The long noncoding RNA ANRIL acts as an oncogene and contributes to paclitaxel resistance of lung adenocarcinoma A549 cells

Modulation of long noncoding RNAs by polyphenols as a novel potential therapeutic approach in lung cancer: A comprehensive review

Lung cancer stands as a formidable global health challenge, necessitating innovative therapeutic strategies. Polyphenols, bioactive compounds synthesized by plants, have garnered attention for their diverse health benefits, particularly in combating various cancers, including lung cancer. The advent of whole-genome and transcriptome sequencing technologies has illuminated the pivotal roles of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), operating at epigenetic, transcriptional, and posttranscriptional levels, in cancer progression. This review comprehensively explores the impact of polyphenols on both oncogenic and tumor-suppressive lncRNAs in lung cancer, elucidating on their intricate regulatory mechanisms. The comprehensive examination extends to the potential synergies when combining polyphenols with conventional treatments like chemotherapy, radiation, and immunotherapy. Recognizing the heterogeneity of lung cancer subtypes, the review emphasizes the need for the integration of nanotechnology for optimized polyphenol delivery and personalized therapeutic approaches. In conclusion, we collect the latest research, offering a holistic overview of the evolving landscape of polyphenol-mediated modulation of lncRNAs in lung cancer therapy. The integration of polyphenols and lncRNAs into multidimensional treatment strategies holds promise for enhancing therapeutic efficacy and navigating the challenges associated with lung cancer treatment.

Exploring the role of mitochondria transfer/transplant and their long-non-coding RNAs in regenerative therapies for skin aging

Advancing age and environmental stressors lead to mitochondrial dysfunction in the skin, inducing premature aging, impaired regeneration, and greater risk of cancer. Cells rely on the communication between the mitochondria and the nucleus by tight regulation of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) to avoid premature aging and maintain healthy skin. LncRNAs act as key regulators of cell proliferation, differentiation, survival, and maintenance of skin structure. However, research on how the lncRNAs are dysregulated during aging and due to stressors is needed to develop therapies to regenerate skin's function and structure. In this article, we discuss how age and environmental stressors may alter lncRNA homeodynamics, compromising cell survival and skin health, and how these factors may become inducers of skin aging. We describe skin cell types and how they depend on mitochondrial function and lncRNAs. We also provide a list of mitochondria localized and nuclear lncRNAs that can serve to better understand skin aging. Using bioinformatic prediction tools, we predict possible functions of lncRNAs based on their subcellular localization. We also search for experimentally determined protein interactions and the biological processes involved. Finally, we provide therapeutic strategies based on gene editing and mitochondria transfer/transplant (AMT/T) to restore lncRNA regulation and skin health. This article offers a unique perspective in understanding and defining the therapeutic potential of mitochondria localized lncRNAs (mt-lncRNAs) and AMT/T to treat skin aging and related diseases.

CPSF6-mediated XBP1 3'UTR shortening attenuates cisplatin-induced ER stress and elevates chemo-resistance in lung adenocarcinoma

Alternative polyadenylation (APA) is a widespread mechanism generating RNA molecules with alternative 3' ends. Herein, we discovered that TargetScan includes a novel XBP1 transcript with a longer 3' untranslated region (UTR) (XBP1-UL) than that included in NCBI. XBP1-UL exhibited a lowered level in blood samples from lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) patients and in those after DDP treatment. Consistently, XBP1-UL was reduced in A549 cells compared to normal BEAS-2B cells, as well as in DDP-treated/resistant A549 cells relative to controls. Moreover, due to decreased usage of the distal polyadenylation site (PAS) in 3'UTR, XBP1-UL level was lowered in A549 cells and decreased further in DDP-resistant A549 (A549/DDP) cells. Importantly, use of the distal PAS (dPAS) and XBP1-UL level were gradually reduced in A549 cells under increasing concentrations of DDP, which was attributed to DDP-induced endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress. Furthermore, XBP1 transcripts with shorter 3'UTR (XBP1-US) were more stable and presented stronger potentiation on DDP resistance. The choice of proximal PAS (pPAS) was attributed to CPSF6 elevation, which was caused by BRCA1-distrupted R-loop accumulation in CPSF6 5'end. DDP-induced nuclear LINC00221 also facilitated CPSF6-induced pPAS choice in the pre-XBP1 3'end. Finally, we found that unlike the unspliced XBP1 protein (XBP1-u), the spliced form XBP1-s retarded p53 degradation to facilitate DNA damage repair of LUAD cells. The current study provides new insights into tumor progression and DDP resistance in LUAD, which may contribute to improved LUAD treatment.

