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Wang SSY. Advancing biomarker development for diagnostics and therapeutics using solid tumour cancer stem cell models. TUMORI JOURNAL 2024; 110:10-24. [PMID: 36964664 DOI: 10.1177/03008916231158411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2023]
Abstract
The cancer stem cell model hopes to explain solid tumour carcinogenesis, tumour progression and treatment failure in cancers. However, the cancer stem cell model has led to minimal clinical translation to cancer stem cell biomarkers and targeted therapies in solid tumours. Many reasons underlie the challenges, one being the imperfect understanding of the cancer stem cell model. This review hopes to spur further research into clinically translatable cancer stem cell biomarkers through first defining cancer stem cells and their associated models. With a better understanding of these models there would be a development of more accurate biomarkers. Making the clinical translation of biomarkers into diagnostic tools and therapeutic agents more feasible.
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Eloranta K, Pihlajoki M, Liljeström E, Nousiainen R, Soini T, Lohi J, Cairo S, Wilson DB, Parkkila S, Heikinheimo M. SLC-0111, an inhibitor of carbonic anhydrase IX, attenuates hepatoblastoma cell viability and migration. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1118268. [PMID: 36776327 PMCID: PMC9909558 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1118268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In response to hypoxia, tumor cells undergo transcriptional reprogramming including upregulation of carbonic anhydrase (CA) IX, a metalloenzyme that maintains acid-base balance. CAIX overexpression has been shown to correlate with poor prognosis in various cancers, but the role of this CA isoform in hepatoblastoma (HB) has not been examined. Methods We surveyed the expression of CAIX in HB specimens and assessed the impact of SLC-0111, a CAIX inhibitor, on cultured HB cells in normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Results CAIX immunoreactivity was detected in 15 out of 21 archival pathology HB specimens. The CAIX-positive cells clustered in the middle of viable tumor tissue or next to necrotic areas. Tissue expression of CAIX mRNA was associated with metastasis and poor clinical outcome of HB. Hypoxia induced a striking upregulation of CAIX mRNA and protein in three HB cell models: the immortalized human HB cell line HUH6 and patient xenograft-derived lines HB-295 and HB-303. Administration of SLC-0111 abrogated the hypoxia-induced upregulation of CAIX and decreased HB cell viability, both in monolayer and spheroid cultures. In addition, SLC-0111 reduced HB cell motility in a wound healing assay. Transcriptomic changes triggered by SLC-0111 administration differed under normoxic vs. hypoxic conditions, although SLC-0111 elicited upregulation of several tumor suppressor genes under both conditions. Conclusion Hypoxia induces CAIX expression in HB cells, and the CAIX inhibitor SLC-0111 has in vitro activity against these malignant cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katja Eloranta
- Pediatric Research Center, Children’s Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Marjut Pihlajoki
- Pediatric Research Center, Children’s Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland,*Correspondence: Marjut Pihlajoki,
| | - Emmi Liljeström
- Pediatric Research Center, Children’s Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Ruth Nousiainen
- Pediatric Research Center, Children’s Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Tea Soini
- Pediatric Research Center, Children’s Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Jouko Lohi
- Department of Pathology, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Stefano Cairo
- Xentech, Evry, Evry, France,Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica, Padova, Italy,Champions Oncology, Hackensack, NJ, United States
| | - David B. Wilson
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis Children’s Hospital, St. Louis, MO, United States,Department of Developmental Biology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Seppo Parkkila
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland,FICAN Mid, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland,Fimlab Ltd, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
| | - Markku Heikinheimo
- Pediatric Research Center, Children’s Hospital, Helsinki University Hospital, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland,Department of Pediatrics, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis Children’s Hospital, St. Louis, MO, United States,Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Center for Child, Adolescent, and Maternal Health Research, Tampere University, Tampere, Finland
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3
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Clemente-González C, Carnero A. Role of the Hypoxic-Secretome in Seed and Soil Metastatic Preparation. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14235930. [PMID: 36497411 PMCID: PMC9738438 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14235930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
During tumor growth, the delivery of oxygen to cells is impaired due to aberrant or absent vasculature. This causes an adaptative response that activates the expression of genes that control several essential processes, such as glycolysis, neovascularization, immune suppression, and the cancer stemness phenotype, leading to increased metastasis and resistance to therapy. Hypoxic tumor cells also respond to an altered hypoxic microenvironment by secreting vesicles, factors, cytokines and nucleic acids that modify not only the immediate microenvironment but also organs at distant sites, allowing or facilitating the attachment and growth of tumor cells and contributing to metastasis. Hypoxia induces the release of molecules of different biochemical natures, either secreted or inside extracellular vesicles, and both tumor cells and stromal cells are involved in this process. The mechanisms by which these signals that can modify the premetastatic niche are sent from the primary tumor site include changes in the extracellular matrix, recruitment and activation of different stromal cells and immune or nonimmune cells, metabolic reprogramming, and molecular signaling network rewiring. In this review, we will discuss how hypoxia might alter the premetastatic niche through different signaling molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Clemente-González
