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Abstract
Primary brain cancer or brain cancer is the overgrowth of abnormal or malignant cells in the brain or its nearby tissues that form unwanted masses called brain tumors. People with malignant brain tumors suffer a lot, and the expected life span of the patients after diagnosis is often only around 14 months, even with the most vigorous therapies. The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is the main barrier in the body that restricts the entry of potential chemotherapeutic agents into the brain. The chances of treatment failure or low therapeutic effects are some significant drawbacks of conventional treatment methods. However, recent advancements in nanotechnology have generated hope in cancer treatment. Nanotechnology has shown a vital role starting from the early detection, diagnosis, and treatment of cancer. These tiny nanomaterials have great potential to deliver drugs across the BBB. Beyond just drug delivery, nanomaterials can be simulated to generate fluorescence to detect tumors. The current Review discusses in detail the challenges of brain cancer treatment and the application of nanotechnology to overcome those challenges. The success of chemotherapeutic treatment or the surgical removal of tumors requires proper imaging. Nanomaterials can provide imaging and therapeutic benefits for cancer. The application of nanomaterials in the diagnosis and treatment of brain cancer is discussed in detail by reviewing past studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yogita Ale
- Uttaranchal Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Prem Nagar, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India
| | - Nidhi Nainwal
- Uttaranchal Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Uttaranchal University, Prem Nagar, Dehradun, Uttarakhand 248007, India
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Abstract
Molecular imaging enables both spatial and temporal understanding of the complex biologic systems underlying carcinogenesis and malignant spread. Single-photon emission tomography (SPECT) is a versatile nuclear imaging-based technique with ideal properties to study these processes in vivo in small animal models, as well as to identify potential drug candidates and characterize their antitumor action and potential adverse effects. Small animal SPECT and SPECT-CT (single-photon emission tomography combined with computer tomography) systems continue to evolve, as do the numerous SPECT radiopharmaceutical agents, allowing unprecedented sensitivity and quantitative molecular imaging capabilities. Several of these advances, their specific applications in oncology as well as new areas of exploration are highlighted in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin L Franc
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, H2232, MC 5281, Stanford, CA, 94305-5105, USA.
| | - Youngho Seo
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Robert Flavell
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, USA
| | - Carina Mari Aparici
- Department of Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, 300 Pasteur Drive, H2232, MC 5281, Stanford, CA, 94305-5105, USA
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Jing S, He Y, He Y, Wang L, Jia J, Shan X, Liu S, Tang M, Peng Z, Liu X. Imaging Potential Evaluation of Fab Derived from the Anti-EGFRvIII Monoclonal Antibody 4G1. Radiat Res 2018; 190:194-203. [DOI: 10.1667/rr15069.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shen Jing
- Department of Radiological Medicine and Oncology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yujia He
- Department of Radiological Medicine and Oncology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yanqiong He
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, the First People's Hospital of Chongqing Liang Jiang New Area, Chongqing, China
| | - Liang Wang
- Department of Radiological Medicine and Oncology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jianhua Jia
- Department of Radiological Medicine and Oncology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaomin Shan
- Forensic Medicine and Biomedical Information Research Room, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Shuang Liu
- Department of Ultrasound, Chongqing Health Center for Women and Children, Chongqing, China
| | - Min Tang
- Department of Oncology and Hematology, Chongqing General Hospital, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhiping Peng
- Department of Radiological Medicine and Oncology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xujie Liu
