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Saqirile, Deng Y, Li K, Yan W, Li K, Wang C. Gene Expression Regulation and the Signal Transduction of Programmed Cell Death. Curr Issues Mol Biol 2024; 46:10264-10298. [PMID: 39329964 DOI: 10.3390/cimb46090612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2024] [Revised: 09/13/2024] [Accepted: 09/14/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Cell death is of great significance in maintaining tissue homeostasis and bodily functions. With considerable research coming to the fore, it has been found that programmed cell death presents in multiple modalities in the body, which is not only limited to apoptosis, but also can be divided into autophagy, pyroptosis, ferroptosis, mitotic catastrophe, entosis, netosis, and other ways. Different forms of programmed cell death have disparate or analogous characteristics with each other, and their occurrence is accompanied by multiple signal transduction and the role of a myriad of regulatory factors. In recent years, scholars across the world have carried out considerable in-depth research on programmed cell death, and new forms of cell death are being discovered continually. Concomitantly, the mechanisms of intricate signaling pathways and regulators have been discovered. More critically, cancer cells tend to choose distinct ways to evade cell death, and different tumors adapt to different manners of death. Therefore, targeting the cell death network has been regarded as an effective tumor treatment strategy for a long time. The objective of our paper is to review the signaling pathways and gene regulation in several typical types of programmed cell death and their correlation with cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saqirile
- Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, 49 Xilingol South Road, Yu Quan District, Hohhot 010020, China
| | - Yuxin Deng
- Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, 49 Xilingol South Road, Yu Quan District, Hohhot 010020, China
| | - Kexin Li
- Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, 49 Xilingol South Road, Yu Quan District, Hohhot 010020, China
| | - Wenxin Yan
- Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, 49 Xilingol South Road, Yu Quan District, Hohhot 010020, China
| | - Ke Li
- Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, 49 Xilingol South Road, Yu Quan District, Hohhot 010020, China
| | - Changshan Wang
- Laboratory of Reproductive Regulation & Breeding of Grassland Livestock, School of Life Science, Inner Mongolia University, 49 Xilingol South Road, Yu Quan District, Hohhot 010020, China
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Chung EH, Kim JW, Kim JH, Jeong JS, Lim JH, Boo SY, Ko JW, Kim TW. Ageratum conyzoides Extract Ameliorates Testosterone-Induced Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia via Inhibiting Proliferation, Inflammation of Prostates, and Induction of Apoptosis in Rats. Nutrients 2024; 16:2267. [PMID: 39064710 PMCID: PMC11280401 DOI: 10.3390/nu16142267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2024] [Revised: 07/12/2024] [Accepted: 07/12/2024] [Indexed: 07/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Ageratum conyzoides, an annual herbaceous plant that inhabits tropical and subtropical regions, has been traditionally used in Asia, Africa, and South America for phytotherapy to treat infectious and inflammatory conditions. However, the pharmacological effects of standardized ethanolic extract of Ageratum conyzoides (ACE) on benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) remain unexplored. The objective of this research is to examine the potential physiological impacts of ACE, a traditionally utilized remedy for inflammatory ailments, in a rat model with BPH induced by testosterone propionate (TP). Rats were subcutaneously administered TP (3 mg/kg) to induce BPH and concurrently orally administered ACE (20, 50, and 100 mg/kg) daily for 42 days. ACE markedly improved BPH characteristics, including prostate weight, prostate index, and epithelial thickness, while also suppressing androgens and related hormones. The findings were supported by a decrease in androgen receptor and downstream signals associated with BPH in the prostate tissues of the ACE groups. Furthermore, increased apoptotic signals were observed in the prostate tissue of the ACE groups, along with heightened detection of the apoptotic nucleus compared to the BPH alone group. These changes seen in the group that received finasteride were similar to those observed in this group. These findings suggest that ACE shows promise as an alternative phytotherapeutic agent for treating BPH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun-Hye Chung
- BK21 FOUR Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Daejeon 34131, Republic of Korea; (E.-H.C.); (J.-W.K.); (J.-H.K.); (J.-S.J.); (S.-Y.B.)
| | - Jeong-Won Kim
- BK21 FOUR Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Daejeon 34131, Republic of Korea; (E.-H.C.); (J.-W.K.); (J.-H.K.); (J.-S.J.); (S.-Y.B.)
| | - Jin-Hwa Kim
- BK21 FOUR Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Daejeon 34131, Republic of Korea; (E.-H.C.); (J.-W.K.); (J.-H.K.); (J.-S.J.); (S.-Y.B.)
| | - Ji-Soo Jeong
- BK21 FOUR Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Daejeon 34131, Republic of Korea; (E.-H.C.); (J.-W.K.); (J.-H.K.); (J.-S.J.); (S.-Y.B.)
| | | | - So-Young Boo
- BK21 FOUR Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Daejeon 34131, Republic of Korea; (E.-H.C.); (J.-W.K.); (J.-H.K.); (J.-S.J.); (S.-Y.B.)
| | - Je-Won Ko
- BK21 FOUR Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Daejeon 34131, Republic of Korea; (E.-H.C.); (J.-W.K.); (J.-H.K.); (J.-S.J.); (S.-Y.B.)
| | - Tae-Won Kim
- BK21 FOUR Program, College of Veterinary Medicine, Chungnam National University, 99 Daehak-ro, Daejeon 34131, Republic of Korea; (E.-H.C.); (J.-W.K.); (J.-H.K.); (J.-S.J.); (S.-Y.B.)
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Zhang J, Chen H, Tong T, Liu R, Yan S, Liang X, Martyniuk CJ, Zha J. Comparative toxicogenomics of benzotriazole ultraviolet stabilizers at environmental concentrations in Asian clam (Corbicula fluminea): Insight into molecular networks and behavior. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2023; 447:130811. [PMID: 36669413 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.130811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 01/06/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Benzotriazole ultraviolet stabilizers (BUVSs) are widespread emerging pollutants, which can pose exposure risks to benthic organisms. However, the toxicity and mechanisms of BUVSs congeners in benthic clams are far from elucidated. In this study, Asian clams (Corbicula fluminea) were exposed to one of UV-234, UV-326, UV-329, or UV-P at environmentally relevant levels (0.1, 1, and 10 μg/L) for 21 days. Filtration rate (FR) was increased in clams exposed to all BUVSs and there were notable histopathologic changes, including irregular digestive lumen, lipid droplet vacuolation, and degraded epithelial cells. To determine the molecular underpinnings following BUVSs exposure, the transcriptome responses in digestive glands were compared. Differentially expressed genes shared among BUVSs treatments were associated with focal adhesion, TNF-α/NF-κB proinflammatory pathways, and apoptosis. Following this, biochemical analysis of biomarkers related to apoptosis were conducted to further validate response. Exposure to BUVSs inhibited anti-oxidant enzyme activity and induced oxidative stress. Heat shock proteins were also triggered with exposure, and there was an induction of caspase-3 and caspase-9 activity. Molecular responses were not identical in the digestive gland of C. fluminea when comparing responses to BUVSs; nevertheless conserved mechanism (impairment of the oxidative defense system, immune system disruption, and induction of apoptosis) among BUVSs congeners was noted. This study provides novel insight into the toxicity and hazards of BUVSs in benthic organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiye Zhang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control & Waste Resource Reuse, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Huihui Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Lake Science and Environment, Nanjing Institute of Geography and Limnology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Nanjing 210008, China
| | - Tianheng Tong
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control & Waste Resource Reuse, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Ruimin Liu
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control & Waste Resource Reuse, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China
| | - Saihong Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Xuefang Liang
- Inner Mongolia Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control & Waste Resource Reuse, School of Ecology and Environment, Inner Mongolia University, Hohhot 010021, China.
