Robert G Maki
- Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - William D Tap
- Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
- Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
| | - Siraj M Ali
- Foundation Medicine, Inc., Cambridge, MA, USA
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11
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Shoji T, Tatsuki S, Abe M, Tomabechi H, Takatori E, Kaido Y, Nagasawa T, Kagabu M, Baba T, Itamochi H. Novel Therapeutic Strategies for Refractory Ovarian Cancers: Clear Cell and Mucinous Carcinomas. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:6120. [PMID: 34885229 PMCID: PMC8656608 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13236120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Revised: 11/24/2021] [Accepted: 11/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer has the worst prognosis among gynecological cancers. In particular, clear cell and mucinous carcinomas are less sensitive to chemotherapy. The establishment of new therapies is necessary to improve the treatment outcomes for these carcinomas. In previous clinical studies, chemotherapy with cytotoxic anticancer drugs has failed to demonstrate better treatment outcomes than paclitaxel + carboplatin therapy. In recent years, attention has been focused on treatment with molecular target drugs and immune checkpoint inhibitors that target newly identified biomarkers. The issues that need to be addressed include the most appropriate combination of therapies, identifying patients who may benefit from each therapy, and how results should be incorporated into the standard of care for ovarian clear cell and mucinous carcinomas. In this article, we have reviewed the most promising therapies for ovarian clear cell and mucinous carcinomas, which are regarded as intractable, with an emphasis on therapies currently being investigated in clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadahiro Shoji
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Iwate 028-3695, Japan; (S.T.); (M.A.); (H.T.); (E.T.); (Y.K.); (T.N.); (M.K.); (T.B.)
| | - Shunsuke Tatsuki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Iwate 028-3695, Japan; (S.T.); (M.A.); (H.T.); (E.T.); (Y.K.); (T.N.); (M.K.); (T.B.)
| | - Marina Abe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Iwate 028-3695, Japan; (S.T.); (M.A.); (H.T.); (E.T.); (Y.K.); (T.N.); (M.K.); (T.B.)
| | - Hidetoshi Tomabechi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Iwate 028-3695, Japan; (S.T.); (M.A.); (H.T.); (E.T.); (Y.K.); (T.N.); (M.K.); (T.B.)
| | - Eriko Takatori
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Iwate 028-3695, Japan; (S.T.); (M.A.); (H.T.); (E.T.); (Y.K.); (T.N.); (M.K.); (T.B.)
| | - Yoshitaka Kaido
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Iwate 028-3695, Japan; (S.T.); (M.A.); (H.T.); (E.T.); (Y.K.); (T.N.); (M.K.); (T.B.)
| | - Takayuki Nagasawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Iwate 028-3695, Japan; (S.T.); (M.A.); (H.T.); (E.T.); (Y.K.); (T.N.); (M.K.); (T.B.)
| | - Masahiro Kagabu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Iwate 028-3695, Japan; (S.T.); (M.A.); (H.T.); (E.T.); (Y.K.); (T.N.); (M.K.); (T.B.)
| | - Tsukasa Baba
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Iwate 028-3695, Japan; (S.T.); (M.A.); (H.T.); (E.T.); (Y.K.); (T.N.); (M.K.); (T.B.)
| | - Hiroaki Itamochi
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Iwate Medical University School of Medicine, Iwate 028-3695, Japan;
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12
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Sharma A, Khan H, Singh TG, Grewal AK, Najda A, Kawecka-Radomska M, Kamel M, Altyar AE, Abdel-Daim MM. Pharmacological Modulation of Ubiquitin-Proteasome Pathways in Oncogenic Signaling. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222111971. [PMID: 34769401 PMCID: PMC8584958 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111971] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Revised: 10/27/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The ubiquitin-proteasome pathway (UPP) is involved in regulating several biological functions, including cell cycle control, apoptosis, DNA damage response, and apoptosis. It is widely known for its role in degrading abnormal protein substrates and maintaining physiological body functions via ubiquitinating enzymes (E1, E2, E3) and the proteasome. Therefore, aberrant expression in these enzymes results in an altered biological process, including transduction signaling for cell death and survival, resulting in cancer. In this review, an overview of profuse enzymes involved as a pro-oncogenic or progressive growth factor in tumors with their downstream signaling pathways has been discussed. A systematic literature review of PubMed, Medline, Bentham, Scopus, and EMBASE (Elsevier) databases was carried out to understand the nature of the extensive work done on modulation of ubiquitin-proteasome pathways in oncogenic signaling. Various in vitro, in vivo studies demonstrating the involvement of ubiquitin-proteasome systems in varied types of cancers and the downstream signaling pathways involved are also discussed in the current review. Several inhibitors of E1, E2, E3, deubiquitinase enzymes and proteasome have been applied for treating cancer. Some of these drugs have exhibited successful outcomes in in vivo studies on different cancer types, so clinical trials are going on for these inhibitors. This review mainly focuses on certain ubiquitin-proteasome enzymes involved in developing cancers and certain enzymes that can be targeted to treat cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anmol Sharma
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, India; (A.S.); (H.K.); (A.K.G.)
| | - Heena Khan
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, India; (A.S.); (H.K.); (A.K.G.)
| | - Thakur Gurjeet Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, India; (A.S.); (H.K.); (A.K.G.)
- Correspondence: or (T.G.S.); (M.M.A.-D.); Tel.: +91-9815951171 (T.G.S.); +966-580192142 (M.M.A.-D.)
| | - Amarjot Kaur Grewal
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Rajpura 140401, India; (A.S.); (H.K.); (A.K.G.)
| | - Agnieszka Najda
- Department of Vegetable Crops and Medicinal Plants, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 50A Doświadczalna Street, 20-280 Lublin, Poland; (A.N.); (M.K.-R.)
| | - Małgorzata Kawecka-Radomska
- Department of Vegetable Crops and Medicinal Plants, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, 50A Doświadczalna Street, 20-280 Lublin, Poland; (A.N.); (M.K.-R.)
| | - Mohamed Kamel
- Department of Medicine and Infectious Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University, Giza 12211, Egypt;
| | - Ahmed E. Altyar
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Faculty of Pharmacy, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80260, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Mohamed M. Abdel-Daim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Pharmacy Program, Batterjee Medical College, P.O. Box 6231, Jeddah 21442, Saudi Arabia
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia 41522, Egypt
- Correspondence: or (T.G.S.); (M.M.A.-D.); Tel.: +91-9815951171 (T.G.S.); +966-580192142 (M.M.A.-D.)
