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Sharma NS, Choudhary B. Good Cop, Bad Cop: Profiling the Immune Landscape in Multiple Myeloma. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1629. [PMID: 38002311 PMCID: PMC10669790 DOI: 10.3390/biom13111629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a dyscrasia of plasma cells (PCs) characterized by abnormal immunoglobulin (Ig) production. The disease remains incurable due to a multitude of mutations and structural abnormalities in MM cells, coupled with a favorable microenvironment and immune suppression that eventually contribute to the development of drug resistance. The bone marrow microenvironment (BMME) is composed of a cellular component comprising stromal cells, endothelial cells, osteoclasts, osteoblasts, and immune cells, and a non-cellular component made of the extracellular matrix (ECM) and the liquid milieu, which contains cytokines, growth factors, and chemokines. The bone marrow stromal cells (BMSCs) are involved in the adhesion of MM cells, promote the growth, proliferation, invasion, and drug resistance of MM cells, and are also crucial in angiogenesis and the formation of lytic bone lesions. Classical immunophenotyping in combination with advanced immune profiling using single-cell sequencing technologies has enabled immune cell-specific gene expression analysis in MM to further elucidate the roles of specific immune cell fractions from peripheral blood and bone marrow (BM) in myelomagenesis and progression, immune evasion and exhaustion mechanisms, and development of drug resistance and relapse. The review describes the role of BMME components in MM development and ongoing clinical trials using immunotherapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niyati Seshagiri Sharma
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology (IBAB), Electronic City, Bengaluru 560100, India
- Manipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE), Manipal 576104, India
| | - Bibha Choudhary
- Institute of Bioinformatics and Applied Biotechnology (IBAB), Electronic City, Bengaluru 560100, India
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Namjoo M, Ghafouri H, Assareh E, Aref AR, Mostafavi E, Hamrahi Mohsen A, Balalaie S, Broussy S, Asghari SM. A VEGFB-Based Peptidomimetic Inhibits VEGFR2-Mediated PI3K/Akt/mTOR and PLCγ/ERK Signaling and Elicits Apoptotic, Antiangiogenic, and Antitumor Activities. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2023; 16:906. [PMID: 37375853 DOI: 10.3390/ph16060906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Revised: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 06/13/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2) mediates VEGFA signaling mainly through the PI3K/AKT/mTOR and PLCγ/ERK1/2 pathways. Here we unveil a peptidomimetic (VGB3) based on the interaction between VEGFB and VEGFR1 that unexpectedly binds and neutralizes VEGFR2. Investigation of the cyclic and linear structures of VGB3 (named C-VGB3 and L-VGB3, respectively) using receptor binding and cell proliferation assays, molecular docking, and evaluation of antiangiogenic and antitumor activities in the 4T1 mouse mammary carcinoma tumor (MCT) model showed that loop formation is essential for peptide functionality. C-VGB3 inhibited proliferation and tubulogenesis of human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), accounting for the abrogation of VEGFR2, p-VEGFR2 and, subsequently, PI3K/AKT/mTOR and PLCγ/ERK1/2 pathways. In 4T1 MCT cells, C-VGB3 inhibited cell proliferation, VEGFR2 expression and phosphorylation, the PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway, FAK/Paxillin, and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition cascade. The apoptotic effects of C-VGB3 on HUVE and 4T1 MCT cells were inferred from annexin-PI and TUNEL staining and activation of P53, caspase-3, caspase-7, and PARP1, which mechanistically occurred through the intrinsic pathway mediated by Bcl2 family members, cytochrome c, Apaf-1 and caspase-9, and extrinsic pathway via death receptors and caspase-8. These data indicate that binding regions shared by VEGF family members may be important in developing novel pan-VEGFR inhibitors that are highly relevant in the pathogenesis of angiogenesis-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohadeseh Namjoo
- Department of Biology, University Campus II, University of Guilan, Rasht P.O. Box 14155-6619, Iran
| | - Hossein Ghafouri
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht P.O. Box 14155-6619, Iran
| | - Elham Assareh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Guilan, Rasht P.O. Box 14155-6619, Iran
| | - Amir Reza Aref
- Belfer Center for Applied Cancer Science, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Ebrahim Mostafavi
- Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Ali Hamrahi Mohsen
