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Ren J, Yu P, Liu S, Li R, Niu X, Chen Y, Zhang Z, Zhou F, Zhang L. Deubiquitylating Enzymes in Cancer and Immunity. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2023; 10:e2303807. [PMID: 37888853 PMCID: PMC10754134 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202303807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2023] [Revised: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Deubiquitylating enzymes (DUBs) maintain relative homeostasis of the cellular ubiquitome by removing the post-translational modification ubiquitin moiety from substrates. Numerous DUBs have been demonstrated specificity for cleaving a certain type of ubiquitin linkage or positions within ubiquitin chains. Moreover, several DUBs perform functions through specific protein-protein interactions in a catalytically independent manner, which further expands the versatility and complexity of DUBs' functions. Dysregulation of DUBs disrupts the dynamic equilibrium of ubiquitome and causes various diseases, especially cancer and immune disorders. This review summarizes the Janus-faced roles of DUBs in cancer including proteasomal degradation, DNA repair, apoptosis, and tumor metastasis, as well as in immunity involving innate immune receptor signaling and inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. The prospects and challenges for the clinical development of DUB inhibitors are further discussed. The review provides a comprehensive understanding of the multi-faced roles of DUBs in cancer and immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Ren
- The Eighth Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityShenzhen518033P. R. China
| | - Peng Yu
- Zhongshan Institute for Drug DiscoveryShanghai Institute of Materia MedicaChinese Academy of SciencesZhongshanGuangdongP. R. China
| | - Sijia Liu
- International Biomed‐X Research CenterSecond Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhouP. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Tumor of Zhejiang ProvinceHangzhou310058China
| | - Ran Li
- The Eighth Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityShenzhen518033P. R. China
| | - Xin Niu
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling NetworkLife Sciences InstituteZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058P. R. China
| | - Yan Chen
- The Eighth Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityShenzhen518033P. R. China
| | - Zhenyu Zhang
- Department of NeurosurgeryThe First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou UniversityZhengzhouHenan450003P. R. China
| | - Fangfang Zhou
- Institutes of Biology and Medical ScienceSoochow UniversitySuzhou215123P. R. China
| | - Long Zhang
- The Eighth Affiliated HospitalSun Yat‐sen UniversityShenzhen518033P. R. China
- International Biomed‐X Research CenterSecond Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of MedicineZhejiang UniversityHangzhouP. R. China
- MOE Laboratory of Biosystems Homeostasis & Protection and Innovation Center for Cell Signaling NetworkLife Sciences InstituteZhejiang UniversityHangzhou310058P. R. China
- Cancer CenterZhejiang UniversityHangzhouZhejiang310058P. R. China
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Zhou H, Yang L, Lin X, Chan TF, Lee NPY, Tse WKF, Zhang X, Li R, Lai KP. Integrated network findings reveal ubiquitin-specific protease 44 overexpression suppresses tumorigenicity of liver cancer. Aging (Albany NY) 2023; 15:204733. [PMID: 37204480 DOI: 10.18632/aging.204733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the sixth most common cancer and third leading cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. HCC is a multistep disease marked by various signaling alterations. A better understanding of the new molecular drivers of HCC could therefore provide an opportunity to develop effective diagnostic and therapeutic targets. Ubiquitin-specific protease 44 (USP44), a member of the cysteine protease family, has been reported to play a role in many cancer types. However, its contribution to HCC development remains unknown. In the present study, we observed suppression of USP44 expression in HCC tissue. Clinicopathologic analysis further showed that low USP44 expression correlated with poorer survival and a later tumor stage in HCC, suggesting that USP44 could be a predictor of poor prognosis in patients with HCC. Gain-of-function analysis in vitro demonstrated the importance of USP44 in HCC cell growth and G0/G1 cell cycle arrest. To investigate the downstream targets of USP44 and the molecular mechanisms underlying its regulation of cell proliferation in HCC, we conducted a comparative transcriptomic analysis and identified a cluster of proliferation-related genes, including CCND2, CCNG2, and SMC3. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis further delineated the gene networks controlled by USP44 through the regulation of membrane proteins and receptors, enzymes, transcriptional factors, and cyclins involved in the control of cell proliferation, metastasis, and apoptosis in HCC. To summarize, our results highlight, for the first time, the tumor-suppression role of USP44 in HCC and suggest a new prognostic biomarker in this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huanhuan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Integrative Omics, Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Lu Yang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Integrative Omics, Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Xiao Lin
- Department of Psychiatry, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Ting Fung Chan
- School of Life Sciences, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Nikki Pui-Yue Lee