| | - Christopher J Martyniuk
- Department of Physiological Sciences and Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology, University of Florida Genetics Institute, Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Sciences Neuroscience, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Jinmiao Zha
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Aquatic Chemistry, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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Sonicated Extract from the Aril of Momordica Cochinchinensis Inhibits Cell Proliferation and Migration in Aggressive Prostate Cancer Cells. J Toxicol 2022; 2022:1149856. [PMID: 36605288 PMCID: PMC9810401 DOI: 10.1155/2022/1149856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/20/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Momordica cochinchinensis or gac fruit has been reported to have several biological activities, including antioxidation, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities. However, the effect on cancer cell metastasis has not been extensively studied. With this aim, the extract from the aril part was selected and investigated for prostate cancer cell migration. The aril extracts were prepared as boiled extract, sonicated extract, ethanol extract, and HAE (hexane:acetone:ethanol; 2 : 1 : 1) extract, while the prostate cancer cell models were PC-3 and LNCaP cells. An MTT assay was performed to compare the antiproliferative effect between prostate cancer cells and normal Vero cells. As a result, the sonicated extract had the highest efficiency in PC-3 cells, with IC50 values of 2 mg/mL and 0.59 mg/mL for 48 and 72 h, respectively, while it had less of an effect in LNCaP cells and was not toxic to normal cells. Cell damage was further confirmed using LDH and cell cycle analysis. As a result, the sonicated extract did not cause cell damage or death and only inhibited cell proliferation. The effect on cancer metastasis was further examined by wound healing, transwell migration assays, and western blotting. The results demonstrated that the sonicated extract inhibited PC-3 cell migration and decreased MMP-9 but increased TIMP-1 expression. All these results support that gac fruit is a valuable source for further development as an anticancer agent for prostate cancer patients.
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Boyenle ID, Ogunlana AT, Kehinde Oyedele AQ, Olokodana BK, Owolabi N, Salahudeen A, Aderenle OT, Oloyede TO, Adelusi TI. Reinstating apoptosis using putative Bcl-xL natural product inhibitors: Molecular docking and ADMETox profiling investigations. J Taibah Univ Med Sci 2022; 18:461-469. [PMID: 36818176 PMCID: PMC9906007 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtumed.2022.10.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Revised: 09/17/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives While a fine balance in the pro-apoptotic and anti-apoptotic family members of the B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) protein family represents a normal signaling profile, a tilt in balance towards anti-apoptotic family members has fortified different forms of cancers with survival advantage and resistance against treatment. Induction of apoptosis is a key therapeutic approach in cancer drug discovery, and the inhibition of the anti-apoptotic B cell lymphoma extra-large (Bcl-xL) is a long-standing clinical target for cancer therapy. In this study, we combined computer-aided approaches to report putative binders for this target. Methods Before our virtual screening campaign, we conducted a redocking experiment strategy of the x-ray bound inhibitor of the Bcl-xL protein with some of the available docking software at our disposal to determine the software with the best efficiency for this screening. iGEMDOCK emerged to reproduce the x-ray crystallographic information and was used to dock the library of ligand, which was developed from diverse literature reporting compounds with anti-apoptotic profiles through the Bcl-2 family. Results Of the compounds in the library, alpha-mangostin and oubain scored as hits with binding energy values of -123.025 kcal/mol and -122.271 kcal/mol, respectively, which is more than -120.8 kcal/mol observed by the standard. Conclusions These compounds revealed a more binding affinity potential than ABT-737, which is a standard inhibitor of the protein. In addition, these scaffolds not only interact with relevant and hotspot residues for the inhibition of Bcl-xL but also possess good pharmacokinetic and excellent toxicity, an endpoint that should be considered for further testing and drug development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ibrahim Damilare Boyenle
- Department of Nursing Science, College of Health Science, Crescent University, Abeokuta, Nigeria,Computational Biology/Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Nigeria
| | - Abdeen Tunde Ogunlana
- Computational Biology/Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Nigeria
| | - Abdul-Quddus Kehinde Oyedele
- Computational Biology/Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Nigeria,Biochemistry and Nutrition Department, Nigeria Institute of Medical Research, Lagos, Nigeria
| | | | - Nurudeen Owolabi
- Department of Biochemistry, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Nigeria
| | - Abdulmalik Salahudeen
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
| | | | | | - Temitope Isaac Adelusi
- Computational Biology/Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Nigeria,Corresponding address: Computational Biology/Drug Discovery Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Nigeria.
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Wang XZ, Xia L, Zhang XY, Chen Q, Li X, Mou Y, Wang T, Zhang YN. The multifaceted mechanisms of Paeoniflorin in the treatment of tumors: State-of-the-Art. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 149:112800. [PMID: 35279012 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2022] [Revised: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Paeoniflorin is a water-soluble monoterpenoid glycoside that can be derived from multiple herbaceous plants, such as Radix Paeoniae Rubra, Radix Paeoniae Alba, Paeonia suffruticosa and Cimicifugae Foetidae. Multiple studies have suggested that Paeoniflorin possesses an excellent anti-tumor effect in variety of tumors, including liver cancer, gastric cancer, breast cancer, lung cancer, pancreatic cancer, colorectal cancer and bladder cancer. It can induce cell apoptosis, inhibit proliferation, invasion and metastasis via different molecular mechanisms, which are mainly involved in nuclear transcription factor kappα (NF-κB), B-cell lymphoma-2(Bcl-2) family, MicroRNA, neural precursor cell expressed developmentally down-regulated protein 4(NEDD4) signaling pathway, transcription activating factor (STAT3), p21, p53/14-3-3 signaling pathway, transforming growth factor-β1(TGF-β1)/Smads signaling pathway, Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway and Notch-1. Current studies on anti-tumor effect and mechanism of action of Paeoniflorin remain unclear. Therefore, this study reviews the research progress in the anti-tumor effect and mechanism of Paeoniflorin in an attempt to provide a new thought and theoretical basis for further development and clinical application of Paeoniflorin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Zhen Wang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shangdong Province 250355, China; Shandong Co-Innovation Center of Classic TCM Formula, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shangdong Province 250355, China.
