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Li L, Zhou J, Dong X, Liao Q, Zhou D, Zhou Y. Dendritic cell vaccines for glioblastoma fail to complete clinical translation: Bottlenecks and potential countermeasures. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 109:108929. [PMID: 35700581 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2022] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 06/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is a heterogeneous and invasive WHO grade IV brain tumor. Patients with GBM have a median overall survival (OS) of only 14 to 17 months when treated with surgical resection and chemoradiation. As one of the most promising anti-tumor immunotherapies, dendritic cell (DC) vaccines have demonstrated good efficacy, safety, and tolerability in many clinical trials. However, to date, no Phase III clinical trial has achieved positive endpoints and truly implement clinical development and transformation. Moreover, the survival benefits of DC vaccines for patients with GBM seem to have a delayed effect; therefore, we urgently require strategies to optimize DC vaccines to advance the time point of its survival benefits. Here, we discuss the latest clinical trial progress of DC vaccines in GBM and summarize the benefits and drawbacks of various vaccine design options, as well as the challenges faced in clinical translation. Moreover, we target future combination therapy strategies for DC vaccines in GBM, which provides a new perspective for comprehensively understanding the effectiveness, limitations, and new directions of the development of DC vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luohong Li
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China; Cancer Research Institute, Basic School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China; Cancer Research Institute, Basic School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Xueting Dong
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China; Cancer Research Institute, Basic School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Qianjin Liao
- Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China
| | - Dongbo Zhou
- Department of Geriatric, Respiratory Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China, Hunan 410008, China.
| | - Yanhong Zhou
- NHC Key Laboratory of Carcinogenesis, Hunan Cancer Hospital and The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China; Cancer Research Institute, Basic School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410078, China; Hunan Key Laboratory of Cancer Metabolism, Hunan Cancer Hospital and the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan 410013, China.
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Feng S, Ding H, Liu L, Peng C, Huang Y, Zhong F, Li W, Meng T, Li J, Wang X, Li Y, Wu J. Astragalus polysaccharide enhances the immune function of RAW264.7 macrophages via the NF-κB p65/MAPK signaling pathway. Exp Ther Med 2021; 21:20. [PMID: 33235629 PMCID: PMC7678613 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2020.9452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Accepted: 09/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the immunoregulatory effects of Astragalus polysaccharide (APS) on RAW264.7 cells. The production of cytokines by RAW264.7 cells was analyzed using ELISA, while cell viability and optimal concentration of APS were assessed using the Cell Counting Kit-8 assay. In addition, the mRNA levels of IL-6, inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and TNF-α were determined by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR analysis. The levels of co-stimulatory molecules and cell cycle distribution were assessed by flow cytometry. Electrophoretic mobility shift assay was used to determine the effects of APS on p65 expression. Compared with controls, APS enhanced the production of NO, the gene expression of TNF-α, IL-6 and iNOS and the protein levels of phosphorylated p65, p38, Jun N-terminal kinase and extracellular signal regulated kinase in RAW264.7 cells, whereas these effects of APS were alleviated by pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate. The results of the present study indicated that the immunoregulatory effects of APS are mediated, at least in part, via the activation of the NF-κB p65/MAPK signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibin Feng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, P.R. China
| | - Hongyan Ding
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, P.R. China
| | - Leihong Liu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, P.R. China
| | - Chenglu Peng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, P.R. China
| | - Yingying Huang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, P.R. China
| | - Fuchao Zhong
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, P.R. China
| | - Wei Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Meng
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, P.R. China
| | - Jinchun Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, P.R. China
| | - Xichun Wang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, P.R. China
| | - Yu Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, P.R. China
| | - Jinjie Wu
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, Anhui 230036, P.R. China