- Department of Surgery, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - William Ka Fai Tse
- Center for Promotion of International Education and Research, Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Xing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Integrative Omics, Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, PR China
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Rong Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Integrative Omics, Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, PR China
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, PR China
| | - Keng Po Lai
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Integrative Omics, Education Department of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, PR China
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guilin Medical University, Guilin, Guangxi, PR China
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Lou Y, Ye M, Xu C, Tao F. Insight into the physiological and pathological roles of USP44, a potential tumor target (Review). Oncol Lett 2022; 24:455. [PMID: 36380875 PMCID: PMC9650596 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2022.13575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/06/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin-specific peptidase 44 (USP44) is a member of the ubiquitin-specific proteases (USPs) family and its functions in various biological processes have been gradually elucidated in recent years. USP44 targets multiple downstream factors and regulates multiple mechanisms through its deubiquitination activity. Ubiquitination is, in essence, a process in which a single ubiquitin molecule or a multiubiquitin chain binds to a substrate protein to form an isopeptide bond. Deubiquitination is the catalyzing of the isopeptide bonds between ubiquitin and substrate proteins through deubiquitylating enzymes. These two processes serve an important role in the regulation of the expression, conformation, localization and function of substrate proteins by regulating their binding to ubiquitin. Based on existing research, this paper summarized the current state of knowledge about USP44. The physiological roles of USP44 in various cellular events and its pathophysiological roles in different cancer types are evaluated and the therapeutic potential of USP44 for cancer treatment is evaluated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuming Lou
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321000, P.R. China,Department of Stomach and Intestine Surgery, Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, P.R. China
| | - Minfeng Ye
- Department of Stomach and Intestine Surgery, Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, P.R. China
| | - Chaoyang Xu
- Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321000, P.R. China,Department of Stomach and Intestine Surgery, Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, P.R. China,Correspondence to: Dr Chaoyang Xu, Department of Breast and Thyroid Surgery, Affiliated Jinhua Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 365 Renmin East Road, Jinhua, Zhejiang 321000, P.R. China, E-mail:
| | - Feng Tao
- Department of Stomach and Intestine Surgery, Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, P.R. China,Professor Feng Tao, Department of Stomach and Intestine Surgery, Shaoxing Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, 568 Zhongxing North Road, Shaoxing, Zhejiang 312000, P.R. China, E-mail:
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Liu X, Zeng W, Zheng D, Tang M, Zhou W. Clinical significance of securin expression in solid cancers: A PRISMA-compliant meta-analysis of published studies and bioinformatics analysis based on TCGA dataset. Medicine (Baltimore) 2022; 101:e30440. [PMID: 36123907 PMCID: PMC9478268 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000030440] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Numerous studies have investigated the clinical significance of securin expression in solid cancers; however, the results have been inconsistent. Hence, we performed a meta-analysis of published studies to assess the clinical value of securin expression in patients with solid cancers. METHODS The Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure, Web of Science, PubMed, and EMDASE databases were searched for eligible studies (from inception up to April 2021). Bioinformatics analysis based on The Cancer Genome Atlas dataset was also performed to evaluate the prognostic value of securin expression. RESULTS A total of 25 articles with 26 studies were included in the meta-analysis. The results of the meta-analysis implied that high securin expression was positively correlated with unfavorable overall survival (OS) (hazard ratio = 1.52, 95% CI, 1.33-1.73; P < .001) and lymph node metastasis (odd ratio = 2.96, 95% CI, 2.26-3.86; P < .001). Consistently, our bioinformatics analysis showed that increased securin expression was associated with worse OS and shorter disease-free survival in cancer patients. CONCLUSION Our study indicated that securin overexpression was positively associated with metastasis and inversely related to the prognosis of patients with solid cancers. However, additional high-quality studies should be conducted to validate these findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Liu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Wei Zeng
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Dayang Zheng
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Min Tang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
| | - Wangyan Zhou
- Department of Medical Humanities and Education Department, the First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- * Correspondence: Wangyan Zhou, Department of Medical Humanities and Education Department, the First Affiliated Hospital, University of South China, No. 69 Chuanshan Road, Hengyang 421001, China (e-mail: )