| | - Lei Xia
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shangdong Province 250355, China; Shandong Co-Innovation Center of Classic TCM Formula, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shangdong Province 250355, China
| | - Xiao Yu Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shangdong Province 250355, China; Shandong Co-Innovation Center of Classic TCM Formula, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shangdong Province 250355, China
| | - Qian Chen
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shangdong Province 250355, China; Shandong Co-Innovation Center of Classic TCM Formula, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shangdong Province 250355, China
| | - Xiao Li
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shangdong Province 250355, China
| | - Yue Mou
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shangdong Province 250355, China; Shandong Co-Innovation Center of Classic TCM Formula, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shangdong Province 250355, China
| | - Tong Wang
- School of Nursing, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shangdong Province 250355, China.
| | - Ya Nan Zhang
- College of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shangdong Province 250355, China; Shandong Co-Innovation Center of Classic TCM Formula, Shandong University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Jinan, Shangdong Province 250355, China.
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Cavaliere M, Bisogno A, Scarpa A, D'Urso A, Marra P, Colacurcio V, De Luca P, Ralli M, Cassandro E, Cassandro C. Biomarkers of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma: a review. Ann Diagn Pathol 2021; 54:151787. [PMID: 34242969 DOI: 10.1016/j.anndiagpath.2021.151787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Laryngeal carcinoma is the second common malignancy of the upper aerodigestive tract after lung cancer; in most cases is a squamous cell carcinoma, whose risk factors include tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption. Despite therapeutic progress, the five-year overall survival rate for this malignancy has remained nearly 50% and many patients already present metastasis at the time of diagnosis. To date, there are no tools that predict the evolution of laryngeal carcinoma: in this light, during the last years, many studies were planned with the aim to investigate the role played by different biomarkers expressed by larynx cancer, which can help make an early diagnosis, predict disease evolution and direct therapeutic choice. This review aims to summarize these markers and correlating them with disease evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Cavaliere
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Via Salvador Allende 43, 84081 Baronissi, Salerno, Italy
| | - Antonella Bisogno
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Via Salvador Allende 43, 84081 Baronissi, Salerno, Italy.
| | - Alfonso Scarpa
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Via Salvador Allende 43, 84081 Baronissi, Salerno, Italy
| | - Alessia D'Urso
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Via Salvador Allende 43, 84081 Baronissi, Salerno, Italy
| | - Pasquale Marra
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Via Salvador Allende 43, 84081 Baronissi, Salerno, Italy
| | - Vito Colacurcio
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Via Salvador Allende 43, 84081 Baronissi, Salerno, Italy
| | - Pietro De Luca
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Via Salvador Allende 43, 84081 Baronissi, Salerno, Italy
| | - Massimo Ralli
- Department of Sense Organs, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale del Policlinico 155, 00161 Rome, Italy.
| | - Ettore Cassandro
- Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Salerno, Via Salvador Allende 43, 84081 Baronissi, Salerno, Italy.
| | - Claudia Cassandro
- Surgical Sciences Department, University of Turin, Corso Dogliotti 14, 10124 Turin, Italy
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Hatibaruah A, Rahman M, Agarwala S, Singh SA, Gupta S, Paul P. Circular RNAs in cancer and diabetes. J Genet 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-021-01268-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Gao Y, Zhou X, Zhou Y, Zhang W, Zhao L. Chrysene accelerates the proceeding of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease with the aggravation of inflammation and apoptosis in cigarette smoke exposed mice. Hum Exp Toxicol 2020; 40:1031-1044. [PMID: 33345606 DOI: 10.1177/0960327120979343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Chrysene, one of the basic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), has been reported to make damages to human health and living environment. Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive disorder with high morbidity and mortality. To investigate the role of chrysene in the development of COPD, male C57BL/6 mice were exposed to the cigarette smoke (CS) followed with the administration of chrysene. Morphological analyses indicated that chrysene caused earlier and severer pathological changes in CS-exposed mice. Besides, CS-exposed mice with chrysene treatment showed obvious collagen deposition, elevated α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) expression and reduced E-cadherin abundance at earlier stage, which suggested the acceleration and aggravation of pulmonary fibrosis. Moreover, quantification of leukocytes and pro-inflammatory cytokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and lung tissues implied that chrysene significantly exacerbated the proceeding of inflammation in CS-exposed mice. Furthermore, significantly increased apoptotic rates, augmented expressions of apoptotic related proteins and highly expressed TRPV1 were determined in CS-exposed mice with chrysene treatment, which indicated the association between COPD pathogenesis and TRPV1 channel. In summary, our findings elucidate that chrysene accelerates the development of COPD in a murine model with new molecular mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 85024Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinjia Zhou
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, 85024Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 85024Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 85024Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Zhao
- Department of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, 85024Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
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Ray L. Synergistic anticancer activity by co-delivered nanosized dual therapeutic agents and siRNA in colon cancer. J Drug Deliv Sci Technol 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jddst.2019.101351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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The Incomplete Puzzle of the BCL2 Proteins. Cells 2019; 8:cells8101176. [PMID: 31569576 PMCID: PMC6830314 DOI: 10.3390/cells8101176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 09/26/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The proteins of the BCL2 family are key players in multiple cellular processes, chief amongst them being the regulation of mitochondrial integrity and apoptotic cell death. These proteins establish an intricate interaction network that expands both the cytosol and the surface of organelles to dictate the cell fate. The complexity and unpredictability of the BCL2 interactome resides in the large number of family members and of interaction surfaces, as well as on their different behaviours in solution and in the membrane. Although our current structural knowledge of the BCL2 proteins has been proven therapeutically relevant, the precise structure of membrane-bound complexes and the regulatory effect that membrane lipids exert over these proteins remain key questions in the field. Here, we discuss the complexity of BCL2 interactome, the new insights, and the black matter in the field.