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Yang F, Zhai Z, Luo X, Luo G, Zhuang L, Zhang Y, Li Y, Sun E, He Y. Bioinformatics identification of key candidate genes and pathways associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. Clin Rheumatol 2019; 39:425-434. [PMID: 31673979 DOI: 10.1007/s10067-019-04751-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 08/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex autoimmune disease characterized by autoantibody production and multi-system involvement, but the etiology is largely unclear. This study aimed to elucidate candidate genes and pathways involved in SLE. METHODS Three original datasets GSE72509, GSE20864, and GSE39088 were downloaded from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) and the data were further integrated and analyzed. Subsequently, differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between SLE patients and healthy people were identified. And then we performed gene ontology (GO) function and pathway enrichment analyses of common DEGs, and constructed a protein-protein interaction (PPI) network with STRING database. Reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) was carried out to validate the expression levels of candidate genes in blood samples from SLE patients and healthy controls. RESULTS In total, 321 common DEGs were identified in SLE patients compared with healthy controls, including 231 upregulated and 90 downregulated genes. GO function analysis revealed that 321 common DEGs were mainly enriched in innate immune response, defense response, cytokine-mediated signaling pathway, response to interferon-alpha, and I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling. Additionally, pathway enrichment analysis indicated that DEGs were mainly enriched in several signaling pathways associated with immune system and apoptosis, including RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway, antigen processing and presentation, and p53 signaling pathway. The expression levels of candidate genes RPL26L1, FBXW11, FOXO1, and SMAD7 were validated by RT-qPCR analysis. CONCLUSIONS The four hub genes including RPL26L1, FBXW11, FOXO1, and SMAD7 may play key roles in the pathogenesis and development of SLE. RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway, antigen processing and presentation pathway, and p53 signaling pathway may be closely implicated in SLE pathogenesis. Collectively, these results may provide valuable novel markers or targets for the diagnosis and treatment of SLE.Key Points• Integrated bioinformatics analysis of three profile datasets based on SLE patients and healthy controls was performed and 321 common DEGs were identified.• The 321 common DEGs were mainly enriched in biological processes related to immune responses and inflammatory responses, including innate immune response, defense response, cytokine-mediated signaling pathway, response to interferon-alpha, I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling, whereas the three most significant cellular components were oxidoreductase complex, AIM2 inflammasome complex, and ubiquitin ligase complex.• KEGG pathway enrichment analysis indicated that common DEGs were mainly enriched in several signaling pathways associated with immune system and apoptosis, including RIG-I-like receptor signaling pathway, antigen processing and presentation, and p53 signaling pathway.• Candidate genes RPL26L1, FBXW11, FOXO1, and SMAD7 may be closely involved in the pathogenesis and development of SLE and may provide valuable novel markers or targets for the diagnosis and treatment of SLE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Yang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Clinical Immunology, Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zeqing Zhai
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Clinical Immunology, Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoqing Luo
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Clinical Immunology, Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guihu Luo
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Clinical Immunology, Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lili Zhuang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Clinical Immunology, Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanan Zhang
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Clinical Immunology, Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yehao Li
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Institute of Clinical Immunology, Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China
| | - Erwei Sun
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China. .,Institute of Clinical Immunology, Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China.
| | - Yi He
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, The Third Affiliated Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China. .,Institute of Clinical Immunology, Academy of Orthopedics, Guangdong Province, Guangzhou, China.
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A Characterization of Dendritic Cells and Their Role in Immunotherapy in Glioblastoma: From Preclinical Studies to Clinical Trials. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11040537. [PMID: 30991681 PMCID: PMC6521200 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11040537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common and fatal primary central nervous system malignancy in adults with a median survival of less than 15 months. Surgery, radiation, and chemotherapy are the standard of care and provide modest benefits in survival, but tumor recurrence is inevitable. The poor prognosis of GBM has made the development of novel therapies targeting GBM of paramount importance. Immunotherapy via dendritic cells (DCs) has garnered attention and research as a potential strategy to boost anti-tumor immunity in recent years. As the “professional” antigen processing and presenting cells, DCs play a key role in the initiation of anti-tumor immune responses. Pre-clinical studies in GBM have shown long-term tumor survival and immunological memory in murine models with stimulation of DC activity with various antigens and costimulatory molecules. Phase I and II clinical trials of DC vaccines in GBM have demonstrated some efficacy in improving the median overall survival with minimal to no toxicity with promising initial results from the first Phase III trial. However, there remains no standardization of vaccines in terms of which antigens are used to pulse DCs ex vivo, sites of DC injection, and optimal adjuvant therapies. Future work with DC vaccines aims to elucidate the efficacy of DC-based therapy alone or in combination with other immunotherapy adjuvants in additional Phase III trials.