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran P.O. Box 1841, Iran
| | - Saeed Balalaie
- Peptide Chemistry Research Center, K. N. Toosi University of Technology, Tehran P.O. Box 1841, Iran
| | - Sylvain Broussy
- CiTCoM, UMR CNRS 8038, U1268 INSERM, UFR de Pharmacie, Faculté de Santé, Université Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France
| | - S Mohsen Asghari
- Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB), University of Tehran, Tehran P.O. Box 1841, Iran
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Sung B, Baek YY, Kim YM, You JC. Topical Administration of a Novel Acetylated Tetrapeptide Suppresses Vascular Permeability and Immune Responses and Alleviates Atopic Dermatitis in a Murine Model. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms232113498. [PMID: 36362286 PMCID: PMC9658216 DOI: 10.3390/ijms232113498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2022] [Revised: 10/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/01/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the pathogenesis of atopic dermatitis (AD) remains to be fully deciphered, skin barrier abnormality and immune dysregulation are known to be involved. Recently, the vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)/VEGF receptor (VEGFR) system has also been implicated in the pathogenesis of this multifactorial chronic inflammatory skin disorder. Previously, we showed that a novel tetrapeptide, N-acetyl-Arg-Leu-Tyr-Glu (Ac-RLYE), inhibits angiogenesis and vascular permeability effectively by selectively antagonizing VEGFR-2. The current study aimed to investigate the pharmacological effect of Ac-RLYE on AD in vitro and in vivo. The in vitro experiments demonstrated that Ac-RLYE inhibited VEGF-induced vascular permeability in endothelial cells. Moreover, in an in vivo animal model of AD, Ac-RLYE relieved AD-like symptoms such as ear thickness and dermatitis severity scores and infiltration of immune cells, including mast cells and eosinophils. Ac-RLYE inhibited IgE secretion, restored the skin barrier protein filaggrin level, and markedly downregulated gene expression of AD-related Th1, Th2, and Th17 cytokines. Collectively, these findings suggest that Ac-RLYE would be useful for the treatment of AD and associated inflammatory skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bokyung Sung
- Avixgen Inc., 2477, Nambusunhwan-ro, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06725, Korea
| | - Yi-Yong Baek
- Avixgen Inc., 2477, Nambusunhwan-ro, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06725, Korea
| | - Young-Myeong Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
| | - Ji Chang You
- Avixgen Inc., 2477, Nambusunhwan-ro, Seocho-gu, Seoul 06725, Korea
- National Research Laboratory for Molecular Virology, Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul 06591, Korea
- Correspondence:
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Therapeutic Efficacy of a Novel Acetylated Tetrapeptide in Animal Models of Age-Related Macular Degeneration. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22083893. [PMID: 33918777 PMCID: PMC8070582 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22083893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 04/05/2021] [Accepted: 04/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been shown previously that a novel tetrapeptide, Arg-Leu-Tyr-Glu (RLYE), derived from human plasminogen inhibits vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced angiogenesis, suppresses choroidal neovascularization in mice by an inhibition of VEGF receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) specific signaling pathway. In this study, we report that a modified tetrapeptide (Ac-RLYE) showed improved anti-choroidal neovascularization (CNV) efficacy in a number of animal models of neovascular age-related macular degeneration (AMD) which include rat, rabbit, and minipig. The preventive and therapeutic in vivo efficacy of Ac-RLYE via following intravitreal administration was determined to be either similar or superior to that of ranibizumab and aflibercept. Assessment of the intraocular pharmacokinetic and toxicokinetic properties of Ac-RLYE in rabbits demonstrated that it rapidly reached the retina with minimal systemic exposure after a single intravitreal dose, and it did not accumulate in plasma during repetitive dosing (bi-weekly for 14 weeks). Our results suggested that Ac-RLYE has a great potential for an alternative therapeutics for neovascular (wet) AMD. Since the amino acids in human VEGFR-2 targeted by Ac-RLYE are conserved among the animals employed in this study, the therapeutic efficacies of Ac-RLYE evaluated in those animals are predicted to be observed in human patients suffering from retinal degenerative diseases.