High expression of ANRIL correlated with the poor prognosis in patients with cancer: A meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

ANRIL, also called CDKN2B antisense RNA 1, is an important genetic susceptibility locus for cardiovascular diseases and associated with numerous pathologies, including several human cancers.

OBJECTIVE

The relationship between ANRIL and the clinical outcome or prognosis of cancer patients was analyzed in this meta-analysis.

METHODS

One thousand seven hundred eight cancer patients were selected in 23 studies from 3 databases (Pubmed, Cochrane Library, and EMBASE).

RESULTS

A fixed-effects model indicated that the high expression of ANRIL is obviously linked to poor overall survival (OS) (Hazard ratio [HR] = 1.77, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 1.57-2.00, P < .00001); the random-effects model revealed poor disease-free survival (DFS) (HR = 1.86, 95% CI: 1.46-2.37, P < .00001). A high level of ANRIL expression was also associated with the tumor size (small vs large, odds ratio [OR] = 0.57, 95% CI: 0.39-0.83, P = .003), TNM stage (I + II vs III + IV; OR = 0.40, 95% CI: 0.24-0.69, P = .0008), and lymph node metastasis (LNM) (Yes vs No, OR = 3.66, 95% CI: 1.46-9.17, P = .006). ANRIL was not related significantly to histologic differentiation compared to poor with moderate + well; the OR value is 0.74, 95% CI: 0.26-2.12, P = .58. In addition, evidence suggested that a high level of ANRIL was positively associated with human cancer type, follow-up time, and sample size.

CONCLUSION

This meta-analysis demonstrated that ANRIL may be a valuable biomarker for predicting poor prognosis in cancer patients.

The roles of long non-coding RNAs in lung cancer

Lung cancer is the most common malignancy, being a serious threat of human lives. The incidence and mortality of lung cancer has been increasing rapidly in the past decades. Although the development of new therapeutic modes, such as target therapy, the overall survival rate of lung cancer remains low. It is urgent to advance the understanding of molecular oncology and find novel biomarkers and targets for the early diagnosis, treatment, and prognostic prediction of lung cancer. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are non-protein coding RNA transcripts that are more than 200 nucleotides in length. LncRNAs exert diverse biological functions by regulating gene expressions at transcriptional, translational, and post-translational levels. In the past decade, it has been shown that lncRNAs are extensively involved in the pathogenesis of various diseases, including lung cancer. In this review, we highlighted the lncRNAs characterized in lung cancer and discussed their translational potential in lung cancer clinics.

Long Non-Coding RNA ANRIL as a Potential Biomarker of Chemosensitivity and Clinical Outcomes in Osteosarcoma

Osteosarcoma has a poor prognosis due to chemo-resistance and/or metastases. Increasing evidence shows that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) can play an important role in drug sensitivity and cancer metastasis. Using osteosarcoma cell lines, we identified a positive correlation between the expression of a lncRNA and ANRIL, and resistance to two of the three standard-of-care agents for treating osteosarcoma-cisplatin and doxorubicin. To confirm the potential role of ANRIL in chemosensitivity, we independently inhibited and over-expressed ANRIL in osteosarcoma cell lines followed by treatment with either cisplatin or doxorubicin. Knocking-down ANRIL in SAOS2 resulted in a significant increase in cellular sensitivity to both cisplatin and doxorubicin, while the over-expression of ANRIL in both HOS and U2OS cells led to an increased resistance to both agents. To investigate the clinical significance of ANRIL in osteosarcoma, we assessed ANRIL expression in relation to clinical phenotypes using the osteosarcoma data from the Therapeutically Applicable Research to Generate Effective Treatments (TARGET) dataset. Higher ANRIL expression was significantly associated with increased rates of metastases at diagnosis and death and was a significant predictor of reduced overall survival rate. Collectively, our results suggest that the lncRNA ANRIL can be a chemosensitivity and prognosis biomarker in osteosarcoma. Furthermore, reducing ANRIL expression may be a therapeutic strategy to overcome current standard-of-care treatment resistance.