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Mahmoodi S, Nezafat N. In SilicoDesigning a Novel Multi-epitope DNA Vaccine against Anti-apoptotic Proteins in Tumor Cells. CURR PROTEOMICS 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1570164616666181127142214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Background:Cancer therapy has been known as one of the most important challenges in the world. Various therapeutic methods such as cancer immunotherapy are used to eradicate tumor cells. Vaccines have an important role among different cancer immunotherapeutic approaches. In the field of vaccine production, bioinformatics approach is considered as a useful tool to design multi-epitope cancer vaccines, mainly for selecting immunodominant Cytotoxic T Lymphocytes (CTL) and Helper T Lymphocytes (HTL) epitopes.Objective:Generally, to design efficient multi-epitope cancer vaccines, Tumor-Specific Antigens (TSA) are targeted. In the context of DNA-based cancer vaccines, they contain genes that code tumor antigens and are delivered to host by different methods.Methods:In this study, the anti-apoptotic proteins (BCL2, BCL-X, survivin) that are over-expressed in different tumor cells were selected for CTL and HTL epitopes prediction through different servers such as RANKPEP, CTLpred, and BCPREDS.Results:Three regions from BCL2 and one region from BCL-X were selected as CTL epitopes and two segments from survivin were defined as HTL epitopes. In addition, β-defensin was used as a proper adjuvant to enhance vaccine efficacy. The aforesaid segments were joined together by appropriate linkers, and some important properties of designed vaccine such as antigenicity, allergenicity and physicochemical characteristics were determined by various bioinformatics servers.Conclusion:Based on the bioinformatics results, the physicochemical and immunological features showed that the designed vaccine construct can be used as an efficient cancer vaccine after its efficacy was confirmed by in vitro and in vivo immunological assays.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Mahmoodi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, School of Medicine, Fasa University of Medical Sciences, Fasa, Iran
| | - Navid Nezafat
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
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13
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Kwon HJ, Yang JM, Lee JO, Lee JS, Paik JH. Clinicopathologic implication of PD-L1 and phosphorylated STAT3 expression in diffuse large B cell lymphoma. J Transl Med 2018; 16:320. [PMID: 30458835 PMCID: PMC6245852 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-018-1689-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antitumor immune response of programmed cell death ligand (PD-L1) has shown clinical value not only in Hodgkin lymphoma and EBV-associated lymphomas but also in EBV-negative diffuse large B cell lymphoma (DLBCL) of non-germinal center B cell-like (non-GCB) subtype. Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is known to induce PD-L1 in immune cells and its activated form, phosphorylated STAT3 (pSTAT3), is also frequently expressed in non-GCB DLBCL. Herein, we investigated associations between PD-L1 expression/gene alteration, pSTAT3 expression and clinicopathologic variables in EBV-negative DLBCL. METHODS In 107 cases of DLBCLs with non-GCB subtype (67%; 72/107), GCB subtype (25%; 27/107) and unclassifiable cases (8%; 8/107), we performed PD-L1 and pSTAT3 immunohistochemistry and fluorescence in situ hybridization for PD-L1 gene translocation and copy number gain/amplification. RESULTS PD-L1 was expressed in tumor cells (PD-L1t) in 21% (23/107; 30% cutoff), immune cells (PD-L1i) in 36% (38/107; 20% cutoff), and pSTAT3 in tumor nuclei in 41% (44/107; 40% cutoff). PD-L1 gene alteration was observed in 10% (10/102) including translocation in 6% (6/102) and copy number gain/amplification in 4% (4/102). Non-GCB subtype was associated with PD-L1t and pSTAT3 (p = 0.006 and p = 0.042), and tended to have PD-L1 gene alteration (p = 0.058). Tumoral PD-L1 expression without gene alteration (PD-L1t+ GA-) correlated with pSTAT3-positive tumor cell proportions (%) (p = 0.033). In survival analysis, pSTAT3 expression independently predicted shorter PFS in total cohort (p = 0.017) and R-CHOP-treated group (p = 0.007), and in pSTAT3-negative R-CHOP-treated subset, PD-L1 expression in immune cells (PD-L1i) correlated with shorter PFS (p = 0.042). CONCLUSIONS Gene alteration and protein expression of PD-L1 and pSTAT3 expression were closely related in DLBCL and constituted features of non-GCB subtype. In addition to known clinical significance of pSTAT3, immune cell expression of PD-L1 (PD-L1i) had also clinical value in pSTAT3-dependent manner. These findings may provide an insight into immunotherapeutic strategy and risk stratification in DLBCL patients.
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MESH Headings
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/therapeutic use
- B7-H1 Antigen/genetics
- B7-H1 Antigen/metabolism
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cohort Studies
- Disease-Free Survival
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic/drug effects
- Humans
- Kaplan-Meier Estimate
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/genetics
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/metabolism
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/pathology
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- STAT3 Transcription Factor/genetics
- STAT3 Transcription Factor/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jung Kwon
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 300 Gumi-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, 463-707 South Korea
| | - Jeong Mi Yang
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 300 Gumi-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, 463-707 South Korea
| | - Jeong-Ok Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Jong Seok Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, South Korea
| | - Jin Ho Paik
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, 300 Gumi-dong, Bundang-gu, Seongnam, 463-707 South Korea
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14
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Cai J, Liu T, Jiang X, Guo C, Liu A, Xiao X. Downregulation of USP18 inhibits growth and induces apoptosis in hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma cells by suppressing BCL2L1. Exp Cell Res 2017; 358:315-322. [PMID: 28709980 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitin-specific peptidase 18 (USP18) is closely related with hepatitis B virus (HBV), which has been involved in tumourigenesis. However, there has been little research into the role of USP18 on the progression of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), especially in HBV-related HCC. In present study, we found that USP18 expression was aberrantly elevated in HCC tissues than adjacent non-tumour tissues. Importantly, USP18 expression was higher in HBV-related HCC cell lines (HepG2.2.15 and Hep3B) than HBV-unrelated HCC cell lines. Furthermore, knockdown of USP18 significantly suppressed tumour cell proliferation in vitro and tumour growth in vivo, whereas overexpression of USP18 promoted HCC cells growth. Moreover, our experimental data revealed that USP18 silencing obviously blocked cell cycle at G1 phase and increased cell apoptosis. Finally, BCL2L1, a member of BCL2 family protein, was identified as a downstream gene of USP18. Mechanistically, we found that USP18 directly bind to BCL2L1 and positively regulated its expression in HCC cells. Overall, our results suggested that USP18 has a crucial role in regulating diverse aspects of the pathogenesis of HCC, indicating that it might be a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Cai
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330006, China
| | - Tiande Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330006, China
| | - Xiaoliu Jiang
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330006, China
| | - Changkuo Guo
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330006, China
| | - Anwen Liu
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330006, China.
| | - Xinlan Xiao
- Department of Radiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang University, Nanchang, Jiangxi Province 330006, China.