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13
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Zavarikina TM, Khokhlova SV, Tyulyandina AS, Khabas GN, Asaturova AV, Nosova YV, Brenner PK, Kapralova MA, Khodirev DS, Stenina MB. Association between Molecular Genetic Markers of DNA Repair and Cell Cycle Control Genes and Response to Platinum-Based Chemotherapy in Ovarian Cancer Patients. Bull Exp Biol Med 2021; 171:755-759. [PMID: 34709513 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-021-05310-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
We analyzed associations of polymorphic markers of DNA repair genes (XRCC1, ERCC2), cell cycle control genes (TP53, MDM2, and CDKN1A), methylation of promoter region, and mutation 5382insC of BRCA1 gene in ovarian cancer with effectiveness of platinumbased chemotherapy assessed by the median of progression-free survival time for markers of DNA repair genes and by relapse risk for all studied markers. An increase in the median of progression-free survival time for carriers of the Gln allele (р=0.025) and Gln/Gln genotype (р=0.022) of the Gln399Arg XRCC1 was observed during the 19-months period after chemotherapy. In carriers of C/C genotype of 5382insC mutation of BRCA1 gene (n=6), no relapses were observed (р=0.035), while 17 of 49 patients without this mutation developed relapses. Of 14 patients with BRCA1 gene function inactivation due to promoter methylation or the presence of the C/C genotype of 5382insC, one relapse was observed (p=0.033). Multivariate analysis revealed an association of markers of the XRCC1, TP53, MDM2 genes, BRCA1 gene inactivation, and type of surgery with the risk of relapse during the follow-up period up to 19 months after the end of chemotherapy (р≤0.0007).
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Affiliation(s)
- T M Zavarikina
- N. M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia.
| | - S V Khokhlova
- V. I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, Ministry of the Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - A S Tyulyandina
- N. N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - G N Khabas
- V. I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, Ministry of the Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - A V Asaturova
- V. I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, Ministry of the Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Yu V Nosova
- V. I. Kulakov National Medical Research Center of Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology, Ministry of the Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - P K Brenner
- N. M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - M A Kapralova
- N. M. Emanuel Institute of Biochemical Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - D S Khodirev
- Federal Research Clinical Center of Specialized Types of Medical Care and Medical Technologies, Federal Medical-Biological Agency of Russia, Moscow, Russia
| | - M B Stenina
- N. N. Blokhin National Medical Research Center of Oncology, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
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14
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Lin CJ, Huang WR, Wu CZ, Tseng RC. Changes in SLIT2 expression are associated with the migration of human ovarian clear cell carcinoma cells. Oncol Lett 2021; 22:551. [PMID: 34093772 PMCID: PMC8170186 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2021.12812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 05/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian clear cell carcinoma (OCCC) is characterized by a poor survival of patients, which is mainly due to metastasis and treatment failure. Slit guidance ligand 2 (SLIT2), a secreted protein, has been reported to modulate the migration of neural cells and human cancer cells. However, the effect of changes in SLIT2 expression on the regulation of cell migration in OCCC remains unknown. The present study examined alterations in SLIT2 expression using OCCC cell models, including low- and high-mobility SKOV3 cells, as well as OCCC tissues. DNA methylation analysis suggested that promoter hypermethylation was responsible for the low expression levels of SLIT2 in OCCC cells. The demethylating agent 5-Aza-deoxycytosine was able to restore SLIT2 expression at both the mRNA and protein levels in high-mobility SKOV3 cells that harbored the relevant methylated promoter. Overexpression of SLIT2 inhibited the migration of high-mobility OCCC cells, as well as decreased the protein expression levels of β-catenin, phosphorylated (p)AKT and snail family transcriptional repressor 1 (SNAI1). On the other hand, knockdown of SLIT2 increased the migration of low-mobility OCCC cells, and enhanced the protein expression levels of β-catenin, pAKT and SNAI1. Overall, the results of the present study provided evidence that low expression levels of SLIT2 were associated with increased OCCC cell migration, and that SLIT2 may act as a suppressor gene of cancer cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cuei-Jyuan Lin
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Keelung Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Keelung 20401, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Way-Ren Huang
- GLORIA Operation Center, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu 30013, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Chia-Zhen Wu
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan, R.O.C
| | - Ruo-Chia Tseng
- Department of Molecular Biology and Human Genetics, Tzu Chi University, Hualien 97004, Taiwan, R.O.C
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15
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Liu S, Wu M, Wang F. Research Progress in Prognostic Factors and Biomarkers of Ovarian Cancer. J Cancer 2021; 12:3976-3996. [PMID: 34093804 PMCID: PMC8176232 DOI: 10.7150/jca.47695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is a serious threat to women's health; its early diagnosis rate is low and prone to metastasis and recurrence. The current conventional treatment for ovarian cancer is a combination of platinum and paclitaxel chemotherapy based on surgery. The recurrence and progression of ovarian cancer with poor prognosis is a major challenge in treatment. With rapid advances in technology, understanding of the molecular pathways involved in ovarian cancer recurrence and progression has increased, biomarker-guided treatment options can greatly improve the prognosis of patients. This review systematically discusses and summarizes existing and new information on prognostic factors and biomarkers of ovarian cancer, which is expected to improve the clinical management of patients and lead to effective personalized treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuna Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China, 210029