Role of Long Non-Coding RNA Polymorphisms in Cancer Chemotherapeutic Response

Genetic polymorphisms are defined as the presence of two or more different alleles in the same locus, with a frequency higher than 1% in the population. Since the discovery of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), which refer to a non-coding RNA with a length of more than 200 nucleotides, their biological roles have been increasingly revealed in recent years. They regulate many cellular processes, from pluripotency to cancer. Interestingly, abnormal expression or dysfunction of lncRNAs is closely related to the occurrence of human diseases, including cancer and degenerative neurological diseases. Particularly, their polymorphisms have been found to be associated with altered drug response and/or drug toxicity in cancer treatment. However, molecular mechanisms are not yet fully elucidated, which are expected to be discovered by detailed studies of RNA–protein, RNA–DNA, and RNA–lipid interactions. In conclusion, lncRNAs polymorphisms may become biomarkers for predicting the response to chemotherapy in cancer patients. Here we review and discuss how gene polymorphisms of lncRNAs affect cancer chemotherapeutic response. This knowledge may pave the way to personalized oncology treatments.

Epigenomic and Metabolomic Integration Reveals Dynamic Metabolic Regulation in Bladder Cancer

Bladder cancer (BC) represents a clinical, social, and economic challenge due to tumor-intrinsic characteristics, limitations of diagnostic techniques and a lack of personalized treatments. In the last decade, the use of liquid biopsy has grown as a non-invasive approach to characterize tumors. Moreover, the emergence of omics has increased our knowledge of cancer biology and identified critical BC biomarkers. The rewiring between epigenetics and metabolism has been closely linked to tumor phenotype. Chromatin remodelers interact with each other to control gene silencing in BC, but also with stress-inducible factors or oncogenic signaling cascades to regulate metabolic reprogramming towards glycolysis, the pentose phosphate pathway, and lipogenesis. Concurrently, one-carbon metabolism supplies methyl groups to histone and DNA methyltransferases, leading to the hypermethylation and silencing of suppressor genes in BC. Conversely, α-KG and acetyl-CoA enhance the activity of histone demethylases and acetyl transferases, increasing gene expression, while succinate and fumarate have an inhibitory role. This review is the first to analyze the interplay between epigenome, metabolome and cell signaling pathways in BC, and shows how their regulation contributes to tumor development and progression. Moreover, it summarizes non-invasive biomarkers that could be applied in clinical practice to improve diagnosis, monitoring, prognosis and the therapeutic options in BC.

LUCAT1 as an oncogene in tongue squamous cell carcinoma by targeting miR-375 expression

Emerging studies suggested that lncRNAs play a crucial molecular role in cancer development and progression. LncRNA LUCAT1 has been proved as oncogenic molecular in lung cancer, glioma, osteosarcoma, renal carcinoma and oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma. However, its roles and function mechanisms in tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) are still unknown. We showed that the expression of LUCAT1 was up‐regulated in the TSCC cells and tissues and the higher LUCAT1 expression was associated with the poor overall survival (OS). Knockdown expression of LUCAT1 suppressed TSCC cell proliferation, cycle and migration. In addition, we demonstrated that miR‐375 overexpression inhibited the luciferase activity of LUCAT1 wild‐type and knockdown LUCAT1 promoted the miR‐375 expression in TSCC cell. Furthermore, we indicated that miR‐375 expression was down‐regulated in the TSCC cell lines and tissues and the lower expression of miR‐375 was associated with poor OS. The expression of miR‐375 was inversely correlated with LUCAT1 expression in the TSCC tissues. Knockdown LUCAT1 promoted TSCC cell proliferation, cell cycle and migration partly through regulating miR‐375 expression. In summary, this study suggested the tumorigenic effect of lncRNA LUCAT1 in TSCC cells by targeting miR‐375 expression.