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Li J, Li Q, Lin L, Wang R, Chen L, Du W, Jiang C, Li R. Targeting the Notch1 oncogene by miR-139-5p inhibits glioma metastasis and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). BMC Neurol 2018; 18:133. [PMID: 30170559 PMCID: PMC6117922 DOI: 10.1186/s12883-018-1139-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2018] [Accepted: 08/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Glioma metastasis, invasion, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and chemoresistance indicate poor prognosis. Accumulating evidence reveals that Notch1 is an important factor in tumour progression. However, the role of Notch1 in glioma EMT and associated microRNAs (miRNAs) with the Notch pathway remain controversial. METHODS Utilizing cBioPortal database to examine the gene signature of NOTCH1 (encoding Notch1), CDH2 (encoding N-cadherin) and SNAI1 (encoding Snail-1) in disease-free survival (DFS) and overall survival (OS). We analyzed the Notch1 expression from Oncomine. We used Western blot (WB), immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunofluorescence to determine protein levels. Transcription was evaluated by quantitative real-time (qRT)-PCR. siRNA and lentivirus were used to knock down Notch1 and overexpress miR-139-5p, respectively. The migration and invasion of glioma cells were assessed by wound healing and transwell assays. Luciferase reporter assays were utilized to verify the relationship between Notch1 and miR-139-5p. A U87-implanted intracranial model was used to study the effect of miR-139-5p on tumour growth and Notch1 suppression efficacy or EMT reversion. RESULTS It revealed the association of NOTCH1, CDH2, SNAI1 genomic alterations with decreases in DFS and OS. Notch1 was upregulated in classical and proneural subtypes of GBM, and associated with tumour grade. Notch1 inhibition suppressed the biological behaviours of metastasis, invasion and EMT. Notch1 was identified as a novel direct target of miR-139-5p. MiR-139-5p overexpression partially phenocopied Notch1 siRNA, whereas the forced expression of Notch1 reversed the effects of miR-139-5p on the invasion of glioma. Moreover, intracranial tumourigenicity and EMT behaviours were reduced by the introduction of miR-139-5p and partially mediated by the decreased Notch1 expression. CONCLUSIONS miR-139-5p was identified as a tumour suppressor by negatively targeting Notch1, and this work suggests a possible molecular mechanism of the miR-139/Notch1/EMT axis for glioma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianlong Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang, 150086, Harbin, People's Republic of China.,Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515, China
| | - Qingbin Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang, 150086, Harbin, People's Republic of China.,Neuroscience Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, 150086, China.,Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Lin Lin
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang, 150086, Harbin, People's Republic of China.,Neuroscience Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, 150086, China.,Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Lingchao Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200040, China
| | - Wenzhong Du
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, 150086, China
| | - Chuanlu Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang, 150086, Harbin, People's Republic of China. .,Neuroscience Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, 150086, China. .,Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Ruiyan Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, 246 Xuefu Road, Nangang, 150086, Harbin, People's Republic of China. .,Neuroscience Institute, Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, 150086, China. .,Chinese Glioma Cooperative Group (CGCG), Beijing, 100050, China.