- National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing, China, 210029
| | - Ming Wu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China, 210029
- National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing, China, 210029
| | - Fang Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, the First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China, 210029
- National Key Clinical Department of Laboratory Medicine, Nanjing, China, 210029
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16
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Guo T, Dong X, Xie S, Zhang L, Zeng P, Zhang L. Cellular Mechanism of Gene Mutations and Potential Therapeutic Targets in Ovarian Cancer. Cancer Manag Res 2021; 13:3081-3100. [PMID: 33854378 PMCID: PMC8041604 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s292992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is a common and complex malignancy with poor prognostic outcome. Most women with ovarian cancer are diagnosed with advanced stage disease due to a lack of effective detection strategies in the early stage. Traditional treatment with cytoreductive surgery and platinum-based combination chemotherapy has not significantly improved prognosis and 5-year survival rates are still extremely poor. Therefore, novel treatment strategies are needed to improve the treatment of ovarian cancer patients. Recent advances of next generation sequencing technologies have both confirmed previous known mutated genes and discovered novel candidate genes in ovarian cancer. In this review, we illustrate recent advances in identifying ovarian cancer gene mutations, including those of TP53, BRCA1/2, PIK3CA, and KRAS genes. In addition, we discuss advances in targeting therapies for ovarian cancer based on these mutated genes in ovarian cancer. Further, we associate between detection of mutation genes by liquid biopsy and the potential early diagnostic value in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Guo
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, West China Second Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Xue Dong
- Department of Gynecology, Cheng Du Shang Jin Nan Fu Hospital, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Shanli Xie
- First People's Hospital of Guangyuan, Guangyuan, Sichuan, 628000, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling Zhang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Guangyuan Central Hospital, Guangyuan, Sichuan, 628000, People's Republic of China
| | - Peibin Zeng
- West China School of Public Health and West China Fourth Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
| | - Lin Zhang
- Department of Forensic Biology, West China School of Preclinical and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, People's Republic of China
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Liu J, Wu D, Lin X, Hong Y, Wang X, Zheng C, Wu Z, Hong Y, Lv Y. Long non-coding RNA TUG1 sponges microRNA-381-3p to facilitate cell viability and attenuate apoptosis in cervical cancer by elevating MDM2 expression. Life Sci 2020; 267:118902. [PMID: 33340525 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118902] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 12/08/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Based on the theory that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) sponge microRNAs (miRNAs) to engage in cervical cancer development, this work was set out to investigate the possible role of lncRNA taurine upregulated gene 1 (TUG1) and miR-381-3p in the development of cervical cancer. METHODS TUG1, miR-381-3p and murine double minute 2 (MDM2) expression were measured in cervical cancer tissues and cells. The nexus between TUG1 and clinicopathological features of cervical cancer was discussed. The biological functions of TUG1, miR-381-3p and MDM2 on cervical cancer cell process were interpreted via gain- and loss-of-function experiments. Also, tumor xenograft in nude mice was conducted in vivo. The interactions between TUG1, miR-381-3p and MDM2 were identified. RESULTS TUG1 and MDM2 raised while miR-381-3p reduced in cervical cancer. TUG1 expression was related to tumor size, differentiation, international federation of gynecology and obstetrics stage and lymph node metastasis of cervical cancer. Restored miR-381-3p, depleted TUG1 or reduced MDM2 decreased viability, colony-forming, migration and invasion abilities, and facilitated apoptosis of cervical cancer cells. Xenografted tumors grew slowly upon injection with restored miR-381-3p and depleted TUG1. TUG1 bound to miR-381-3p and miR-381-3p targeted MDM2. CONCLUSION On all accounts, this present study provides evidence that silencing TUG1 depressed cervical cancer cell progression through miR-381-3p/MDM2 axis, highlighting a theoretical basis for cervical cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangying Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Hospital of Quanzhou Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362000, Fujian, China
| | - Dandan Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Hospital of Quanzhou Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362000, Fujian, China
| | - Xueke Lin
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Hospital of Quanzhou Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362000, Fujian, China
| | - Yiting Hong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Hospital of Quanzhou Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362000, Fujian, China
| | - Xiaoling Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Hospital of Quanzhou Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362000, Fujian, China
| | - Chenxin Zheng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Hospital of Quanzhou Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362000, Fujian, China
| | - Zidi Wu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Hospital of Quanzhou Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362000, Fujian, China
| | - Yating Hong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Hospital of Quanzhou Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362000, Fujian, China
| | - Yuchun Lv
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Hospital of Quanzhou Affiliated to Fujian Medical University, Quanzhou 362000, Fujian, China.