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Conibear AC, Schmid A, Kamalov M, Becker CFW, Bello C. Recent Advances in Peptide-Based Approaches for Cancer Treatment. Curr Med Chem 2020; 27:1174-1205. [PMID: 29173146 DOI: 10.2174/0929867325666171123204851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Peptide-based pharmaceuticals have recently experienced a renaissance due to their ability to fill the gap between the two main classes of available drugs, small molecules and biologics. Peptides combine the high potency and selectivity typical of large proteins with some of the characteristic advantages of small molecules such as synthetic accessibility, stability and the potential of oral bioavailability. METHODS In the present manuscript we review the recent literature on selected peptide-based approaches for cancer treatment, emphasizing recent advances, advantages and challenges of each strategy. RESULTS One of the applications in which peptide-based approaches have grown rapidly is cancer therapy, with a focus on new and established targets. We describe, with selected examples, some of the novel peptide-based methods for cancer treatment that have been developed in the last few years, ranging from naturally-occurring and modified peptides to peptidedrug conjugates, peptide nanomaterials and peptide-based vaccines. CONCLUSION This review brings out the emerging role of peptide-based strategies in oncology research, critically analyzing the advantages and limitations of these approaches and the potential for their development as effective anti-cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne C Conibear
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Chemistry, University of Vienna, Wahringer Straße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Alanca Schmid
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Chemistry, University of Vienna, Wahringer Straße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Meder Kamalov
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Chemistry, University of Vienna, Wahringer Straße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Christian F W Becker
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Chemistry, University of Vienna, Wahringer Straße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Claudia Bello
- Faculty of Chemistry, Institute of Biological Chemistry, University of Vienna, Wahringer Straße 38, 1090 Vienna, Austria.,Department of Chemistry "Ugo Schiff", University of Florence, Laboratory of Peptide and Protein Chemistry and Biolology-PeptLab, Via della Lastruccia 13, 50019 Sesto, Fiorentino, Italy
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Yun JA, Kim J, Baek YY, Park W, Park M, Kim S, Kim T, Choi S, Jeoung D, Lee H, Won MH, Kim JY, Ha KS, Kwon YG, Kim YM. N-Terminal Modification of the Tetrapeptide Arg-Leu-Tyr-Glu, a Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2 (VEGFR-2) Antagonist, Improves Antitumor Activity by Increasing its Stability against Serum Peptidases. Mol Pharmacol 2019; 96:692-701. [DOI: 10.1124/mol.119.117234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Leng J, Li DR, Huang LM, Ji XH, Wang DL. Apatinib is effective as third-line and more treatment of advanced metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer: A retrospective analysis in a real-world setting. Medicine (Baltimore) 2019; 98:e16967. [PMID: 31490378 PMCID: PMC6739016 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000016967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
No standard methods are recommended for patients with advanced metastatic non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) experiencing progression after 2 or more lines treatment now. The aim of this retrospective study was to assess the efficacy and safety of apatinib in metastatic NSCLC patients after second-line or more treatments failure in a real-world setting.A total of 52 advanced NSCLC patients who experienced progression after second-line and more treatments and received apatinib from March 2016 to February 2018 were retrospectively reviewed. Patients were treated with oral apatinib 500 mg QD (take the medicine once a day), every 4 weeks for a cycle. Responding and stable patients continued the treatment until progression or intolerable toxicity. The overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), objective remission rate (ORR) and disease control rate (DCR), and side effects of the drug were collected and reviewed.The ORR and the DCR were 6.9% and 67.4%. The median PFS and median OS of all patients were 3.8 months and 5.8 months, respectively. The Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group score was the independent influencing factor of PFS and OS for the advanced NSCLC patients who were treated with apatinib after second-line and above standard regimens (PFS: hazard ratio [HR] = 4.446, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.185-16.678, P = .027 and OS: HR = 8.149, 95% CI: 1.173-56.596, P = .034). The most common adverse events apatinib-related included hypertension (19.2%), hand-foot syndrome (11.5%), and mucous membrane reaction (17.3%). And treatment-related grade 3/4 toxicities were low.Apatinib showed favorable efficacy and safety and could be a treatment option in patients with advanced NSCLC experiencing progression after second-line and more treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Leng
- Chongqing University Cancer Hospital & Chongqing Cancer Institute & Chongqing Cancer Hospital, Chongqing