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Chi Z, Zhang B, Sun R, Wang Y, Zhang L, Xu G. USP44 accelerates the growth of T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia through interacting with WDR5 and repressing its ubiquitination. Int J Med Sci 2022; 19:2022-2032. [PMID: 36483601 PMCID: PMC9724245 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.74535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2022] [Accepted: 10/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (T-ALL) is a common hematologic malignancy. Based on the data from GSE66638 and GSE141140, T-ALL patients depicted a higher USP44 level. However, its role in T-ALL is still unclear. In the present study, we investigated the role of USP44 in T-ALL growth. USP44 overexpression elevated the proliferation of CCRF-CEM cells, while USP44 knockdown suppressed the proliferation of Jurkat and MOLT-4 cells. In addition, USP44 accelerated the cell cycle progression, with boosted cyclinD and PCNA levels. However, USP44 knockdown induced apoptosis in Jurkat and MOLT-4 cells, with an upheaval among cleaved caspase-3 and PARP levels. Mechanistically, USP44 co-localized and interacted with WDR5, leading to the repression of its ubiquitination and degradation. Interestingly, WDR5 overexpression abolished the apoptosis induced by USP44 knockdown. Consistently, the in vivo study revealed that USP44 knockdown restricted the leukemic engraftments in the bone marrow and spleens and reduced the infiltration of T-ALL cells in the livers and lungs. In conclusion, this study indicated that USP44 enhanced the growth of T-ALL through interacting with WDR5 and repressing its ubiquitination. This study highlights the potential use of USP44 as a therapeutic target of T-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuofei Chi
- The Second Department of Pediatric Hematology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning, China
| | - Bin Zhang
- The Second Department of Pediatric Hematology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning, China
| | - Ruowen Sun
- The Second Department of Pediatric Hematology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning, China
| | - Ye Wang
- The Second Department of Pediatric Hematology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning, China
| | - Linlin Zhang
- The Second Department of Pediatric Hematology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning, China
| | - Gang Xu
- The Second Department of Pediatric Hematology, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110004, Liaoning, China
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The role of ubiquitin-specific peptidases in glioma progression. Biomed Pharmacother 2021; 146:112585. [PMID: 34968923 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2021.112585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2021] [Revised: 12/21/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The balance between ubiquitination and deubiquitination is crucial for protein stability, function and location under physiological conditions. Dysregulation of E1/E2/E3 ligases or deubiquitinases (DUBs) results in malfunction of the ubiquitin system and is involved in many diseases. Increasing reports have indicated that ubiquitin-specific peptidases (USPs) play a part in the progression of many kinds of cancers and could be good targets for anticancer treatment. Glioma is the most common malignant tumor in the central nervous system. Clinical treatment for high-grade glioma is unsatisfactory thus far. Multiple USPs are dysregulated in glioma and have the potential to be therapeutic targets. In this review, we collected studies on the roles of USPs in glioma progression and summarized the mechanisms of USPs in glioma tumorigenesis, malignancy and chemoradiotherapy resistance.
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Maksoud S. The Role of the Ubiquitin Proteasome System in Glioma: Analysis Emphasizing the Main Molecular Players and Therapeutic Strategies Identified in Glioblastoma Multiforme. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:3252-3269. [PMID: 33665742 PMCID: PMC8260465 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02339-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Gliomas constitute the most frequent tumors of the brain. High-grade gliomas are characterized by a poor prognosis caused by a set of attributes making treatment difficult, such as heterogeneity and cell infiltration. Additionally, there is a subgroup of glioma cells with properties similar to those of stem cells responsible for tumor recurrence after treatment. Since proteasomal degradation regulates multiple cellular processes, any mutation causing disturbances in the function or expression of its elements can lead to various disorders such as cancer. Several studies have focused on protein degradation modulation as a mechanism of glioma control. The ubiquitin proteasome system is the main mechanism of cellular proteolysis that regulates different events, intervening in pathological processes with exacerbating or suppressive effects on diseases. This review analyzes the role of proteasomal degradation in gliomas, emphasizing the elements of this system that modulate different cellular mechanisms in tumors and discussing the potential of distinct compounds controlling brain tumorigenesis through the proteasomal pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Semer Maksoud
- Experimental Therapeutics and Molecular Imaging Unit, Department of Neurology, Neuro-Oncology Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02114, USA.