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Zhong S, Wu B, Dong X, Han Y, Jiang S, Zhang Y, Bai Y, Luo SX, Chen Y, Zhang H, Zhao G. Identification of Driver Genes and Key Pathways of Glioblastoma Shows JNJ-7706621 as a Novel Antiglioblastoma Drug. World Neurosurg 2017; 109:e329-e342. [PMID: 28989042 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2017.09.176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study is to identify novel targets of diagnosis, therapy, and prognosis for glioblastoma, as well as to verify the therapeutic effect of JNJ-7706621 regarding glioblastoma. METHODS The gene expression profiles of GSE42656, GSE50161, and GSE86574 were obtained respectively from the Gene Expression Omnibus database. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified with comparison between gene expression profiles of the glioblastoma tissues and normal tissues. Gene Ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) analysis and protein-protein interaction (PPI) network analyses were performed. Quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and survival curve analysis were also conducted to verify the correlation between expression of hub genes and prognosis. Moreover, in vitro, MTT assay, colony-forming assay, the scratch assay, and flow cytometry were performed to verify the therapeutic effect of JNJ-7706621. RESULTS AURKA, NDC80, KIF4A, and NUSAP1 were identified as hub genes after PPI network analysis. Differential expression of those genes was detected between human normal glial cells and glioblastoma cells by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (P < 0.05), and the survival curve analysis showed that the patients with low expression of gene AURKA, NDC80, KIF4A, and NUSAP1 had a significant favorable prognosis (P < 0.05). In vitro assays showed that JNJ-7706621 inhibited glioblastoma cellular viability, proliferation, and migration via inducing glioblastoma cells apoptosis. CONCLUSIONS AURKA, NDC80, KIF4A, and NUSAP1 were significantly more highly expressed in glioblastoma cells than in human normal glial cell. Patients with low expression of those 4 genes had a favorable prognosis. JNJ-7706621 was a potential drug in treatment of patients with glioblastoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; Clinical College, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bo Wu
- Clinical College, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xuechao Dong
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yujuan Han
- Clinical College, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | | | - Ying Zhang
- Clinical College, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yang Bai
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Sean X Luo
- Department of Vascular, Wake Forest Baptist Health, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Huimao Zhang
- Department of Radiology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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Zhong S, Wu B, Han Y, Cao Y, Yang L, Luo SX, Chen Y, Zhang H, Zhao G. Identification of Driver Genes and Key Pathways of Pediatric Brain Tumors and Comparison of Molecular Pathogenesis Based on Pathologic Types. World Neurosurg 2017; 107:990-1000. [PMID: 28751139 DOI: 10.1016/j.wneu.2017.07.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 07/15/2017] [Accepted: 07/17/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study is to identify pediatric brain tumors (PBT) driver genes and key pathways to detect the expression of the driver genes and also to clarify the relationship between patients' prognosis and expression of driver genes. METHODS The gene expression profile of GSE50161 was analyzed to identify the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between tumor tissue and the normal tissue. Gene ontology, Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis, and protein-protein interaction network analysis were conducted to identify the enrichment functions, pathways, and hub genes. After hub genes were identified, quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction was used to confirm the differential expression of these hub genes. Survival data of 325 patients' were analyzed to clarify the relationship between prognosis and expression levels of the mutual hub genes. RESULTS Gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes analysis showed that there were 13 common functions and 3 common pathways which were upregulated or downregulated among the 4 groups. Mutual hub genes were somatostatin (SST), glutamate decarboxylase 2 (GAD2), and single copy human parvalbumin gene (PVALB). The expression of SST, GAD2, and PVALB in glioma cells significantly decreased compared with normal glial cells (P < 0.05). In addition, survival analysis showed a favorable progression-free and overall survival in patients with glioma with SST, GAD2, and PVALB high expression (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS SST, GAD2, and PVALB significantly decrease in glioma cells compared with normal glial cells. Survival analysis suggests that patients with high-expressed SST, GAD2, and PVALB have a longer overall and progression-free survival. The differential expressed genes identified in this study provide novel targets for diagnosis and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Zhong
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China; Clinical College, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Bo Wu
- Clinical College, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yujuan Han
- Clinical College, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yingshu Cao
- Clinical College, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Liu Yang
- College of Public Health, Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Sean X Luo
- Department of Vascular Surgery, Wake Forest Baptist Health, Winston-Salem, North Carolina, USA
| | - Yong Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Huimao Zhang
- Department of Radiology, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Gang Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery, the First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China.
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