- Central Hospital of Suining, Department of Oncology, Suining City, Sichuan Province, China
| | - Dai-Rong Li
- Chongqing University Cancer Hospital & Chongqing Cancer Institute & Chongqing Cancer Hospital, Chongqing
| | - Lu-Mi Huang
- Chongqing University Cancer Hospital & Chongqing Cancer Institute & Chongqing Cancer Hospital, Chongqing
| | - Xiao-Hui Ji
- Chongqing University Cancer Hospital & Chongqing Cancer Institute & Chongqing Cancer Hospital, Chongqing
| | - Dong-Lin Wang
- Chongqing University Cancer Hospital & Chongqing Cancer Institute & Chongqing Cancer Hospital, Chongqing
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Park W, Baek YY, Kim J, Jo DH, Choi S, Kim JH, Kim T, Kim S, Park M, Kim JY, Won MH, Ha KS, Kim JH, Kwon YG, Kim YM. Arg-Leu-Tyr-Glu Suppresses Retinal Endothelial Permeability and Choroidal Neovascularization by Inhibiting the VEGF Receptor 2 Signaling Pathway. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2019; 27:474-483. [PMID: 31042676 PMCID: PMC6720534 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2019.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays a pivotal role in pathologic ocular neovascularization and vascular leakage via activation of VEGF receptor 2 (VEGFR2). This study was undertaken to evaluate the therapeutic mechanisms and effects of the tetrapeptide Arg-Leu-Tyr-Glu (RLYE), a VEGFR2 inhibitor, in the development of vascular permeability and choroidal neovascularization (CNV). In cultured human retinal microvascular endothelial cells (HRMECs), treatment with RLYE blocked VEGF-A-induced phosphorylation of VEGFR2, Akt, ERK, and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), leading to suppression of VEGF-A-mediated hyper-production of NO. Treatment with RLYE also inhibited VEGF-A-stimulated angiogenic processes (migration, proliferation, and tube formation) and the hyperpermeability of HRMECs, in addition to attenuating VEGF-A-induced angiogenesis and vascular permeability in mice. The anti-vascular permeability activity of RLYE was correlated with enhanced stability and positioning of the junction proteins VE-cadherin, β-catenin, claudin-5, and ZO-1, critical components of the cortical actin ring structure and retinal endothelial barrier, at the boundary between HRMECs stimulated with VEGF-A. Furthermore, intravitreally injected RLYE bound to retinal microvascular endothelium and inhibited laser-induced CNV in mice. These findings suggest that RLYE has potential as a therapeutic drug for the treatment of CNV by preventing VEGFR2-mediated vascular leakage and angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wonjin Park
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Yi-Yong Baek
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Joohwan Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hyun Jo
- Fight Against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Seunghwan Choi
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Hyoung Kim
- Fight Against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Taesam Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Suji Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsik Park
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Yoon Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Hanyang University Hospital, Seoul 04763, Republic of Korea
| | - Moo-Ho Won
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwon-Soo Ha
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Hun Kim
- Fight Against Angiogenesis-Related Blindness (FARB) Laboratory, Clinical Research Institute, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Guen Kwon
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Life Science and Biotechnology, Yonsei University, Seoul 03722, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Myeong Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
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Kim JY, Kim YM. Tumor endothelial cells as a potential target of metronomic chemotherapy. Arch Pharm Res 2019; 42:1-13. [PMID: 30604201 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-018-01102-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Drug resistance and toxic side effects are major therapeutic hurdles affecting cancer patients receiving conventional chemotherapy based on the maximum tolerated dose. Metronomic chemotherapy (MCT), a new therapeutic approach developed to avoid these problems generally, consists of the continuous administration of low-dose cytotoxic agents without extended intervals. This therapy targets the tumor microenvironment, rather than exerting a direct effect on tumor cells. As a result, the MCT regimen functionally impairs tumor endothelial cells and circulating endothelial progenitor cells, leading to tumor dormancy via anti-angiogenesis. Over the past 10 years, several studies have highlighted the impact of MCT on the tumor microenvironment and angiogenesis and demonstrated its potential as a switch from the pro-angiogenic to the anti-angiogenic state. However, the mechanisms of action are still obscure. Here, we systematically review the evidence regarding the anti-angiogenic potential of MCT as a crucial determinant of tumor dormancy and cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yoon Kim
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, Hanyang University Hospital, Seoul, 04763, South Korea
| | - Young-Myeong Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry School of Medicine, Kangwon National University School of Medicine, Chuncheon, Gangwon-do, 24341, South Korea.