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Novel prognostic prediction model constructed through machine learning on the basis of methylation-driven genes in kidney renal clear cell carcinoma. Biosci Rep 2021; 40:225719. [PMID: 32633782 PMCID: PMC7374278 DOI: 10.1042/bsr20201604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2020] [Revised: 06/24/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Kidney renal clear cell carcinoma (KIRC) is a common tumor with poor prognosis and is closely related to many aberrant gene expressions. DNA methylation is an important epigenetic modification mechanism and a novel research target. Thus, exploring the relationship between methylation-driven genes and KIRC prognosis is important. The methylation profile, methylation-driven genes, and methylation characteristics in KIRC was revealed through the integration of KIRC methylation, RNA-seq, and clinical information data from The Cancer Genome Atlas. The Lasso regression was used to establish a prognosis model on the basis of methylation-driven genes. Then, a trans-omics prognostic nomogram was constructed and evaluated by combining clinical information and methylated prognosis model. A total of 242 methylation-driven genes were identified. The Gene Ontology terms of these methylation-driven genes mainly clustered in the activation, adhesion, and proliferation of immune cells. The methylation prognosis prediction model that was established using the Lasso regression included four genes in the methylation data, namely, FOXI2, USP44, EVI2A, and TRIP13. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival rates were 0.810, 0.824, and 0.799, respectively, in the training group and 0.794, 0.752, and 0.731, respectively, in the testing group. An easy trans-omics nomogram was successfully established. The C-indices of the nomogram in the training and the testing groups were 0.8015 and 0.8389, respectively. The present study revealed the overall perspective of methylation-driven genes in KIRC and can help in the evaluation of the prognosis of KIRC patients and provide new clues for further study.
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Chen X, Wu X, Lei W. USP44 hypermethylation promotes cell proliferation and metastasis in breast cancer. Future Oncol 2020; 17:279-289. [PMID: 32956592 DOI: 10.2217/fon-2020-0415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: The methylation and expression levels of USP44 in breast cancer were investigated and their effects on tumor cells were researched. Materials & methods: Bioinformatics was employed to identify the target gene from TCGA database. Sodium bisulfite and decitabine were used for DNA modification and demethylation, and methylation-specific PCR and reverse transcriptase PCR were performed to assess USP44 methylation and expression levels. Tumor cell behaviors were assayed via several in vitro experiments. Results: USP44 was hypermethylated, which caused its poor expression in breast cancer, whereas its overexpression significantly suppressed cancer cell proliferation, migration and invasion and induced apoptosis. Conclusion: USP44 negatively functions in cancer progression upon overexpression, indicating its potential as a therapeutic target for clinical treatment of breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Chen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Taizhou Municipal Hospital, Taizhou University, Taizhou, Zhejiang, 318000, PR China
| | - Xiaotang Wu
- Shanghai Engineering Research Center of Pharmaceutical Translation, Shanghai, 200000, PR China
| | - Wen Lei
- Department of Breast Surgical Oncology, Fujian Cancer Hospital & Fujian Medical University Cancer Hospital, Fuzhou, Fujian, 350014, PR China
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Yang J, Wei P, Barbi J, Huang Q, Yang E, Bai Y, Nie J, Gao Y, Tao J, Lu Y, Xie C, Hou X, Ren J, Wu X, Meng J, Zhang Y, Fu J, Kou W, Gao Y, Chen Z, Liang R, Tsun A, Li D, Guo W, Zhang S, Zheng S, Niu J, Galardy P, Tong X, Shi G, Li H, Pan F, Li B. The deubiquitinase USP44 promotes Treg function during inflammation by preventing FOXP3 degradation. EMBO Rep 2020; 21:e50308. [PMID: 32644293 PMCID: PMC7507386 DOI: 10.15252/embr.202050308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor forkhead box P3 (FOXP3) is essential for the development of regulatory T cells (Tregs) and their function in immune homeostasis. Previous studies have shown that in natural Tregs (nTregs), FOXP3 can be regulated by polyubiquitination and deubiquitination. However, the molecular players active in this pathway, especially those modulating FOXP3 by deubiquitination in the distinct induced Treg (iTreg) lineage, remain unclear. Here, we identify the ubiquitin-specific peptidase 44 (USP44) as a novel deubiquitinase for FOXP3. USP44 interacts with and stabilizes FOXP3 by removing K48-linked ubiquitin modifications. Notably, TGF-β induces USP44 expression during iTreg differentiation. USP44 co-operates with USP7 to stabilize and deubiquitinate FOXP3. Tregs genetically lacking USP44 are less effective than their wild-type counterparts, both in vitro and in multiple in vivo models of inflammatory disease and cancer. These findings suggest that USP44 plays an important role in the post-translational regulation of Treg function and is thus a potential therapeutic target for tolerance-breaking anti-cancer immunotherapy.