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15
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Zhao G, Neely AM, Schwarzer C, Lu H, Whitt AG, Stivers NS, Burlison JA, White C, Machen TE, Li C. N-(3-oxo-acyl) homoserine lactone inhibits tumor growth independent of Bcl-2 proteins. Oncotarget 2016; 7:5924-42. [PMID: 26758417 PMCID: PMC4868731 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.6827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Pseudomonas aeruginosa produces N-(3-oxododecanoyl)-homoserine lactone (C12) as a quorum-sensing molecule for bacterial communication. C12 has also been reported to induce apoptosis in various types of tumor cells. However, the detailed molecular mechanism of C12-triggerred tumor cell apoptosis is still unclear. In addition, it is completely unknown whether C12 possesses any potential therapeutic effects in vivo. Our data indicate that, unlike most apoptotic inducers, C12 evokes a novel form of apoptosis in tumor cells through inducing mitochondrial membrane permeabilization independent of both pro- and anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins. Importantly, C12 inhibits tumor growth in animals regardless of either pro- or anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins. Furthermore, opposite to conventional chemotherapeutics, C12 requires paraoxonase 2 (PON2) to exert its cytotoxicity on tumor cells in vitro and its inhibitory effects on tumor growth in vivo. Overall, our results demonstrate that C12 inhibits tumor growth independent of both pro- and anti-apoptotic Bcl-2 proteins, and through inducing unique apoptotic signaling mediated by PON2 in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoping Zhao
- Molecular Targets Program, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA.,Institute of Technical Biology and Agriculture Engineering, Hefei Institutes of Physical Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Hefei, Anhui Province, P.R. China, 230031
| | - Aaron M Neely
- Molecular Targets Program, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Christian Schwarzer
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Huayi Lu
- Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin Province, P.R. China, 130041
| | - Aaron G Whitt
- Molecular Targets Program, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Nicole S Stivers
- Molecular Targets Program, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Joseph A Burlison
- Structural Biology Program, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Departments of Medicine, Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
| | - Carl White
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Rosalind Franklin University of Medicine and Science, North Chicago, IL 60064, USA
| | - Terry E Machen
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - Chi Li
- Molecular Targets Program, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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16
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Genomic alterations in BCL2L1 and DLC1 contribute to drug sensitivity in gastric cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:12492-7. [PMID: 26401016 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1507491112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is the third leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. Recent high-throughput analyses of genomic alterations revealed several driver genes and altered pathways in GC. However, therapeutic applications from genomic data are limited, largely as a result of the lack of druggable molecular targets and preclinical models for drug selection. To identify new therapeutic targets for GC, we performed array comparative genomic hybridization (aCGH) of DNA from 103 patients with GC for copy number alteration (CNA) analysis, and whole-exome sequencing from 55 GCs from the same patients for mutation profiling. Pathway analysis showed recurrent alterations in the Wnt signaling [APC, CTNNB1, and DLC1 (deleted in liver cancer 1)], ErbB signaling (ERBB2, PIK3CA, and KRAS), and p53 signaling/apoptosis [TP53 and BCL2L1 (BCL2-like 1)] pathways. In 18.4% of GC cases (19/103), amplification of the antiapoptotic gene BCL2L1 was observed, and subsequently a BCL2L1 inhibitor was shown to markedly decrease cell viability in BCL2L1-amplified cell lines and in similarly altered patient-derived GC xenografts, especially when combined with other chemotherapeutic agents. In 10.9% of cases (6/55), mutations in DLC1 were found and were also shown to confer a growth advantage for these cells via activation of Rho-ROCK signaling, rendering these cells more susceptible to a ROCK inhibitor. Taken together, our study implicates BCL2L1 and DLC1 as potential druggable targets for specific subsets of GC cases.
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17
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Prognostic value of Bcl-2 expression in squamous cell carcinoma of the larynx: a systematic review. Int J Biol Markers 2015; 30:e155-60. [PMID: 25588854 DOI: 10.5301/jbm.5000116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this systematic review was to determine the prognostic value of Bcl-2 immunostaining in patients affected by laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. An appropriate search was conducted on PubMed to retrieve articles dealing with this topic. A double cross-check was performed on citations and full-text articles by 2 investigators independently to review all manuscripts and perform a comprehensive quality assessment. Of 115 abstracts identified, 15 articles were included. These studies reported on 1,150 patients with histologically confirmed diagnosis of laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma. Only a few studies showed a statistical correlation between Bcl-2 immunohistochemical expression and at least 1 of the clinical and histopathological parameters considered by the authors. Moreover, these findings were also discordant between them. Overall the studies analyzed suggested that Bcl-2 expression was statistically connected with N stage (2/14), grading (2/14), disease-free survival (3/14) and overall survival (5/14). Interestingly, all of the 3 studies investigating the relation between Bcl-2 and radioresistance showed significant results in terms of recurrence-free survival and overall survival. Our review strongly suggests that the immunohistochemical staining of Bcl-2 does not correlate with tumoral aggressiveness and prognosis of patients affected by laryngeal squamous cell carcinoma and treated with primary surgery. However, an interesting connection of this protein could be demonstrated with tumoral radioresistance. Further, high-quality prospective studies should be carried out to confirm this hypothesis.