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Tamkus S, Gusho CA, Colman MW, Miller I, Gitelis S, Blank AT. A single institutional experience treating adipocytic tumors: incidence, disease-related outcomes, and the clinical significance of MDM2 analysis. Orthop Rev (Pavia) 2020; 12:8818. [PMID: 33312490 PMCID: PMC7726827 DOI: 10.4081/or.2020.8818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipocytic tumors exist either as a benign or malignant form. The benign variant, lipoma, is composed of normal fat tissue. Lipomas typically develop from superficial fat cells beneath the skin or mucous membranes. Liposarcoma, the malignant counterpart, often develops in deeper tissues and is the most commonly diagnosed Soft Tissue Sarcoma (STS), comprising at least 20% of adult STS. However, malignant tumors of fatty origin exist as a spectrum of diagnoses, each carrying a unique risk of recurrence, metastasis, and longterm survival. The World Health Organization classifies liposarcomas into five categories: i) Atypical Lipomatous Tumors/Well Differentiated (ALT/WD); Ii) Dedifferentiated (ALT/DD); Iii) Myxoid; Iv) Round cell; and v) Pleomorphic. Lipomatous tumors often exhibit different immunohistochemical patterns. Benign lipomas are distinguished by the absence of Murine Double-Minute 2 (MDM2) amplification. Similarly, ALT/WD, classically defined as a low-grade and locally aggressive tumor, demonstrates consistent patterns of MDM2 amplification. Some studies suggest 10% of ALT/WD progress to the highgrade DD form, with others report a dedifferentiation rate of as high as 20% for primary ALT/WD based on location. The ALT/DD subtype is aggressive and has a high capacity to metastasize. While the mechanism of pathogenesis of ALT/DD metastasis is unknown, previous studies suggest that increased MDM2 amplification may play a role. This study sought to evaluate a single institutional experience treating the entire spectrum of lipomatous tumors and describe utilization patterns of MDM2 testing. The group hypothesized: i) Atypical Lipomatous Tumors (ALT), which include ALT/DD and ALT/WD, would exhibit a higher rate of local recurrence than lipomas with no significantly increased incidence of metastases; and ii) at least 50% of our MDM2 testing of ALT would prove positive for the MDM2 overamplification. This study retrospectively reviewed 105 cases (66 lipomas, 27 ALTs, 12 liposarcomas) of patients who underwent lipomatous tumor excision at our institution from 2013 to 2017. Twenty-five tumors (6 lipomas, 18 ALT, 1 liposarcoma) were tested for MDM2 amplification. Three of the tested tumors recurred (2 ALT, 1 liposarcoma), and each exhibited MDM2 overamplification. Five tumors (5 liposarcoma) developed late metastases. These data suggest that although ALT is associated with a higher rate of local recurrence, metastases are quite rare. Additionally, the data demonstrate a high rate of positive MDM2 testing (76%) based on clinical and imaging characteristics of the tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saule Tamkus
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Division of Orthopedic Oncology, Rush University Medical Center; and Midwest Orthopedics at Rush, Chicago, IL
| | - Charles A Gusho
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Division of Orthopedic Oncology, Rush University Medical Center; and Midwest Orthopedics at Rush, Chicago, IL
| | - Matthew W Colman
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Division of Orthopedic Oncology, Rush University Medical Center; and Midwest Orthopedics at Rush, Chicago, IL
| | - Ira Miller
- Department of Pathology, Rush University Medical Center at Rush, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Steven Gitelis
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Division of Orthopedic Oncology, Rush University Medical Center; and Midwest Orthopedics at Rush, Chicago, IL
| | - Alan T Blank
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Division of Orthopedic Oncology, Rush University Medical Center; and Midwest Orthopedics at Rush, Chicago, IL
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Xu L, Wang J, Yuan X, Yang S, Xu X, Li K, He Y, Wei L, Zhang J, Tian Y. IU1 suppresses proliferation of cervical cancer cells through MDM2 degradation. Int J Biol Sci 2020; 16:2951-2963. [PMID: 33061808 PMCID: PMC7545697 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.47999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 09/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies have demonstrated that the antitumor potential of IU1 (a pharmacological compound), which was mediated by selective inhibition of proteasome-associated deubiquitinase ubiquitin-specific protease 14 (USP14). However, the underlying molecular mechanisms remain elusive. It has been well established that mdm2 (Murine double minute 2) gene was amplified and/or overexpressed in a variety of human neoplasms, including cervical cancer. Furthermore, MDM2 is critical to cervical cancer development and progression. Relatively studies have reported that USP15 and USP7 stabilized MDM2 protein levels by removing its ubiquitin chain. In the current study, we studied the cell proliferation status after IU1 treatment and the USP14-MDM2 protein interaction in cervical cancer cells. This study experimentally revealed that IU1 treatment reduced MDM2 protein expression in HeLa cervical cancer cells, along with the activation of autophagy-lysosomal protein degradation and promotion of ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) function, thereby blocked G0/G1 to S phase transition, decreased cell growth and triggered cell apoptosis. Thus, these results indicate that IU1 treatment simultaneously targets two major intracellular protein degradation systems, ubiquitin-proteasome and autophagy-lysosome systems, which leads to MDM2 degradation and contributes to the antitumor effect of IU1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liu Xu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Pathology, Wuhan No. 1 Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoning Yuan
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Shuhua Yang
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Xiaolong Xu
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Yanqi He
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Lei Wei
- Department of Pathology and Pathophysiology, Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Jingwei Zhang
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Hubei Key Laboratory of Tumor Biological Behaviors, Hubei Cancer Clinical Study Center, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Yihao Tian
- Department of Human Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
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Morphological and molecular heterogeneity of epithelial ovarian cancer: Therapeutic implications. EJC Suppl 2020; 15:1-15. [PMID: 33240438 PMCID: PMC7573476 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcsup.2020.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Ovarian epithelial cancer (OEC) is the most lethal gynecologic malignancy. Despite current chemotherapeutic and surgical options, this high lethality can be attributed to multiple factors, including late-stage presentation. In order to optimize OEC treatment, it is important to highlight that it is composed of five main subtypes: high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC), low-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (LGSOC), endometrioid ovarian carcinoma (EOC), ovarian clear cell carcinoma (CCOC), and mucinous ovarian carcinoma (MOC). These subtypes differ in their precursor lesions, as well as in epidemiological, morphological, molecular and clinical features. OEC is one of the tumours in which most pathogenic germline mutations have been identified. Accordingly, up to 20% OC show alterations in BRCA1/2 genes, and also, although with a lower frequency, in other low penetrance genes associated with homologous recombination deficiency (HRD), mismatch repair genes (Lynch syndrome) and TP53. The most important prognostic factor is the 2014 FIGO staging, while older age is also associated with worse survival. HGSOC in all stages and CCC and MOC in advanced stages have the worse prognosis among histological types. Molecular markers have emerged as prognostic factors, particularly mutations in BRCA1/2, which are associated with a better outcome. Regarding treatment, whereas a proportion of HGSOC is sensible to platinum-based treatment and PARP inhibitors due to HRD, the rest of the histological types are relatively chemoresistant. New treatments based in specific molecular alterations are being tested in different histological types. In addition, immunotherapy could be an option, especially for EOC carrying mismatch repair deficiency or POLE mutations. The five different histological types have different precursor lesions and epidemiological, morphological, genetic, epigenetic and clinical features. Histological type is an important prognostic factor. Drugs targeting homologous recombination deficiency have been approved for treatment. The use of immunotherapy is limited due to lack of predictive biomarkers