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Dong Z, Guo S, Wang Y, Zhang J, Luo H, Zheng G, Yang D, Zhang T, Yan L, Song L, Liu K, Sun Z, Meng X, Zheng Z, Zhang J, Zhao Y. USP19 Enhances MMP2/MMP9-Mediated Tumorigenesis in Gastric Cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:8495-8510. [PMID: 32904569 PMCID: PMC7457554 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s240543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To investigate the clinical significance of ubiquitin-specific peptidase 19 (USP19) expression in gastric cancer (GC) compared with that in normal tissues and gastric cell lines. Methods USP19 protein expression was analyzed in 212 paired GC samples using immunohistochemical staining. Quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) and Western blotting were used to detect the level of USP19 in gastric cell lines. The biological functions of USP19 were investigated by MTT assay, colony-forming assay, wound healing assay and gelatin zymography, and apoptotic cells were detected by immunohistochemistry assays in SGC7901 xenograft models. Results USP19 expression was significantly increased in GC cells and tissues, and the high level of USP19 expression was positively correlated with the Lauren’s classification and poor prognosis. Moreover, USP19 was identified as a novel independent prognostic biomarker in GC patients. Enhanced USP19 expression promoted GC cell proliferation and metastasis through reduced cleaved caspase-3 and increased MMP2/MMP9 expression and promoted enzyme activity in the study, and verified the results through The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and bioinformatic websites from the Kaplan–Meier plotter (http://kmplot.com) and GEPIA (http://gepia2.cancer-pku.cn.). Conclusion Our study suggests that USP19 promoted tumor progression by inducing MMP2/MMP9 expression and related enzyme activity. Hence, USP19 may be a valuable prognostic predictor for GC, and the USP19-MMP2/MMP9 axis could serve as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Dong
- Postgraduate School of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Guo
- Postgraduate School of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yue Wang
- Department of Stomach Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University (Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute), Shenyang 110042, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jun Zhang
- Department of Stomach Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University (Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute), Shenyang 110042, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Haojie Luo
- Postgraduate School of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Guoliang Zheng
- Department of Stomach Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University (Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute), Shenyang 110042, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Yang
- Department of Stomach Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University (Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute), Shenyang 110042, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Stomach Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University (Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute), Shenyang 110042, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Liucun Yan
- Yidu Cloud (Beijing) Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Song
- Yidu Cloud (Beijing) Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Kejia Liu
- Yidu Cloud (Beijing) Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Sun
- Yidu Cloud (Beijing) Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing 100083, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyu Meng
- Department of Stomach Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University (Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute), Shenyang 110042, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhichao Zheng
- Department of Stomach Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University (Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute), Shenyang 110042, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianjun Zhang
- Department of Stomach Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University (Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute), Shenyang 110042, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Zhao
- Department of Stomach Surgery, Cancer Hospital of China Medical University (Liaoning Cancer Hospital and Institute), Shenyang 110042, Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China