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío (HUVR), Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain
- CIBERONC (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Amancio Carnero
- Instituto de Biomedicina de Sevilla (IBIS), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Hospital Universitario Virgen del Rocío (HUVR), Universidad de Sevilla, 41013 Seville, Spain
- CIBERONC (Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red Cáncer), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence:
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4
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Schmidt J, Oppermann E, Blaheta RA, Schreckenbach T, Lunger I, Rieger MA, Bechstein WO, Holzer K, Malkomes P. Carbonic-anhydrase IX expression is increased in thyroid cancer tissue and represents a potential therapeutic target to eradicate thyroid tumor-initiating cells. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 535:111382. [PMID: 34216643 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2021] [Revised: 06/23/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The expression of Carbonic-anhydrase IX (CAIX) in thyroid cancer (TC) subtypes was determined and its role in cancer cell growth and tumor-initiating cells (TICs) investigated. Immunohistochemistry in 114 TC patients revealed that CAIX expression was increased in tumor specimens of papillary, follicular and anaplastic TCs compared to normal thyroid tissue. Clinicopathological data indicated that lymph node metastases were more frequent in patients with high CAIX expression. The Cancer Genome Atlas database analysis demonstrated that a strong CAIX-mRNA expression was associated with advanced tumor stages and poor survival in TCs. In TC cell lines, CAIX expression was elevated in tumorspheres compared to monolayer cultures and was associated with an increased expression of stemness markers. Genetic knockdown or pharmacological inhibition of CAIX suppressed cell proliferation and the TIC ability to form tumorspheres by an induction of apoptosis and cell-cycle arrest. These findings suggest CAIX as a potential prognostic marker and a therapeutic target for thyroid cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Schmidt
- Hospital of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Elsie Oppermann
- Hospital of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Roman A Blaheta
- Hospital of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Department of Urology, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Teresa Schreckenbach
- Hospital of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Ilaria Lunger
- Hospital of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Hospital of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Department of Inner Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michael A Rieger
- Hospital of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Department of Inner Medicine, Hematology/Oncology, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; German Cancer Consortium and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany; Frankfurt Cancer Institute, Paul-Ehrlich-Straße 42-44, 60596, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Wolf Otto Bechstein
- Hospital of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Katharina Holzer
- Hospital of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany; Philipps University Hospital of Marburg, Section of Endocrine Surgery, Department of Visceral-, Thoracic- and Vascular Surgery, Baldingerstraße, 35043, Marburg, Germany
| | - Patrizia Malkomes
- Hospital of the Goethe University Frankfurt, Department of General, Visceral and Transplant Surgery, Theodor-Stern-Kai 7, 60590, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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5
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Kim JH, Verwilst P, Won M, Lee J, Sessler JL, Han J, Kim JS. A Small Molecule Strategy for Targeting Cancer Stem Cells in Hypoxic Microenvironments and Preventing Tumorigenesis. J Am Chem Soc 2021; 143:14115-14124. [PMID: 34374290 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c03875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer consists of heterogenic subpopulations, which determine the prognosis and response to chemotherapy. Among these subpopulations, a very limited number of cancer cells are particularly problematic. These cells, known as breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs), are thought responsible for metastasis and recurrence. They are thus major contributor to the unfavorable outcomes seen for many breast cancer patients. BCSCs are more prevalent in the hypoxic niche. This is an oxygen-deprived environment that is considered crucial to their proliferation, stemness, and self-renewal but also one that makes BCSCs highly refractory to traditional chemotherapeutic regimens. Here we report a small molecule construct, AzCDF, that allows the therapeutic targeting of BCSCs and which is effective in normally refractory hypoxic tumor environments. A related system, AzNap, has been developed that permits CSC imaging. Several design elements are incorporated into AzCDF, including the CAIX inhibitor acetazolamide (Az) to promote localization in MDA-MB-231 CSCs, a dimethylnitrothiophene subunit as a hypoxia trigger, and a 3,4-difluorobenzylidene curcumin (CDF) as a readily released therapeutic payload. This allows AzCDF to serve as a hypoxia-liable molecular platform that targets BCSCs selectively which decreases CSC migration, retards tumor growth, and lowers tumorigenesis rates as evidenced by a combination of in vitro and in vivo studies. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first time a CSC-targeting small molecule has been shown to prevent tumorigenesis in an animal model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hyeon Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Peter Verwilst