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21
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Zanjirband M, Rahgozar S. Targeting p53-MDM2 Interaction Using Small Molecule Inhibitors and the Challenges Needed to be Addressed. Curr Drug Targets 2020; 20:1091-1111. [PMID: 30947669 DOI: 10.2174/1389450120666190402120701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Revised: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
MDM2 protein is the core negative regulator of p53 that maintains the cellular levels of p53 at a low level in normal cells. Mutation of the TP53 gene accounts for 50% of all human cancers. In the remaining malignancies with wild-type TP53, p53 function is inhibited through other mechanisms. Recently, synthetic small molecule inhibitors have been developed which target a small hydrophobic pocket on MDM2 to which p53 normally binds. Given that MDM2-p53 antagonists have been undergoing clinical trials for different types of cancer, this review illustrates different aspects of these new cancer targeted therapeutic agents with the focus on the major advances in the field. It emphasizes on the p53 function, regulation of p53, targeting of the p53-MDM2 interaction for cancer therapy, and p53-dependent and -independent effects of inhibition of p53-MDM2 interaction. Then, representatives of small molecule MDM2-p53 binding antagonists are introduced with a focus on those entered into clinical trials. Furthermore, the review discusses the gene signatures in order to predict sensitivity to MDM2 antagonists, potential side effects and the reasons for the observed hematotoxicity, mechanisms of resistance to these drugs, their evaluation as monotherapy or in combination with conventional chemotherapy or with other targeted therapeutic agents. Finally, it highlights the certainly intriguing questions and challenges which would be addressed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Zanjirband
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Isfahan, Azadi Square, Isfahan, Iran
| | - Soheila Rahgozar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, University of Isfahan, Azadi Square, Isfahan, Iran
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22
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Kawata Y, Nagasaka K, Oda K, Makii C, Takeuchi M, Oki S, Honjo H, Kojima M, Miyagawa Y, Taguchi A, Tanikawa M, Sone K, Hiraike H, Matsumoto Y, Wada-Hiraike O, Ayabe T, Osuga Y, Fujii T. Effect of murine double-minute 2 inhibitors in preclinical models of advanced clear cell carcinomas originating from ovaries and kidneys. Cancer Sci 2020; 111:3824-3834. [PMID: 32713096 PMCID: PMC7541011 DOI: 10.1111/cas.14583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2020] [Revised: 07/04/2020] [Accepted: 07/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Advanced clear cell carcinomas originating from both ovaries and kidneys with cancerous peritonitis have poor prognoses. Murine double-minute 2 (MDM2) is a potential therapeutic target for clear cell ovarian carcinomas with WT TP53. Herein, we characterized the antiangiogenic and antitumor effects of the MDM2 inhibitors DS-3032b and DS-5272 in 6 clear cell ovarian carcinoma cell lines and 2 clear cell renal carcinoma cell lines, as well as in clear cell ovarian carcinomas s.c. xenograft and ID8 (murine ovarian cancer cells with WT TP53) cancer peritonitis mouse models. In clear cell ovarian carcinoma s.c. xenograft mouse models, DS-3032b significantly reduced WT TP53 clear cell ovarian carcinoma- and clear cell renal carcinoma-derived tumor volumes. In ID8 mouse models, DS-5272 significantly inhibited ascites production, reduced body weight, and significantly improved overall survival. Additionally, DS-5272 reduced the tumor burden of peritoneal dissemination and decreased CD31+ cells in a dose-dependent manner. Furthermore, DS-5272 significantly decreased vascular endothelial growth factor concentrations in both sera and ascites. Combined therapy with MDM2 inhibitors and everolimus showed synergistic, and dose-reduction potential, for clear cell carcinoma treatment. Our findings suggest that MDM2 inhibitors represent promising molecular targeted therapy for clear cell carcinomas, thereby warranting further studies to evaluate the efficacy and safety of dual MDM2/mTOR inhibitors in clear cell carcinoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiko Kawata
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunori Nagasaka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Oda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Chinami Makii
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Makoto Takeuchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Shinya Oki
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Harunori Honjo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Machiko Kojima
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuko Miyagawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Ayumi Taguchi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michihiro Tanikawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenbun Sone
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Haruko Hiraike
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Matsumoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Wada-Hiraike
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takuya Ayabe
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Teikyo University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Osuga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Fujii
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
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23
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Hat B, Jaruszewicz-Błońska J, Lipniacki T. Model-based optimization of combination protocols for irradiation-insensitive cancers. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12652. [PMID: 32724100 PMCID: PMC7387345 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69380-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Alternations in the p53 regulatory network may render cancer cells resistant to the radiation-induced apoptosis. In this theoretical study we search for the best protocols combining targeted therapy with radiation to treat cancers with wild-type p53, but having downregulated expression of PTEN or overexpression of Wip1 resulting in resistance to radiation monotherapy. Instead of using the maximum tolerated dose paradigm, we exploit stochastic computational model of the p53 regulatory network to calculate apoptotic fractions for both normal and cancer cells. We consider combination protocols, with irradiations repeated every 12, 18, 24, or 36 h to find that timing between Mdm2 inhibitor delivery and irradiation significantly influences the apoptotic cell fractions. We assume that uptake of the inhibitor is higher by cancer than by normal cells and that cancer cells receive higher irradiation doses from intersecting beams. These two assumptions were found necessary for the existence of protocols inducing massive apoptosis in cancer cells without killing large fraction of normal cells neighboring tumor. The best found protocols have irradiations repeated every 24 or 36 h with two inhibitor doses per irradiation cycle, and allow to induce apoptosis in more than 95% of cancer cells, killing less than 10% of normal cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata Hat
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | | | - Tomasz Lipniacki
- Institute of Fundamental Technological Research, Polish Academy of Sciences, Warsaw, Poland.