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Huang T, Zhang Q, Ren W, Yan B, Yi L, Tang T, Lin H, Zhang Y. USP44 suppresses proliferation and enhances apoptosis in colorectal cancer cells by inactivating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway via Axin1 deubiquitination. Cell Biol Int 2020; 44:1651-1659. [PMID: 32285989 PMCID: PMC7496820 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the leading cause of cancer death, and its 5-year survival rate remains unsatisfactory. Recent studies have revealed that ubiquitin-specific protease 44 (USP44) is a cancer suppressor or oncogene depending on the type of neoplasm. However, its role in CRC remains unclear. Here, we found that the USP44 expression level was markedly decreased in CRC, and USP44 overexpression inhibited proliferation while enhancing apoptosis in CRC cells, suggesting that USP44 is a cancer suppressor in CRC. We then investigated if USP44 functioned through regulating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. We found that USP44 overexpression increased the Axin1 protein while decreasing β-catenin, c-myc, and cyclin D1 proteins, suggesting that USP44 inhibited the activation of the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Moreover, we found that two Wnt/β-catenin activators, LiCl and SKL2001, both attenuated oeUSP44-mediated proliferation and apoptosis in CRC cells. Collectively, these data points indicated that USP44 inhibited proliferation while promoting apoptosis in CRC cells by inhibiting the Wnt/β-catenin pathway. Interestingly, we observed that USP44 overexpression did not affect the Axin1 mRNA level. Further study uncovered that USP44 interacted with Axin1 and reduced the ubiquitination of Axin1. Furthermore, Axin1 knock-down abolished the effects of oeUSP44 on proliferation, apoptosis, and Wnt/β-catenin activity in CRC cells. Taken together, this study demonstrates that USP44 inhibits proliferation while enhancing apoptosis in CRC cells by inactivating the Wnt/β-catenin pathway via Axin1 deubiquitination. USP44 is a cancer suppressor in CRC and a potential target for CRC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong Huang
- Department of General Surgery, General Hospital of XinJiang Military Command, YouHaoBeiLu, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Qingquan Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, No. 948 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Changzheng Road, Wusu, Xinjiang, China
| | - Wei Ren
- Department of General Surgery, No. 948 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Changzheng Road, Wusu, Xinjiang, China
| | - Bing Yan
- Department of General Surgery, General Hospital of XinJiang Military Command, YouHaoBeiLu, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Liang Yi
- Department of General Surgery, No. 948 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Changzheng Road, Wusu, Xinjiang, China
| | - Tielun Tang
- Department of General Surgery, No. 948 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Changzheng Road, Wusu, Xinjiang, China
| | - Hai Lin
- Department of General Surgery, General Hospital of XinJiang Military Command, YouHaoBeiLu, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
| | - Yongjiu Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, General Hospital of XinJiang Military Command, YouHaoBeiLu, Urumqi, Xinjiang, China
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13
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Zhou J, Wang T, Qiu T, Chen Z, Ma X, Zhang L, Zou J. Ubiquitin-specific protease-44 inhibits the proliferation and migration of cells via inhibition of JNK pathway in clear cell renal cell carcinoma. BMC Cancer 2020; 20:214. [PMID: 32164618 PMCID: PMC7068999 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-020-6713-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most common form of adult kidney cancer. Ubiquitin-specific protease (USP)44 has been reported to be involved in various cancers. We investigated the function, role and molecular mechanism of USP44 in ccRCC. Methods Data obtained from the Cancer Genome Atlas Data Portal and Gene Expression Omnibus database were analyzed to uncover the clinical relevance of USP44 expression and tumor development. USP44 function in the proliferation and migration of tumor cells was assessed by cellular and molecular analyses using ccRCC lines (786-O cells and Caki-1 cells). Results USP44 showed low expression in ccRCC cancer tissues compared with that in normal tissue. USP44 expression was negatively correlated with tumor stage, tumor grade, and patient survival. USP44 overexpression inhibited the proliferation and migration of 786-O cells and Caki-1 cells significantly. USP44 overexpression also prohibited cell proliferation by upregulating expression of P21, downregulating cyclin-D1 expression, and inhibiting cell migration by downregulating expression of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)2 and MMP9. USP44 knockdown enhanced the proliferation and migration of 786-O cells and Caki-1 cells. USP44 function in inhibiting the proliferation and migration of 786-O cells and Caki-1 cells was associated with phosphorylation of Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK). Conclusion USP44 may be a marker in predicting ccRCC progression. Inhibition by USP44 of the proliferation and migration of 786-O cells and Caki-1 cells is dependent upon the JNK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiangqiao Zhou
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, 99 ZiYang Road, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Tianyu Wang
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, 99 ZiYang Road, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Tao Qiu
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, 99 ZiYang Road, Wuhan, 430060, China.