Regulation of Long Non-Coding RNAs by Plant Secondary Metabolites: A Novel Anticancer Therapeutic Approach

Simple Summary

Cancer is caused by the rapid and uncontrolled growth of cells that eventually lead to tumor formation. Genetic and epigenetic alterations are among the most critical factors in the onset of carcinoma. Phytochemicals are a group of natural compounds that play an essential role in cancer prevention and treatment. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are potential therapeutic targets of bioactive phytochemicals, and these compounds could regulate the expression of lncRNAs directly and indirectly. Here, we critically evaluate in vitro and in vivo anticancer effects of phytochemicals in numerous human cancers via regulation of lncRNA expression and their downstream target genes.

Abstract

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are a class of non-coding RNAs that play an essential role in various cellular activities, such as differentiation, proliferation, and apoptosis. Dysregulation of lncRNAs serves a fundamental role in the progression and initiation of various diseases, including cancer. Precision medicine is a suitable and optimal treatment method for cancer so that based on each patient’s genetic content, a specific treatment or drug is prescribed. The rapid advancement of science and technology in recent years has led to many successes in this particular treatment. Phytochemicals are a group of natural compounds extracted from fruits, vegetables, and plants. Through the downregulation of oncogenic lncRNAs or upregulation of tumor suppressor lncRNAs, these bioactive compounds can inhibit metastasis, proliferation, invasion, migration, and cancer cells. These natural products can be a novel and alternative strategy for cancer treatment and improve tumor cells’ sensitivity to standard adjuvant therapies. This review will discuss the antineoplastic effects of bioactive plant secondary metabolites (phytochemicals) via regulation of expression of lncRNAs in various human cancers and their potential for the treatment and prevention of human cancers.

Role of non-coding RNAs in modulating the response of cancer cells to paclitaxel treatment

Paclitaxel is a chemotherapeutic substance that is administered for treatment of an extensive spectrum of human malignancies. In spite of its potent short-term effects against tumor cells, resistance to paclitaxel occurs in a number of patients precluding its long-term application in these patients. Non-coding RNAs have been shown to influence response of cancer cells to this chemotherapeutic agent via different mechanisms. Mechanistically, these transcripts regulate expression of several genes particularly those being involved in the apoptotic processes. Lots of in vivo and in vitro assays have demonstrated the efficacy of oligonucleotide-mediated microRNAs (miRNA)/ long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) silencing in enhancement of response of cancer cells to paclitaxel. Therefore, targeted therapies against non-coding RNAs have been suggested as applicable modalities for combatting resistance to this agent. In the present review, we provide a summary of studies which assessed the role of miRNAs and lncRNAs in conferring resistance to paclitaxel.

FGD5‑AS1 promotes cisplatin resistance of human lung adenocarcinoma cell via the miR‑142‑5p/PD‑L1 axis

Previous studies have reported that long non-coding (lnc) RNA FGD5-antisense 1 (FGD5-AS1) promotes tumor proliferation, migration and invasion. Therefore, the present study aimed to elucidate the biological role and underlying molecular mechanisms of FGD5-AS1 in cisplatin (DDP) resistance of lung adenocarcinoma (LAD) cells. The results demonstrated that FGD5-AS1 was highly expressed in DDP-resistant LAD tissues and cells. Knockdown of FGD5-AS1 decreased the proliferative, migratory and invasive abilities of DDP-resistant LAD cells. Moreover, it was identified that FGD5-AS1 acted as a molecular sponge for microRNA (miR)-142, and FGD5-AS1 enhanced the resistance of A549/DDP cells to DDP by directly interacting with miR-142. Programmed cell death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1) was also found to be a key effector of the FGD5-AS1/miR-142 axis to regulate the chemoresistance of DDP-resistant LAD cells. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that FGD5-AS1 increased DDP resistance of LAD via the miR-142/PD-L1 axis, which may offer a novel treatment strategy for patients with DDP-resistant LAD.