- Department of Radiological Medicine and Oncology, College of Basic Medicine, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Resende FFB, Titze-de-Almeida SS, Titze-de-Almeida R. Function of neuronal nitric oxide synthase enzyme in temozolomide-induced damage of astrocytic tumor cells. Oncol Lett 2018; 15:4891-4899. [PMID: 29552127 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2018.7917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytic tumors, including astrocytomas and glioblastomas, are the most common type of primary brain tumors. Treatment for glioblastomas includes radiotherapy, chemotherapy with temozolomide (TMZ) and surgical ablation. Despite certain therapeutic advances, the survival time of patients is no longer than 12-14 months. Cancer cells overexpress the neuronal isoform of nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). In the present study, it was examined whether the nNOS enzyme serves a role in the damage of astrocytoma (U251MG and U138MG) and glioblastoma (U87MG) cells caused by TMZ. First, TMZ (250 µM) triggered an increase in oxidative stress at 2, 48 and 72 h in the U87MG, U251MG and U138MG cell lines, as revealed by 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin-diacetate assay. The drug also reduced cell viability, as measured by MTT assay. U87MG cells presented a more linear decline in cell viability at time-points 2, 48 and 72 h, compared with the U251MG and U138MG cell lines. The peak of oxidative stress occurred at 48 h. To examine the role of NOS enzymes in the cell damage caused by TMZ, N(ω)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME) and 7-nitroindazole (7-NI) were used. L-NAME increased the cell damage caused by TMZ while reducing the oxidative stress at 48 h. The preferential nNOS inhibitor 7-NI also improved the TMZ effects. It caused a 12.8% decrease in the viability of TMZ-injured cells. Indeed, 7-NI was more effective than L-NAME in restraining the increase in oxidative stress triggered by TMZ. Silencing nNOS with a synthetic small interfering (si)RNA (siRNAnNOShum_4400) increased by 20% the effects of 250 µM of TMZ on cell viability (P<0.05). Hoechst 33342 nuclear staining confirmed that nNOS knock-down enhanced TMZ injury. In conclusion, our data reveal that nNOS enzymes serve a role in the damage produced by TMZ on astrocytoma and glioblastoma cells. RNA interference with nNOS merits further studies in animal models to disclose its potential use in brain tumor anticancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Francisco Borges Resende
- Technology for Gene Therapy Laboratory, Central Institute of Sciences, Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Simoneide Souza Titze-de-Almeida
- Technology for Gene Therapy Laboratory, Central Institute of Sciences, Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil
| | - Ricardo Titze-de-Almeida
- Technology for Gene Therapy Laboratory, Central Institute of Sciences, Faculty of Agronomy and Veterinary Medicine, University of Brasilia, Brasília 70910-900, Brazil
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Fernandes RS, de Aguiar Ferreira C, Soares DCF, Maffione AM, Townsend DM, Rubello D, de Barros ALB. The role of radionuclide probes for monitoring anti-tumor drugs efficacy: A brief review. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 95:469-476. [PMID: 28865367 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.08.079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2017] [Revised: 08/17/2017] [Accepted: 08/20/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite recent advances in the development of new therapeutic agents and diagnostic imaging modalities, cancer is still one of the main causes of death worldwide. A better understanding of the molecular signature of cancer has promoted the development of a new generation of anti-cancer drugs and diagnostic agents that specifically target molecular components such as genes, ligands, receptors and signaling pathways. However, intrinsic heterogeneity of tumors has hampered the overall success of target therapies even among patients with similar tumor types but unpredictable different responses to therapy. In this sense, post-treatment response monitoring becomes indispensable and nuclear medicine imaging modalities could provide the tools for an early indication of therapeutic efficacy. Herein, we briefly discuss the current role of PET and SPECT imaging in monitoring cancer therapy together with an update on the current radiolabeled probes that are currently investigated for tumor therapy response assessment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Salgado Fernandes
- Laboratório de radioisótopos, Departamento de análises Clinicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Daniel Cristian Ferreira Soares
- Laboratório de Bioengenharia, Universidade Federal de Itajubá (UNIFEI), Rua Irmã Ivone Drumond, 200, Itabira, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Anna Margherita Maffione
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Radiology, Medical Physics and Clinical Pathology, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Rovigo, Italy
| | - Danyelle M Townsend
- Department of Drug Discovery and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Medical University of South Carolina, USA
| | - Domenico Rubello
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Radiology, Medical Physics and Clinical Pathology, Santa Maria della Misericordia Hospital, Rovigo, Italy.
| | - André Luís Branco de Barros
- Laboratório de radioisótopos, Departamento de análises Clinicas, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG), Avenida Presidente Antônio Carlos, 6627, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil.
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