| | - Zhongbao Chen
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, 99 ZiYang Road, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Xiaoxiong Ma
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, 99 ZiYang Road, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Long Zhang
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, 99 ZiYang Road, Wuhan, 430060, China
| | - Jilin Zou
- Department of Organ Transplantation, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan University, 99 ZiYang Road, Wuhan, 430060, China
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14
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Functional analysis of deubiquitylating enzymes in tumorigenesis and development. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2019; 1872:188312. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2019.188312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2019] [Revised: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 08/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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15
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Yang C, Zhu S, Yang H, Deng S, Fan P, Li M, Jin X. USP44 suppresses pancreatic cancer progression and overcomes gemcitabine resistance by deubiquitinating FBP1. Am J Cancer Res 2019; 9:1722-1733. [PMID: 31497353 PMCID: PMC6726996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 07/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is considered to be the deadliest cancer type in the world. Chemotherapy resistance, including gemcitabine, is the main reason for poor prognosis in PDAC patients. Increased aerobic glycolysis is involved in chemotherapy resistance in PDAC. Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (FBP1) is one of the key enzymes in the process of gluconeogenesis and negatively regulates aerobic glycolysis. FBP1 loss is common in PDAC patient specimens and is associated with gemcitabine resistance by activating the MAPK pathway. While the regulatory mechanism of FBP1 in pancreatic cancer remains un-elucidated. Here, we found that ubiquitin-specific protease 44 (USP44) was down-regulated in PDAC patients, and USP44 might be a prognostic marker for PDAC patients. USP44 inhibit tumor cells progression and regulated gemcitabine resistance in PDAC. Importantly, we revealed USP44 promoted FBP1 deubiquitination to increase FBP1 protein expression in pancreatic cancer, which might be one of the underlying mechanisms of USP44 impeding the progression of pancreatic cancer. Collectively, the recognition of USP44 in the stabilization of FBP1 indicates USP44 might be considered as a new prognostic marker for pancreatic cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong Yang
- Organ Transplantation Center, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu 610072, China
| | - Shikai Zhu
- Organ Transplantation Center, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu 610072, China
| | - Hongji Yang
- Organ Transplantation Center, Sichuan Academy of Medical Sciences & Sichuan Provincial People’s Hospital, School of Medicine, University of Electronic Science and Technology of ChinaChengdu 610072, China
| | - Sisi Deng
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430022, China
| | - Ping Fan
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430022, China
| | - Mi Li
- Department of Orthopedics, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430030, China
| | - Xin Jin
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and TechnologyWuhan 430022, China
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Poondla N, Chandrasekaran AP, Kim KS, Ramakrishna S. Deubiquitinating enzymes as cancer biomarkers: new therapeutic opportunities? BMB Rep 2019. [PMID: 30760385 PMCID: PMC6476481 DOI: 10.5483/bmbrep.2019.52.3.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer remains a life-threatening disease and accounts for the major mortality rates worldwide. The practice of using biomarkers for early detection, staging, and customized therapy may increase cancer patients’ survival. Deubiquitinating enzymes (DUBs) are a family of proteases that remove ubiquitin tags from proteins of interest undergoing proteasomal degradation. DUBs play several functional roles other than deubiquitination. One of the important roles of DUBs is regulation of tumor progression. Several reports have suggested that the DUB family members were highly-elevated in various cancer cells and tissues in different stages of cancer. These findings suggest that the DUBs could be used as drug targets in cancer therapeutics. In this review, we recapitulate the role of the DUB family members, including ubiquitin-specific protease, otubain protease, and important candidates from other family members. Our aim was to better understand the connection between DUB expression profiles and cancers to allow researchers to design inhibitors or gene therapies to improve diagnosis and prognosis of cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naresh Poondla
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Department of Biomedical Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Arun Pandian Chandrasekaran
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Department of Biomedical Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Kye-Seong Kim
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Department of Biomedical Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763; College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Suresh Ramakrishna
- Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Department of Biomedical Science, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763; College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
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17
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Zhang YK, Tian WZ, Zhang RS, Zhang YJ, Ma HT. Ubiquitin-specific protease 44 inhibits cell growth by suppressing AKT signaling in non-small cell lung cancer. Kaohsiung J Med Sci 2019; 35:535-541. [PMID: 31197957 DOI: 10.1002/kjm2.12096] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin-specific protease 44 (USP44) has been reported as a tumor suppressor or promoter in some tumors, but its function in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is still unclear. In this study, USP44 was found significantly downregulated in both of NSCLC tissues and cell lines, and low expression of USP44 predicted a poor prognosis for NSCLC patients. Overexpression of USP44 markedly downregulated the expression levels of Cyclin D1 and CDK4, but upregulated p53 expression, as a result of which, suppressing the cell growth of NSCLC cells. Further studies indicated that overexpression of USP44 significantly inhibited the phosphorylation of AKT, and its down-stream signals, including mTOR and P70S6K. Moreover, overexpression of USP44 increased PTEN protein but not its mRNA levels, which suggested that USP44 inhibited AKT signaling by stabilizing PTEN in NSCLC cells. In conclusion, we demonstrated that USP44 showed prior evidence of a tumor suppressive function in NSCLC cells, and inhibited NSCLC cell growth by suppressing AKT signaling, suggesting that USP44 could be as a novel target for NSCLC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Kui Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China.,Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanxi Tumor Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Wen-Ze Tian