Long intergenic non-coding RNA Linc00485 promotes lung cancer progression by modulating miR-298/c-Myc axis

Long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs), which are non‐protein‐coding transcripts, are emerging as novel biomarkers for cancer diagnosis. Their dysregulation is increasingly recognized to contribute to the development and progression of human cancers, including lung cancer. Linc00485 is a newly discovered cancer‐related lncRNA; however, little is known about its role in lung cancer progression. In this study, we found that the expression of Linc00485 was significantly increased in human lung cancer tissue and associated with malignant phenotypes, including tumour‐node‐metastasis (TNM) stage, metastasis and relapse. Furthermore, the proliferative, migratory and invasive abilities of lung cancer cells in vitro were significantly enhanced by overexpression of Linc00485 but inhibited by its silencing. Mechanistically, Linc00485 regulated the expression of c‐Myc by directly binding to miR‐298; the effects of Linc00485 overexpression could be significantly reversed by a c‐Myc inhibitor or small interfering RNA. Xenotransplantation experiments showed that Linc00485 silencing significantly weakened the proliferation potential of A549 cells in vivo. Overall, these findings indicate that Linc00485 overexpression down‐regulates miR‐298, resulting in the up‐regulation of c‐Myc and thereby promoting the development of lung cancer.

New insights into long non-coding RNAs in non-small cell lung cancer

Lung cancer is a malignant tumor that seriously threatens human life and health. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for 85 % of all lung cancer cases, and its global 5-year survival rate is only approximately 5%. Thus, the identification of new prognostic biomarkers has become one of the most urgent challenges in NSCLC research. Long noncoding RNAs (LncRNAs) are a kind of noncoding RNA whose length exceeds 200 nucleotides (nt). LncRNAs are transcribed by RNA pol II and can be subjected to posttranscriptional modifications such as blocking, polyadenylation and splicing; moreover, their expression profiles are more specific than those of mRNAs. Emerging evidence confirms that lncRNAs are associated with the occurrence and development of NSCLC and play an important role in NSCLC drug resistance. The purpose of this review was to describe the roles of lncRNAs in the development, diagnosis and prognosis of NSCLC and to explore new evidence of lncRNAs in the treatment of NSCLC drug resistance. This review provides a new perspective of lncRNAs in the treatment of NSCLC.

LncRNA ANRIL promotes cell growth, migration and invasion of hepatocellular carcinoma cells via sponging miR-144

Antisense non-coding RNA in the INK4A locus (ANRIL) has been recognized as a cancer-related lncRNA in hepatocellular carcinoma previously. This study aimed to reveal the functional effects and mechanisms of ANRIL on hepatocellular carcinoma cells in vitro. The expression of ANRIL in hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines (MHCC97 and Li-7) and non-tumourigenic liver cell line THLE-3 was detected by qRT-PCR. The expression of ANRIL, miR-144 and PBX3 in hepatocellular carcinoma cells was altered simultaneously or respectively by vector/oligonucleotide transfection. Then, cell viability, migration, invasion, apoptotic cell rate, protein expression of apoptosis-related factors were assessed. The correlation between ANRIL, miR-144 and PBX3 was explored. ANRIL was highly expressed in MHCC97 and Li-7 cells when compared to THLE-3 cells. ANRIL overexpression promoted cell viability, migration, invasion and suppressed apoptosis of MHCC97 and Li-7 cells. ANRIL negatively regulated miR-144, and oncogenic effects of ANRIL were attenuated when miR-144 was overexpressed. PBX3 was a direct target of miR-144. miR-144 overexpression blocked PI3K/AKT and JAK/STAT signalling pathways via targeting PBX3. Our data documented that ANRIL promoted hepatocellular carcinoma cells growth, migration and invasion. One of the possible mechanisms responsible for the tumour-promoting actions is that ANRIL sponging miR-144 to derepress PBX3.

LncRNA MIR22HG abrogation inhibits proliferation and induces apoptosis in esophageal adenocarcinoma cells via activation of the STAT3/c-Myc/FAK signaling

Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have involved in human malignancies and played an important role in gene regulations. The dysregulation of lncRNA MIR22HG has been reported in several cancers. However, the role of MIR22HG in esophageal adenocarcinoma (EAC) is poorly understood. Loss of function approaches were used to investigate the biological role of MIR22HG in EAC cells. The effects of MIR22HG on cell proliferation were evaluated by WST-1 and colony formation assays. The effects of MIR22HG on cell migration and invasion were examined using transwell assays. QRT-PCR and Western blot were used to evaluate the mRNA and protein expression of related genes. In this study, abrogation of MIR22HG inhibited cell proliferation, colony formation, invasion and migration in EAC 3 cell lines (OE33, OE19 and FLO-1). Mechanistically, MIR22HG silencing decreased the expression of STAT3/c-Myc/p-FAK proteins and induced apoptosis in EAC cell lines. These results delineate a novel mechanism of MIR22HG in EAC, and may provide potential targets by developing lncRNA-based therapies for EAC.