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Abstract
Gynecologic clear cell carcinoma is a rare histology, accounting for ~5% of all ovarian and endometrial cancers in the United States. Compared to other types of gynecologic cancer, they are generally less responsive to standard therapy and have an overall worse prognosis. In addition, mounting evidence suggests that the landscape of genetic and molecular abnormalities observed in these tumors is distinct from other cancers that arise from the same sites of origin. On a molecular level, these tumors characteristically display upregulation of the PI3K-AKT-mTOR and RAS-RAF-MAPK signaling axes, frequent loss of ARID1a, and overexpression of MDM2. Evidence also suggests that these tumors are more likely to express programmed death ligand 1 or demonstrate microsatellite instability than other gynecologic cancers. Despite these important differences, there has been relatively little investigation into histology-specific treatment of clear cell gynecologic cancers, representing an opportunity for new drug development. In this article, we review the unique genetic and molecular features of gynecologic clear cell cancers with an emphasis on potential therapeutic targets. The results of completed studies of treatment for clear cell carcinoma are also presented. We conclude with a discussion of ongoing clinical trials and potential avenues for future study.
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Abstract
This review is an appraisal of the current state of knowledge of 2 enigmatic histotypes of ovarian carcinoma: endometrioid and clear cell carcinoma. Both show an association endometriosis and the hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch) syndrome, and both typically present at an early stage. Pathologic and immunohistochemical features that distinguish these tumors from high-grade serous carcinomas, each other, and other potential mimics are discussed, as are staging, grading, and molecular pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oluwole Fadare
- Department of Pathology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - Vinita Parkash
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, 20 York Street, EP2-607, New Haven, CT 06510, USA
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Liu Q, Liu H, Li L, Dong X, Ru X, Fan X, Wen T, Liu J. ATAD2 predicts poor outcomes in patients with ovarian cancer and is a marker of proliferation. Int J Oncol 2019; 56:219-231. [PMID: 31746426 PMCID: PMC6910177 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2019.4913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The oncogene ATPase family AAA domain-containing protein 2 (ATAD2) has been demonstrated to promote malignancy in a number of different types of tumor; however, its expression and role in ovarian cancer (OC) remain unknown. In the present study, it was demonstrated that ATAD2 acts as both a marker and a driver of cell proliferation in OC. Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and bioinformatics analyses were used to evaluate ATAD2 expression in OC, and multi-omics integrated analyses were used to dissect which factor resulted in its upregulation. Multiplex IHC assay was used to reveal the specific expression of ATAD2 in proliferating OC cells. CRISPR-Cas9-mediated gene editing was performed to investigate the effect of ATAD2 deletion on OC proliferation. The results demonstrated that ATAD2 is elevated in primary OC tissues compared with the adjacent normal tissue and metastases from the stomach. Genetic copy number amplification is a primary cause resulting in upregulation of ATAD2, and this was most frequently observed in OC. High ATAD2 expression was associated with advanced progression and predicted an unfavorable prognosis. ATAD2 could be used to identify cases of OC with a high proliferation signature and could label proliferating cells in OC. CRISPR-Cas9-mediated ATAD2 deletion resulted in a significant decrease in both cell proliferation and colony formation ability. Mechanistically, ATAD2-knockdown resulted in deactivation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathways, particularly the JNK-MAPK pathway, resulting in suppression of proliferation. Collectively, the data from the present study demonstrated that the ATD2 gene was frequently amplified and protein expression levels were upregulated in OC. Therefore, ATAD2 may serve as an attractive diagnostic and prognostic OC marker, which may be used to identify patients with primary OC, whom are most likely to benefit from ATAD2 gene-targeted proliferation intervention therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Beijing Anzhen Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100029, P.R. China
| | - Heshu Liu
- Department of Oncology, Beijing Chao‑Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, P.R. China
| | - Lina Li
- Medical Research Center, Beijing Chao‑Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, P.R. China
| | - Xiaomei Dong
- Department of Pathology, The First People's Hospital of Tancheng, Linyi, Shandong 276100, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoli Ru
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Beijing Chao‑Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, P.R. China
| | - Xiana Fan
- Medical Research Center, Beijing Chao‑Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, P.R. China
| | - Tao Wen
- Medical Research Center, Beijing Chao‑Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, P.R. China
| | - Jian Liu
- Medical Research Center, Beijing Chao‑Yang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100020, P.R. China
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Makii C, Ikeda Y, Oda K, Uehara Y, Nishijima A, Koso T, Kawata Y, Kashiyama T, Miyasaka A, Sone K, Tanikawa M, Tsuruga T, Mori-Uchino M, Nagasaka K, Matsumoto Y, Wada-Hiraike O, Kawana K, Hasegawa K, Fujiwara K, Aburatani H, Osuga Y, Fujii T. Anti-tumor activity of dual inhibition of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase and MDM2 against clear cell ovarian carcinoma. Gynecol Oncol 2019; 155:331-339. [PMID: 31493899 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2019.08.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 08/15/2019] [Accepted: 08/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION PI3K pathway signaling has received attention as a molecular target in clear cell ovarian carcinoma (CCOC). MDM2 is one of the AKT effectors in the PI3K pathway, which binds to and degrades p53. In this study, we aimed to clarify the prognostic significance of PIK3CA and MDM2 expression, and potential therapeutic effect of a dual inhibition of the PI3K pathway and MDM2. MATERIALS AND METHODS cDNA expression was evaluated by using microarray data using 75 samples of CCOC. DS-7423 (dual inhibitor of pan-PI3K and mTOR) and RG7112 (MDM2 inhibitor) were used on CCOC cell lines to evaluate cell proliferation, expression level of MDM2 related proteins, and apoptosis by MTT assay, western blotting, and flow cytometry. DS-7423 (3 mg/kg) and/or RG7112 (50 mg/kg) were orally administrated every day for three weeks, and the anti-tumor effect was evaluated using tumor xenografts, along with immunohistochemistry. RESULTS Tumors with high expression of both PIK3CA and MDM2 showed significantly worse prognosis in expression array of 71 CCOCs (P = 0.013). Dual inhibition of the PI3K pathway by DS-7423 and MDM2 by RG7112 showed synergistic anti-proliferative effect in 4 CCOC cell lines without TP53 mutations. The combination therapy more robustly induced pro-apoptotic proteins (PUMA and cleaved PARP) with increase of sub G1 population and apoptotic cells, compared with either single agent alone. The combination therapy significantly reduced tumor volume in mice (P < 0.001 in OVISE, and P = 0.038 in RMG-I) without severe body weight loss. Immunohistochemistry from the xenograft tumors showed that the combination treatment significantly reduced vascularity and cell proliferation, with an increase of apoptotic cell death. CONCLUSION A combination therapy targeting the PI3K pathway and MDM2 might be a promising therapeutic strategy in CCOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinami Makii