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Miae Won
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
| | - Junhyoung Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hyupsung University, Hwasung-si 18330, Korea
| | - Jonathan L Sessler
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712, United States
| | - Jiyou Han
- Department of Biological Sciences, Hyupsung University, Hwasung-si 18330, Korea
| | - Jong Seung Kim
- Department of Chemistry, Korea University, Seoul 02841, Korea
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6
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Kreuzer M, Banerjee A, Birts CN, Darley M, Tavassoli A, Ivan M, Blaydes JP. Glycolysis, via NADH-dependent dimerisation of CtBPs, regulates hypoxia-induced expression of CAIX and stem-like breast cancer cell survival. FEBS Lett 2020; 594:2988-3001. [PMID: 32618367 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive responses to hypoxia are mediated by the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) family of transcription factors. These responses include the upregulation of glycolysis to maintain ATP production. This also generates acidic metabolites, which require HIF-induced carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) for their neutralisation. C-terminal binding proteins (CtBPs) are coregulators of gene transcription and couple glycolysis with gene transcription due to their regulation by the glycolytic coenzyme NADH. Here, we find that experimental manipulation of glycolysis and CtBP function in breast cancer cells through multiple complementary approaches supports a hypothesis whereby the expression of known HIF-inducible genes, and CAIX in particular, adapts to available glucose in the microenvironment through a mechanism involving CtBPs. This novel pathway promotes the survival of stem cell-like cancer (SCLC) cells in hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mira Kreuzer
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hants, UK.,Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hants, UK
| | - Arindam Banerjee
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hants, UK
| | - Charles N Birts
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hants, UK.,Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hants, UK
| | - Matthew Darley
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hants, UK
| | - Ali Tavassoli
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hants, UK.,School of Chemistry, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hants, UK
| | - Mircea Ivan
- Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana, USA
| | - Jeremy P Blaydes
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hants, UK.,Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, Hants, UK
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7
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Abstract
Cancer development is a complex process that follows an intricate scenario with a dynamic interplay of selective and adaptive steps and an extensive cast of molecules and signaling pathways. Solid tumor initially grows as an avascular bulk of cells carrying oncogenic mutations until diffusion distances from the nearest functional blood vessels limit delivery of nutrients and oxygen on the one hand and removal of metabolic waste on the other one. These restrictions result in regional hypoxia and acidosis that select for adaptable tumor cells able to promote aberrant angiogenesis, remodel metabolism, acquire invasiveness and metastatic propensity, and gain therapeutic resistance. Tumor cells are thereby endowed with capability to survive and proliferate in hostile microenvironment, communicate with stroma, enter circulation, colonize secondary sites, and generate metastases. While the role of oncogenic mutations initializing and driving these processes is well established, a key contribution of non-genomic, landscaping molecular players is still less appreciated despite they can equally serve as viable targets of anticancer therapies. Carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) is one of these players: it is induced by hypoxia, functionally linked to acidosis, implicated in invasiveness, and correlated with therapeutic resistance. Here, we summarize the available experimental evidence supported by accumulating preclinical and clinical data that CA IX can contribute virtually to each step of cancer progression path via its enzyme activity and/or non-catalytic mechanisms. We also propose that targeting tumor cells that express CA IX may provide therapeutic benefits in various settings and combinations with both conventional and newly developed treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvia Pastorekova
- Department of Tumor Biology, Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, University Science Park for Biomedicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dúbravská cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Robert J Gillies
- Department of Cancer Physiology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, 12902 Magnolia Avenue, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
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8