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18
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Licht V, Noack K, Schlott B, Förster M, Schlenker Y, Licht A, Krämer OH, Heinzel T. Caspase-3 and caspase-6 cleave STAT1 in leukemic cells. Oncotarget 2015; 5:2305-17. [PMID: 24810717 PMCID: PMC4039164 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription-1 (STAT1) is phosphorylated upon interferon (IFN) stimulation, which can restrict cell proliferation and survival. Nevertheless, in some cancers STAT1 can act in an anti-apoptotic manner. Moreover, certain malignancies are characterized by the overexpression and constitutive activation of STAT1. Here, we demonstrate that the treatment of transformed hematopoietic cells with epigenetic drugs belonging to the class of histone deacetylase inhibitors (HDACi) leads to the cleavage of STAT1 at multiple sites by caspase-3 and caspase-6. This process does not occur in solid tumor cells, normal hematopoietic cells, and leukemic cells that underwent granulocytic or monocytic differentiation. STAT1 cleavage was studied under cell free conditions with purified STAT1 and a set of candidate caspases as well as with mass spectrometry. These assays indicate that unmodified STAT1 is cleaved at multiple sites by caspase-3 and caspase-6. Our study shows that STAT1 is targeted by caspases in malignant undifferentiated hematopoietic cells. This observation may provide an explanation for the selective toxicity of HDACi against rapidly proliferating leukemic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verena Licht
- Leibniz Institute for Age Research - Fritz Lipmann Institute, Beutenbergstrasse 11, 07745 Jena, Germany. Friedrich-Schiller-Universität Jena, Centre for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Institute for Biochemistry and Biophysics, Hans-Knöll-Str. 2, 07745 Jena, Germany
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19
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Zhan Y, Wang L, Liu J, Ma K, Liu C, Zhang Y, Zou W. Choline plasmalogens isolated from swine liver inhibit hepatoma cell proliferation associated with caveolin-1/Akt signaling. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77387. [PMID: 24143228 PMCID: PMC3797038 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Plasmalogens play multiple roles in the structures of biological membranes, cell membrane lipid homeostasis and human diseases. We report the isolation and identification of choline plasmalogens (ChoPlas) from swine liver by high performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)/MS. The growth and viability of hepatoma cells (CBRH7919, HepG2 and SMMC7721) was determined following ChoPlas treatment comparing with that of human normal immortal cell lines (HL7702). Result indicated that ChoPlas inhibited hepatoma cell proliferation with an optimal concentration and time of 25 μmol/L and 24 h. To better understand the mechanism of the ChoPlas-induced inhibition of hepatoma cell proliferation, Caveolin-1 and PI3K/Akt pathway signals, including total Akt, phospho-Akt(pAkt) and Bcl-2 expression in CBRH7919 cells, were determined by western blot. ChoPlas treatment increased Caveolin-1 expression and reduced the expression of phospho-Akt (pAkt) and Bcl-2, downstream targets of the PI3K/Akt pathway. Further cell cycle analysis showed that ChoPlas treatment induced G1 and G1/S phase transition cell cycle arrest. The expression of essential cell cycle regulatory proteins involved in the G1 and G1/S phase transitions, cyclin D, CDK4, cyclin E and CDK2, were also analyzed by western blot. ChoPlas reduced CDK4, cyclin E and CDK2 expression. Taken together, the results indicate that swine liver-derived natural ChoPlas inhibits hepatoma cell proliferation associated with Caveolin-1 and PI3K/Akt signals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyao Zhan
- College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Liang Wang
- College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Jing Liu
- Regenerative Medicine Center, the First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P.R.China
| | - Keli Ma
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Dalian medical University, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Cuiping Liu
- College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China
| | - Yuan Zhang
- College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Molecular Enzymology, the Ministration of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zou
- College of Life Science, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, Liaoning, P. R. China
- * E-mail:
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20
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Spranger S, Gajewski T. Rational combinations of immunotherapeutics that target discrete pathways. J Immunother Cancer 2013; 1:16. [PMID: 24829752 PMCID: PMC4019905 DOI: 10.1186/2051-1426-1-16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Accepted: 09/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
An effective anti-tumor immune response requires the coordinated action of the innate and adaptive phases of the immune system. Critical processes include the activation of dendritic cells to present antigens, produce cytokines including type I interferons, and express multiple costimulatory ligands; induction of a productive T cell response within lymph nodes; migration of activated T cells to the tumor microenvironment in response to chemokines and homing receptor expression; and having effector T cells gain access to antigen-expressing tumor cells and maintain sufficient functionality to destroy them. However, tumors can become adept at escaping the immune response, developing multiple mechanisms to disrupt key processes. In general, tumors can be assigned into two different, major groups depending on whether the tumor there is an 'inflamed' or 'non-inflamed' tumor microenvironment. Improvements in our understanding of the interactions between the immune system and cancer have resulted in the development of various strategies to improve the immune-mediated control of tumors in both sub-groups. Categories of major immunotherapeutic intervention include methods to increase the frequency of tumor antigen-specific effector T cells in the circulation, strategies to block or uncouple a range of immune suppressive mechanisms within the tumor microenvironment, and tactics to induce de novo immune inflammation within the tumor microenvironment. The latter may be particularly important for eliciting immune recognition of non-inflamed tumor phenotypes. The premise put forth in this review is that synergistic therapeutic effects in vivo may be derived from combination therapies taken from distinct "bins" based on these mechanisms of action. Early data in both preclinical and some clinical studies provide support for this model. We also suggest that optimal application of these combinations may be aided by appropriate patient selection based on predictive biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefani Spranger
- Biological Sciences Division, Pathology, The University of Chicago, 929 E. 57th Street, GCIS W-423, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Thomas Gajewski
- Department of Pathology and Department of Medicine, Section of Hematology/Oncology, The University of Chicago, 5841 S. Maryland Ave., MC2115, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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21
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The human cytomegalovirus US27 gene product enhances cell proliferation and alters cellular gene expression. Virus Res 2013; 176:312-20. [PMID: 23850869 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2013.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) is a prevalent pathogen worldwide. Although generally harmless in healthy individuals, HCMV can pose a serious threat to immune compromised individuals and developing fetuses in utero. HCMV encodes four genes predicted to give rise to G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs): US27, US28, UL33, and UL78. The US28 gene product is a functional chemokine receptor that enhances cell growth in some cell types but induces apoptosis in others. In contrast, the US27 gene product has not been demonstrated to signal either constitutively or in a ligand-induced manner. In this study, US27 was expressed in transfected cells, and both cell proliferation and DNA synthesis were significantly increased compared to control cells. PCR array analysis revealed that expression of US27 led to changes in a limited number of cellular genes, but genes that were up-regulated included the pro-survival factor Bcl-x, AP-1 transcription factor components jun and fos, and the IL-6 family cytokine oncostatin M. These results demonstrate that US27 can impact host cell physiology and may shed light on the function of this orphan viral GPCR.