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yuji Ikeda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan; Current address; Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Katsutoshi Oda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Yuriko Uehara
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan; Division of Genome Science, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Akira Nishijima
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan; Division of Genome Science, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takahiro Koso
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan; Division of Genome Science, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshiko Kawata
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoko Kashiyama
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Aki Miyasaka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenbun Sone
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Michihiro Tanikawa
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tetsushi Tsuruga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mayuyo Mori-Uchino
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazunori Nagasaka
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoko Matsumoto
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Osamu Wada-Hiraike
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kei Kawana
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Nihon University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kosei Hasegawa
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Keiichi Fujiwara
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Aburatani
- Division of Genome Science, Research Center for Advanced Science and Technology, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yutaka Osuga
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomoyuki Fujii
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Japan
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Al-Ghabkari A, Narendran A. In Vitro Characterization of a Potent p53-MDM2 Inhibitor, RG7112 in Neuroblastoma Cancer Cell Lines. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2019; 34:252-257. [PMID: 30724592 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2018.2732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Neuroblastoma (NB) is one of the most aggressive and common solid tumors in pediatrics. Development of effective new therapeutics for NB is in progress to help reduce mortality and morbidity of the disease, particularly in relapsed patients. The tumor suppressor protein p53 plays a critical role in multiple signaling pathways to maintain cellular hemostasis. Dysregulation of p53 protein and/or molecular aberrations have been associated with multiple human malignancies. p53 stability and protein activity is negatively regulated by the E3 ubiquitin ligase (MDM2). Thus, targeting p53-MDM2 protein-protein interaction is a feasible and promising therapeutic strategy to restore the physiological function of p53 in cancer cells. RG7112 is a highly potent and selective small molecule inhibitor, which target a unique structure located within p53 binding motif of MDM2. Methods: The efficacy of RG7112 in vitro using NB cell lines was examined. Two wild-type (WT)-p53 NB cell lines IMR5 and LAN-5, a mutant p53 cell line SK-N-BE(2), and a WT-p53/p14 deleted cell line SH-EP were employed. Results: Data showed that RG7112 significantly reduced cellular viability of IMR5 (IC50, 562 nM) and LAN-5 (IC50, 430 nM), but not SK-N-BE(2) and SH-EP cells. Further, RG7112 restores p53 and p21 protein levels in IMR5 and LAN-5 in a dose-dependent manner. RG7112 induces cell cycle arresting (60% G1 arresting) in WT-p53 cells (IMR5), but no pronounced effect observed in SK-N-BE(2). In this study, 15 different drugs in combination with RG7112 in IMR5 cell line and identified venetoclax (Bcl-2/Bcl-xL inhibitor) as a promising candidate were evaluated. Conclusions: Taken together, these findings provide initial proof-of-concept data for further investigations of RG7112 in selected subgroups of NB patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdulhameed Al-Ghabkari
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
| | - Aru Narendran
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Arnie Charbonneau Cancer Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Alberta, Canada
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Oda K, Hamanishi J, Matsuo K, Hasegawa K. Genomics to immunotherapy of ovarian clear cell carcinoma: Unique opportunities for management. Gynecol Oncol 2018; 151:381-389. [PMID: 30217369 PMCID: PMC7526052 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygyno.2018.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian clear cell carcinoma (OCCC) is distinctive from other histological types of epithelial ovarian cancer, with genetic/epigenetic alterations, a specific immune-related molecular profile, and epidemiologic associations with ethnicity and endometriosis. These findings allow for the exploration of unique and specific treatments for OCCC. Two major mutated genes in OCCC are PIK3CA and ARID1A, which are frequently coexistent with each other. Other genes' alterations also contribute to activation of the PI3K (e.g. PIK3R1 and PTEN) and dysregulation of the chromatin remodeling complex (e.g. ARID1B, and SMARKA4). Although the number of focal copy number variations is small in OCCC, amplification is recurrently detected at chromosome 20q13.2 (including ZNF217), 8q, and 17q. Both expression and methylation profiling highlight the significance of adjustments to oxidative stress and inflammation. In particular, up-regulation of HNF-1β resulting from hypomethylation contributes to the switch from anaerobic to aerobic glucose metabolism. Additionally, up-regulation of HNF-1β activates STAT3 and NF-κB signaling, and leads to immune suppression via production of IL-6 and IL-8. Immune suppression may also be induced by the increased expression of PD-1, Tim-3 and LAG3. Mismatch repair deficient (microsatellite instable) tumors as found in Lynch syndrome also induce immune suppression in some OCCC. In a recent phase II clinical trial in heavily-treated platinum-resistant ovarian cancer, two out of twenty cases with a complete response to the anti-PD-1 antibody, nivolumab, were OCCC subtypes. Thus, the immune-suppressive state resulting from both genetic alterations and the unique tumor microenvironment may be associated with sensitivity to immune checkpoint inhibitors in OCCC. In this review, we highlight recent update and progress in OCCC from both the genomic and immunologic points of view, addressing the future candidate therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katsutoshi Oda
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Graduate School of Medicine, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Junzo Hamanishi
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan.