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Huai'an First People's Hospital, The Affiliated Huai'an No. 1 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Huai'an, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rong-Sheng Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanxi Tumor Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Yu-Jie Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Shanxi Tumor Hospital, Taiyuan, China
| | - Hai-Tao Ma
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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18
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Park JM, Lee JE, Park CM, Kim JH. USP44 Promotes the Tumorigenesis of Prostate Cancer Cells through EZH2 Protein Stabilization. Mol Cells 2019; 42:17-27. [PMID: 30622230 PMCID: PMC6354053 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2018.0329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Ubiquitin-specific protease 44 (USP44) has been implicated in tumor progression and metastasis across various tumors. However, the function of USP44 in prostate cancers and regulatory mechanism of histone-modifying enzymes by USP44 in tumors is not well-understood. Here, we found that enhancer of zeste homolog 2 (EZH2), a histone H3 lysine 27 methyltransferase, is regulated by USP44. We showed that EZH2 is a novel target of USP44 and that the protein stability of EZH2 is upregulated by USP44-mediated deubiquitination. In USP44 knockdown prostate cancer cells, the EZH2 protein level and its gene silencing activity were decreased. Furthermore, USP44 knockdown inhibited the tumorigenic characteristics and cancer stem cell-like behaviors of prostate cancer cells. Inhibition of tumorigenesis caused by USP44 knockdown was recovered by ectopic introduction of EZH2. Additionally, USP44 regulates the protein stability of oncogenic EZH2 mutants. Taken together, our results suggest that USP44 promotes the tumorigenesis of prostate cancer cells partly by stabilizing EZH2 and that USP44 is a viable therapeutic target for treating EZH2-dependent cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae Min Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon 22212,
Korea
| | - Jae Eun Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon 22212,
Korea
| | - Chan Mi Park
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon 22212,
Korea
| | - Jung Hwa Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon 22212,
Korea
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19
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Lin YH, Forster M, Liang Y, Yu M, Wang H, Robert F, Langlais D, Pelletier J, Clare S, Nijnik A. USP44 is dispensable for normal hematopoietic stem cell function, lymphocyte development, and B-cell-mediated immune response in a mouse model. Exp Hematol 2019; 72:1-8. [PMID: 30639577 DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2019.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/06/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ubiquitin-specific protease 44 (USP44) is a nuclear protein with deubiquitinase (DUB) catalytic activity that has been implicated as an important regulator of cell cycle progression, gene expression, and genomic stability. Dysregulation in the molecular machinery controlling cell proliferation, gene expression, and genomic stability in human or mouse is commonly linked to hematopoietic dysfunction, immunodeficiency, and cancer. We therefore set out to explore the role of USP44 in hematopoietic and immune systems through characterization of a Usp44-deficient mouse model. We report that USP44 is dispensable for the maintenance of hematopoietic stem cell numbers and function under homeostatic conditions, and also after irradiation or serial transplantation. USP44 is also not required for normal lymphocyte development. Usp44-deficient B cells show normal activation, proliferation, and immunoglobulin class switching in response to in vitro stimulation, and Usp44-deficient mice mount normal antibody response to immunization. We also tested the effects of USP44 deficiency on disease progression and survival in the Emu-myc model of mouse B-cell lymphoma and observed a trend toward earlier lethality of Usp44-/- Emu-myc mice; however, this did not reach statistical significance. Overall, we conclude that USP44 is dispensable for the normal physiology of hematopoietic and immune systems, and its functions in these systems are likely redundant with other USP family proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Hsiao Lin
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; McGill University Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Michael Forster
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; McGill University Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Yue Liang
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; McGill University Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Mansen Yu
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; McGill University Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - HanChen Wang
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; McGill University Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Francis Robert
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - David Langlais
- McGill University Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; McGill University and Genome Quebec Innovation Centre, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Jerry Pelletier
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; The Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, QC, Canada
| | - Simon Clare
- Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute, Hinxton, Cambridge, UK
| | - Anastasia Nijnik
- Department of Physiology, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada; McGill University Centre on Complex Traits, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada.
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