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22
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Siddique HR, Parray A, Tarapore RS, Wang L, Mukhtar H, Karnes RJ, Deng Y, Konety BR, Saleem M. BMI1 polycomb group protein acts as a master switch for growth and death of tumor cells: regulates TCF4-transcriptional factor-induced BCL2 signaling. PLoS One 2013; 8:e60664. [PMID: 23671559 PMCID: PMC3645992 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0060664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Accepted: 03/01/2013] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
For advanced prostate cancer (CaP), the progression of tumors to the state of chemoresistance and paucity of knowledge about the mechanism of chemoresistance are major stumbling blocks in the management of this disease. Here, we provide compelling evidence that BMI1 polycomb group protein and a stem cell factor plays a crucial role in determining the fate of tumors vis-à-vis chemotherapy. We show that progressive increase in the levels of BMI1 occurs during the progression of CaP disease in humans. We show that BMI1-rich tumor cells are non-responsive to chemotherapy whereas BMI1-silenced tumor cells are responsive to therapy. By employing microarray, ChIP, immunoblot and Luciferase reporter assays, we identified a unique mechanism through which BMI1 rescues tumor cells from chemotherapy. We found that BMI1 regulates (i) activity of TCF4 transcriptional factor and (ii) binding of TCF4 to the promoter region of anti-apoptotic BCL2 gene. Notably, an increased TCF4 occupancy on BCL2 gene was observed in prostatic tissues exhibiting high BMI1 levels. Using tumor cells other than CaP, we also showed that regulation of TCF4-mediated BCL2 by BMI1 is universal. It is noteworthy that forced expression of BMI1 was observed to drive normal cells to hyperproliferative mode. We show that targeting BMI1 improves the outcome of docetaxel therapy in animal models bearing chemoresistant prostatic tumors. We suggest that BMI1 could be exploited as a potential molecular target for therapeutics to treat chemoresistant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hifzur Rahman Siddique
- Department of Molecular Chemoprevention and Therapeutics, The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Aijaz Parray
- Department of Molecular Chemoprevention and Therapeutics, The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Rohinton S. Tarapore
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Cell Death and Cancer Genetics, The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Hasan Mukhtar
- Department of Dermatology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin, United States of America
| | - R. Jeffery Karnes
- Department of Urology, Mayo Medical School and Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Yibin Deng
- Department of Cell Death and Cancer Genetics, The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Badrinath R. Konety
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
| | - Mohammad Saleem
- Department of Molecular Chemoprevention and Therapeutics, The Hormel Institute, University of Minnesota, Austin, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Urology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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23
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Expression and Functional Analysis of Storage Protein 2 in the Silkworm, Bombyx mori. Int J Genomics 2013; 2013:145450. [PMID: 23671839 PMCID: PMC3647547 DOI: 10.1155/2013/145450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2012] [Revised: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Storage protein 2 (SP2) not only is an important source of energy for the growth and development of silkworm but also has inhibitory effects on cell apoptosis. Endothelial cell (EC) apoptosis is an important contributing factor in the development of atherosclerosis; therefore, study of the antiapoptotic activity of SP2 on ECs provides information related to the treatment of atherosclerosis and other cardiovascular diseases. In this study, the sp2 gene was cloned and expressed in Escherichia coli to produce a 6xHis-tagged fusion protein, which was then used to generate a polyclonal antibody. Western blot results revealed that SP2 levels were higher in the pupal stage and hemolymph of fifth-instar larvae but low in the egg and adult stages. Subcellular localization results showed that SP2 is located mainly on the cell membrane. In addition, a Bac-to-Bac system was used to construct a recombinant baculovirus for SP2 expression. The purified SP2 was then added to a culture medium for human umbilical vein ECs (HUVECs), which were exposed to staurosporine. A cell viability assay demonstrated that SP2 could significantly enhance the viability of HUVEC. Furthermore, both ELISA and flow cytometry results indicated that SP2 has anti-apoptotic effects on staurosporine-induced HUVEC apoptosis.
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24
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Feichtinger J, Aldeailej I, Anderson R, Almutairi M, Almatrafi A, Alsiwiehri N, Griffiths K, Stuart N, Wakeman JA, Larcombe L, McFarlane RJ. Meta-analysis of clinical data using human meiotic genes identifies a novel cohort of highly restricted cancer-specific marker genes. Oncotarget 2013; 3:843-53. [PMID: 22918178 PMCID: PMC3478461 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Identifying cancer-specific biomarkers represents an ongoing challenge to the development of novel cancer diagnostic, prognostic and therapeutic strategies. Cancer/testis (CT) genes are an important gene family with expression tightly restricted to the testis in normal individuals but which can also be activated in cancers. Here we develop a pipeline to identify new CT genes. We analysed and validated expression profiles of human meiotic genes in normal and cancerous tissue followed by meta-analyses of clinical data sets from a range of tumour types resulting in the identification of a large cohort of highly specific cancer biomarker genes, including the recombination hot spot activator PRDM9 and the meiotic cohesin genes SMC1beta and RAD21L. These genes not only provide excellent cancer biomarkers for diagnostics and prognostics, but may serve as oncogenes and have excellent drug targeting potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Feichtinger
- North West Cancer Research Fund Institute, Bangor University, Bangor, LL57 2UW, UK
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25
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Wang M, Yin B, Matsueda S, Deng L, Li Y, Zhao W, Zou J, Li Q, Loo C, Wang RF, Wang HY. Identification of special AT-rich sequence binding protein 1 as a novel tumor antigen recognized by CD8+ T cells: implication for cancer immunotherapy. PLoS One 2013; 8:e56730. [PMID: 23437226 PMCID: PMC3578933 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0056730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND A large number of human tumor-associated antigens that are recognized by CD8(+) T cells in a human leukocyte antigen class I (HLA-I)-restricted fashion have been identified. Special AT-rich sequence binding protein 1 (SATB1) is highly expressed in many types of human cancers as part of their neoplastic phenotype, and up-regulation of SATB1 expression is essential for tumor survival and metastasis, thus this protein may serve as a rational target for cancer vaccines. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Twelve SATB1-derived peptides were predicted by an immuno-informatics approach based on the HLA-A*02 binding motif. These peptides were examined for their ability to induce peptide-specific T cell responses in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) obtained from HLA-A*02(+) healthy donors and/or HLA-A*02(+) cancer patients. The recognition of HLA-A*02(+) SATB1-expressing cancer cells was also tested. Among the twelve SATB1-derived peptides, SATB1(565-574) frequently induced peptide-specific T cell responses in PBMCs from both healthy donors and cancer patients. Importantly, SATB1(565-574)-specific T cells recognized and killed HLA-A*02(+) SATB1(+) cancer cells in an HLA-I-restricted manner. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE We have identified a novel HLA-A*02-restricted SATB1-derived peptide epitope recognized by CD8(+) T cells, which, in turn, recognizes and kills HLA-A*02(+) SATB1(+) tumor cells. The SATB1-derived epitope identified may be used as a diagnostic marker as well as an immune target for development of cancer vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingjun Wang
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Bingnan Yin
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Satoko Matsueda
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Lijuan Deng
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Ying Li
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Wei Zhao
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Jia Zou
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Qingtian Li
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Christopher Loo
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Rong-Fu Wang
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
| | - Helen Y. Wang