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Kulsum S, Raju N, Raghavan N, Ramanjanappa RDR, Sharma A, Mehta A, Kuriakose MA, Suresh A. Cancer stem cells and fibroblast niche cross talk in an in-vitro oral dysplasia model. Mol Carcinog 2019; 58:820-831. [PMID: 30644602 DOI: 10.1002/mc.22974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 01/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Understanding the cellular interactions during oral carcinogenesis has the potential to identify novel prognostic and therapeutic targets. This study aimed at investigating the cancer stem cell (CSC)-fibroblast niche interactions using in-vitro dysplastic cell line models developed from different stages of 4NQO-induced oral carcinogenic mice model. The spontaneously transformed epithelial cells (DysMSCTR6, 14 and 16) were developed from three time points (mild/moderate/severe), while two fibroblast cell lines (FibroMSCTR12, 16) were developed from moderate and severe dysplastic tissue. The epithelial (Epcam+/Ck+) and the fibroblast cell lines (Vimentin+/α-SMA+/Ck-) were authenticated and assessment of cells representing progressive grades of dysplastic severity indicated a significant increase in dysplastic marker profile (P < 0.05). Evaluation of the CSC characteristics showed that an increase in expression of Cd133, Cd44, Aldh1a1, Notch1, and Sox2 was accompanied by an increase in migratory (P > 0.05) and colony formation capacity (P > 0.005). Targeting Notch1 (GSI inhibitor PZ0187; 30 μM), showed a significant reduction in cell proliferation capacity (P < 0.05) and in the dysplastic marker profile. Further, Notch1 inhibition resulted in down regulation of Cd133 and Aldh1a 1 (P < 0.05) and a complete abrogation of colony formation ability (P < 0.0001). The effect of niche interactions evaluated using FibroMSCTR12-conditioned media studies, revealed an enrichment of ALDH1A1+ cells (P < 0.05), induction of spheroid formation ability (P < 0.0001) and increased proliferation capacity (3.7 fold; P < 0.005). Although PZ0187 reduced cell viability by ∼40%, was unable to abrogate the conditioned-media induced increase in proliferation capacity completely. This study reports a Notch-1 dependent enrichment of CSC properties during dysplastic progression and a Notch-1 independent dysplastic cell-fibroblast interaction during oral carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Safeena Kulsum
- Integrated Head and Neck Oncology Research Program, Mazumdar Shaw Centre for Translational Research, MSMF, Bangalore, India.,Department of Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Nalini Raju
- Department of Histopathology, Mazumdar Shaw Medical Centre, Narayana Health, Bangalore, India
| | - Nisheena Raghavan
- Department of Histopathology, Mazumdar Shaw Medical Centre, Narayana Health, Bangalore, India
| | - Ravindra D R Ramanjanappa
- Integrated Head and Neck Oncology Research Program, Mazumdar Shaw Centre for Translational Research, MSMF, Bangalore, India
| | - Anupam Sharma
- GROW Laboratory, Stem Cell Research Lab, Narayana Nethralaya, Narayana Health, Bangalore, India
| | - Alka Mehta
- Department of Integrative Biology, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Moni A Kuriakose
- Integrated Head and Neck Oncology Research Program, Mazumdar Shaw Centre for Translational Research, MSMF, Bangalore, India.,Head and Neck Oncology, Mazumdar Shaw Medical Centre, Narayana Hrudayalaya, Bangalore, India
| | - Amritha Suresh
- Integrated Head and Neck Oncology Research Program, Mazumdar Shaw Centre for Translational Research, MSMF, Bangalore, India.,Head and Neck Oncology, Mazumdar Shaw Medical Centre, Narayana Hrudayalaya, Bangalore, India
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9
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Shen HP, Hsiao YH, Yang SF, Liu YF, Ko JL, Wang PH. Single nucleotide polymorphisms and haplotypes of carbonic anhydrase 9 can predict invasive squamous cell carcinoma of uterine cervix. Int J Med Sci 2018; 15:587-594. [PMID: 29725249 PMCID: PMC5930460 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.23359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to explore the involvement of carbonic anhydrase 9 (CA9) single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the development of invasive cancer of uterine cervix for Taiwanese women. Ninety-seven patients with cervical invasive squamous cell carcinoma and 88 with preinvasive squamous cell lesions as well as 324 control women were recruited. Two CA9 SNPs in exons, including rs2071676 (+201, G/A) in exon 1 and rs3829078 (+1081, A/G) in exon 7, rs1048638 (+1584, C/A) in 3'-untranslated region of exon 11, as well as an 18-base pair deletion/insertion (376deltion393) in exon 1 were selected and their genotypic distributions were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. Haplotype was then constructed with rs2071676, 376del393, rs3829078 and rs1048638 in order. The results revealed that Taiwanese women with genotypes CA or CA/AA in CA9 SNP rs1048638 displayed a more risk in developing cervical invasive cancer, assigning wild genotype CC as a reference. AA in SNP rs2071676 tended to increase the risk of developing cervical invasive cancer, using GG/GA as a reference. When women had the diplotypes, carrying at least one haplotype A1AA (one mutant allele A in rs2071676, no deletion in 376del393, no mutant allele A in rs3829078 and one mutant allele A in rs1048638), they were significantly susceptible to cervical invasive cancer. In conclusion, CA9 SNP rs1048638 and haplotype A1AA are associated with the susceptibility of cervical invasive squamous cell carcinoma for Taiwanese women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huang-Pin Shen
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Hsuan Hsiao
- School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua, Taiwan
| | - Shun-Fa Yang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Medical Research, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Fan Liu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Jiunn-Liang Ko
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Hui Wang
- Institute of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Chung Shan Medical University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan.,School of Medicine, Chung Shan Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
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