| | - Koji Matsuo
- Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Norris Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Kosei Hasegawa
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Saitama Medical University International Medical Center, Saitama, Japan
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30
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Expression of cell cycle regulators and frequency of TP53 mutations in high risk gastrointestinal stromal tumors prior to adjuvant imatinib treatment. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193048. [PMID: 29451912 PMCID: PMC5815598 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite of multitude investigations no reliable prognostic immunohistochemical biomarkers in GIST have been established so far with added value to predict the recurrence risk of high risk GIST besides mitotic count, primary location and size. In this study, we analyzed the prognostic relevance of eight cell cycle and apoptosis modulators and of TP53 mutations for prognosis in GIST with high risk of recurrence prior to adjuvant treatment with imatinib. In total, 400 patients with high risk for GIST recurrence were randomly assigned for adjuvant imatinib either for one or for three years following laparotomy. 320 primary tumor samples with available tumor tissue were immunohistochemically analyzed prior to treatment for the expression of cell cycle regulators and apoptosis modulators cyclin D1, p21, p16, CDK4, E2F1, MDM2, p53 and p-RB1. TP53 mutational analysis was possible in 245 cases. A high expression of CDK4 was observed in 32.8% of all cases and was associated with a favorable recurrence free survival (RFS), whereas high expression of MDM2 (12.2%) or p53 (35.3%) was associated with a shorter RFS. These results were independent from the primary KIT or PDGFRA mutation. In GISTs with higher mitotic counts was a significantly increased expression of cyclin D1, p53 and E2F1. The expression of p16 and E2F1 significantly correlated to a non-gastric localization. Furthermore, we observed a significant higher expression of p21 and E2F1 in KIT mutant GISTs compared to PDGFRA mutant and wt GISTs. The overall frequency of TP53 mutations was low (n = 8; 3.5%) and could not be predicted by the immunohistochemical expression of p53. In summary, mutation analysis in TP53 plays a minor role in the subgroup of high-risk GIST before adjuvant treatment with imatinib. Strong expression of MDM2 and p53 correlated with a shorter recurrence free survival, whereas a strong expression of CDK4 correlated to a better recurrence free survival.
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31
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Zanjirband M, Curtin N, Edmondson RJ, Lunec J. Combination treatment with rucaparib (Rubraca) and MDM2 inhibitors, Nutlin-3 and RG7388, has synergistic and dose reduction potential in ovarian cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:69779-69796. [PMID: 29050241 PMCID: PMC5642516 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.19266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is the seventh most common cancer worldwide for females and the most lethal of all gynecological malignancies. The treatment of ovarian cancer remains a challenge in spite of advances in debulking surgery and changes in both chemotherapy schedules and routes of administration. Cancer treatment has recently been improving with the introduction of targeted therapies to achieve greater specificity and less cytotoxicity. Both PARP inhibitors and MDM2-p53 binding antagonists are targeted therapeutic agents entered into clinical trials. This preclinical study evaluated the effect of Nutlin-3/RG7388 and rucaparib as single agents and in combination together in a panel of ovarian cancer cell lines. Median-drug-effect analysis showed Nutlin-3/RG7388 combination with rucaparib was additive to, or synergistic in a cell type-dependent manner. Mechanism studies showed rucaparib alone had no effect on p53 stabilization or activity. Although treatment with Nutlin-3 or RG7388 induced stabilization of p53 and upregulation of p21WAF1 and MDM2, the addition of rucaparib did not enhance the p53 activation seen with the MDM2 inhibitors alone. These results demonstrate that the synergistic effect on growth inhibition observed in the combination between rucaparib and Nutlin-3/RG7388 is not the result of increased p53 molecular pathway activation. Nevertheless, combined treatment of Nutlin-3/RG7388 with rucaparib increased cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, which was marked for A2780 and IGROV-1. These data indicate that combination treatment with MDM2 inhibitors and rucaparib has synergistic and dose reduction potential for the treatment of ovarian cancer, dependent on cell type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Zanjirband
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Nicola Curtin
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
| | - Richard J. Edmondson
- Faculty Institute for Cancer Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9WL, United Kingdom
| | - John Lunec
- Northern Institute for Cancer Research, Newcastle University, Newcastle Upon Tyne NE2 4HH, United Kingdom
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Pecháčková S, Burdová K, Macurek L. WIP1 phosphatase as pharmacological target in cancer therapy. J Mol Med (Berl) 2017; 95:589-599. [PMID: 28439615 PMCID: PMC5442293 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-017-1536-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 04/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
DNA damage response (DDR) pathway protects cells from genome instability and prevents cancer development. Tumor suppressor p53 is a key molecule that interconnects DDR, cell cycle checkpoints, and cell fate decisions in the presence of genotoxic stress. Inactivating mutations in TP53 and other genes implicated in DDR potentiate cancer development and also influence the sensitivity of cancer cells to treatment. Protein phosphatase 2C delta (referred to as WIP1) is a negative regulator of DDR and has been proposed as potential pharmaceutical target. Until recently, exploitation of WIP1 inhibition for suppression of cancer cell growth was compromised by the lack of selective small-molecule inhibitors effective at cellular and organismal levels. Here, we review recent advances in development of WIP1 inhibitors and discuss their potential use in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soňa Pecháčková
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR, CZ-14220, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Kamila Burdová
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR, CZ-14220, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Libor Macurek
- Department of Cancer Cell Biology, Institute of Molecular Genetics of the ASCR, CZ-14220, Prague, Czech Republic.
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