- Center for Inflammation and Epigenetics, The Methodist Hospital Research Institute, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Liu H, Han D, Liu Y, Hou X, Wu J, Li H, Yang J, Shen C, Yang G, Fu C, Li X, Che H, Ai J, Zhao S. Harmine hydrochloride inhibits Akt phosphorylation and depletes the pool of cancer stem-like cells of glioblastoma. J Neurooncol 2013; 112:39-48. [PMID: 23392846 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-012-1034-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Harmine hydrochloride (Har-hc), a derivative from Harmine which is a natural extractive from plants, has been considered for treatment of kinds of cancers and cerebral diseases. In this study, we found that Har-hc clearly decreased cell viability, induced apoptosis and inhibited Akt phosphorylation in glioblastoma cell lines. Moreover, Har-hc had the ability to inhibit self-renewal and promote differentiation of glioblastoma stem like cells (GSLCs) accompanied by inhibition of Akt phosphorylation. Especially, we demonstrated that Har-hc inhibited neurosphere formation of human primary GSLCs. In vivo test also confirmed Har-hc decreased the tumorigenicity of GSLCs. Thus we conclude that Har-hc has potent anti-cancer effects in glioblastoma cells, which is at least partially via inhibition of Akt phosphorylation. Administration of Har-hc may act as a new approach to glioblastoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huailei Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150001, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
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27
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Hartman ML, Czyz M. Anti-apoptotic proteins on guard of melanoma cell survival. Cancer Lett 2013; 331:24-34. [PMID: 23340174 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2012] [Revised: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Apoptosis plays a pivotal role in sustaining proper tissue development and homeostasis. Evading apoptosis by cancer cells is a part of their adaption to microenvironment and therapies. Cellular integrity is predominantly maintained by pro-survival members of Bcl-2 family and IAPs. Melanoma cells are characterized by a labile and stage-dependent phenotype. Pro-survival molecules can protect melanoma cells from apoptosis and mediate other processes, thus enhancing aggressive phenotype. The essential role of Bcl-2, Mcl-1, Bcl-X(L), livin, survivin and XIAP was implicated for melanoma, often in a tumor stage-dependent fashion. In this review, the current knowledge of pro-survival machinery in melanoma is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariusz L Hartman
- Department of Molecular Biology of Cancer, Medical University of Lodz, Poland
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28
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Grespi F, Amelio I, Tucci P, Annicchiarico-Petruzzelli M, Melino G. Tissue-specific expression of p73 C-terminal isoforms in mice. Cell Cycle 2012; 11:4474-83. [PMID: 23159862 PMCID: PMC3552929 DOI: 10.4161/cc.22787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
p73 is a p53 family transcription factor. Due to the presence in the 5' flanking region of two promoters, there are two N-terminal variants, TAp73, which retains a fully active transactivation domain (TA), and ΔNp73, in which the N terminus is truncated. In addition, extensive 3' splicing gives rise to at least seven distinctive isoforms; TAp73-selective knockout highlights its role as a regulator of cell death, senescence and tumor suppressor. ΔNp73-selective knockout, on the other hand, highlights anti-apoptotic function of ΔNp73 and its involvement in DNA damage response. In this work, we investigated the expression pattern of murine p73 C-terminal isoforms. By using a RT-PCR approach, we were able to detect mRNAs of all the C-terminal isoforms described in humans. We characterized their in vivo expression profile in mouse organs and in different mouse developmental stages. Finally, we investigated p73 C-terminal expression profile following DNA damage, ex vivo after primary cultures treatment and in vivo after systemic administration of cytotoxic compounds. Overall, our study first elucidates spatio-temporal expression of mouse p73 isoforms and provides novel insights on their expression-switch under triggered conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Grespi
- Medical Research Council, Toxicology Unit, Leicester University, Leicester, UK
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29
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Marioni G, Staffieri A, Lionello M, Tealdo G, Staffieri C, Giacomelli L, Friso ML, Stramare R, Ottaviano G, Blandamura S. Relationship between anti-apoptotic proteins survivin and Bcl-2, and response to treatment in patients undergoing post-operative RT for laryngeal cancer: a pilot study. J Oral Pathol Med 2012; 42:339-44. [PMID: 23126236 DOI: 10.1111/jop.12020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Clinicopathological research has focused on identifying molecular and biological prognostic factors for laryngeal carcinoma (LSCC) treated with post-operative radiotherapy (RT). The aim of this study was to assess the prognostic importance of anti-apoptotic proteins survivin and B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl-2) in a series of patients with LSCC who had primary surgery followed by RT. METHODS Thirty-three consecutive patients who underwent primary surgery followed by RT were considered. Survivin nuclear and cytoplasmic expressions and Bcl-2 expression were determined immunohistochemically. RESULTS The loco-regional recurrence rate was significantly higher among LSCC patients with a nuclear survivin expression >10.0% (P = 0.029), and their disease-free survival (DFS) was shorter than in cases whose nuclear survivin expression was ≤10.0% (P = 0.002). DFS was significantly shorter in cases with a Bcl-2 expression >2.0% than in those whose Bcl-2 expression was ≤2.0% (P = 0.035). CONCLUSIONS Nuclear survivin expression and Bcl-2 expression warrant further investigation as potential predictive biomarkers to enable individualized treatments (e.g. post-operative chemo-radiotherapy instead of RT alone for patients whose LSCCs strongly express nuclear survivin or/and Bcl-2). This preliminary evidence justifies the design of new studies on the association of agents targeting survivin and Bcl-2 with conventional chemotherapeutic agents and RT for advanced LSCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gino Marioni
- Department of Neurosciences, Otolaryngology Section, University of Padova, 35128 Padova, Italy.
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Rivoltini L, Marrari A, Castelli C, Villa S, Valdagni R. Don't run before you can walk. Nat Rev Urol 2012; 9:602. [DOI: 10.1038/nrurol.2012.103-c1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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Abstract
In recent years, numerous new targets have been identified and new experimental therapeutics have been developed. Importantly, existing non-cancer drugs found novel use in cancer therapy. And even more importantly, new original therapeutic strategies to increase potency, selectivity and decrease detrimental side effects have been evaluated. Here we review some recent advances in targeting cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoya N Demidenko
- Department of Cell Stress Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, NY 14263, USA.
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Kang X, Hu J, Gao Z, Ju Y, Xu C. Synthesis, anti-proliferative and proapoptotic activity of novel oleanolic acid azaheterocyclic derivatives. MEDCHEMCOMM 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2md20051a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Risberg K, Fodstad Ø, Andersson Y. Synergistic anticancer effects of the 9.2.27PE immunotoxin and ABT-737 in melanoma. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24012. [PMID: 21915275 PMCID: PMC3168478 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2011] [Accepted: 08/01/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
In cancer, combinations of drugs targeting different cellular functions is well accepted to improve tumor control. We studied the effects of a Pseudomonas exotoxin A (PE)-based immunotoxin, the 9.2.27PE, and the BH-3 mimetic compound ABT-737 in a panel of melanoma cell lines. The drug combination resulted in synergistic cytotoxicity, and the cell death observed was associated with apoptosis, as activation of caspase-3, inactivation of Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) and increased DNA fragmentation could be prevented by pre-treatment with caspase and cathepsin inhibitors. We further show that ABT-737 caused endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress with increased GRP78 and phosphorylated eIF2α protein levels. Moreover, treatment with ABT-737 increased the intracellular calcium levels, an effect which was enhanced by 9.2.27PE, which as a single entity drug had minimal effect on calcium release from the ER. In addition, silencing of Mcl-1 by short hairpin RNA (shRNA) enhanced the intracellular calcium levels and cytotoxicity caused by ABT-737. Notably, the combination of 9.2.27PE and ABT-737 caused growth delay in a human melanoma xenograft mice model, supporting further investigations of this particular drug combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karianne Risberg
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital Radiumhospitalet, Montebello, Oslo, Norway.
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