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Gu J, Ji Z, Li D, Dong Q. Proliferation inhibition and apoptosis promotion by dual silencing of VEGF and Survivin in human osteosarcoma. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2019; 51:59-67. [PMID: 30566604 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmy146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simultaneous silencing of multiple upregulated genes is an attractive and viable treatment strategy for many incurable diseases including cancer. Herein we used a dual gene-targeted siRNA conjugate composed of VEGF and Survivin siRNA sequences in the same backbone to inhibit proliferation and angiogenesis in two human osteosarcoma cell lines. We synthesized siRNA sequences targeting the VEGF and Survivin genes individually (VEGF siRNA and Survivin siRNA) or simultaneously (one-chain-double-target siRNA: dual siRNA). VEGF and Survivin mRNA and protein expression levels in human osteosarcoma MG-63 and Saos-2 cells were detected by qRT-PCR and western blot analysis. VEGF and Survivin protein location and expression were evaluated by immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence staining. MG-63 and Saos-2 cell migration, proliferation, apoptosis, and angiogenesis were detected by scratch test, MTT assay, flow cytometry, and capillary tube assay respectively. The dual siRNA induced similar downregulation of VEGF and Survivin mRNA and protein levels, compared with VEGF siRNA or Survivin siRNA alone. The dual siRNA caused greater suppression of MG-63 and Saos-2 cell migration, proliferation and angiogenesis, and promoted more cell apoptosis than VEGF siRNA or Survivin siRNA alone, suggesting that the effects of the dual siRNA on inhibiting cell proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis and promoting apoptosis were superior to those of the single-target siRNAs. Simultaneous silencing of VEGF and Survivin using the dual siRNA may be an advantageous alternative for the development of therapeutic strategies against human osteosarcoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junquan Gu
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Zhoujing Ji
- Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Dong Li
- Department of Orthopaedics, Affiliated Maternity and Child Health Care Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, China
| | - Qirong Dong
- Department of Orthopaedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow, China
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Sadremomtaz A, Mansouri K, Alemzadeh G, Safa M, Rastaghi AE, Asghari SM. Dual blockade of VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 by a novel peptide abrogates VEGF-driven angiogenesis, tumor growth, and metastasis through PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK1/2 pathway. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2018; 1862:2688-2700. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2018.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2018] [Revised: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Endothelial progenitor cells in multiple myeloma neovascularization: a brick to the wall. Angiogenesis 2017; 20:443-462. [PMID: 28840415 DOI: 10.1007/s10456-017-9571-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is characterized by the clonal expansion of plasma cells in the bone marrow that leads to events such as bone destruction, anaemia and renal failure. Despite the several therapeutic options available, there is still no effective cure, and the standard survival is up to 4 years. The evolution from the asymptomatic stage of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance to MM and the progression of the disease itself are related to cellular and molecular alterations in the bone marrow microenvironment, including the development of the vasculature. Post-natal vasculogenesis is characterized by the recruitment to the tumour vasculature of bone marrow progenitors, known as endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), which incorporate newly forming blood vessels and differentiate into endothelial cells. Several processes related to EPCs, such as recruitment, mobilization, adhesion and differentiation, are tightly controlled by cells and molecules in the bone marrow microenvironment. In this review, the bone marrow microenvironment and the mechanisms associated to the development of the neovasculature promoted by EPCs are discussed in detail in both a non-pathological scenario and in MM. The latest developments in therapy targeting the vasculature and EPCs in MM are also highlighted. The identification and characterization of the pathways relevant to the complex setting of MM are of utter importance to identify not only biomarkers for an early diagnosis and disease progression monitoring, but also to reveal intervention targets for more effective therapy directed to cancer cells and the endothelial mediators relevant to neovasculature development.
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