miR‑10a increases the cisplatin resistance of lung adenocarcinoma circulating tumor cells via targeting PIK3CA in the PI3K/Akt pathway

Circulating tumor cells (CTCs) that are shed from the primary tumor invade the blood stream or surrounding parenchyma to form new tumors. The present study aimed to explore the underlying mechanism of cisplatin resistance in lung adenocarcinoma CTCs and provide clinical treatment guidance for lung cancer treatment. CTCs from the blood samples of 6 lung adenocarcinoma patients were treated with different concentrations of cisplatin along with A549 and H1299 cells. The sensitivity of CTCs to cisplatin was explored by detecting the inhibitory rate via CCK‑8 assay. The related molecular mechanism was investigated by western blot analysis. miR‑10a expression was detected using quantitative real‑time PCR (RT‑qPCR). The relationship between miR‑10a and phosphatidylinositol‑4,5‑bisphosphate 3‑kinase catalytic subunit α (PIK3CA) was verified and further confirmed by luciferase reporter assay, western blotting and RT‑qPCR assay. The results revealed that CTCs exhibited lower cisplatin sensitivity than A549 and H1299 cells. Moreover, CTCs treated with cisplatin demonstrated higher miR‑10a expression and lower PIK3CA expression than that in A549 and H1299 cells (P<0.01). Expression of phosphoinositide 3‑kinase (PI3K) and protein kinase B (Akt) phosphorylation were also decreased in A549 and H1299 cells compared with CTCs after cisplatin treatment. PIK3CA is a target of miR‑10a, and both miR‑10a overexpression and PIK3CA knockdown obviously decreased the sensitivity of A549 and H1299 cells to cisplatin as well as the expression of PI3K and phosphorylation of Akt. PIK3CA overexpression attenuated the cisplatin resistance of A549 and H1299 cells induced by miR‑10a. In conclusion, miR‑10a suppressed the PI3K/Akt pathway to strengthen the resistance of CTCs to cisplatin via targeting PIK3CA, providing a new therapeutic target for lung cancer treatment.

The functional role of long noncoding RNA in resistance to anticancer treatment

Chemotherapy is one of the fundamental methods of cancer treatment. However, drug resistance remains the main cause of clinical treatment failure. We comprehensively review the newly identified roles of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in oncobiology that are associated with drug resistance. The expression of lncRNAs is tissue-specific and often dysregulated in human cancers. Accumulating evidence suggests that lncRNAs are involved in chemoresistance of cancer cells. The main lncRNA-driven mechanisms of chemoresistance include regulation of drug efflux, DNA damage repair, cell cycle, apoptosis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), induction of signaling pathways, and angiogenesis. LncRNA-driven mechanisms of resistance to various antineoplastic agents have been studied extensively. There are unique mechanisms of resistance against different types of drugs, and each mechanism may have more than one contributing factor. We summarize the emerging strategies that can be used to overcome the technical challenges in studying and addressing lncRNA-mediated drug resistance.

Exosomal Long Non-Coding RNAs in Lung Diseases

Within the non-coding genome landscape, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and their secretion within exosomes are a window that could further explain the regulation, the sustaining, and the spread of lung diseases. We present here a compilation of the current knowledge on lncRNAs commonly found in Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD), asthma, Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF), or lung cancers. We built interaction networks describing the mechanisms of action for COPD, asthma, and IPF, as well as private networks for H19, MALAT1, MEG3, FENDRR, CDKN2B-AS1, TUG1, HOTAIR, and GAS5 lncRNAs in lung cancers. We identified five signaling pathways targeted by these eight lncRNAs over the lung diseases mentioned above. These lncRNAs were involved in ten treatment resistances in lung cancers, with HOTAIR being itself described in seven resistances. Besides, five of them were previously described as promising biomarkers for the diagnosis and prognosis of asthma, COPD, and lung cancers. Additionally, we describe the exosomal-based studies on H19, MALAT1, HOTAIR, GAS5, UCA1, lnc-MMP2-2, GAPLINC, TBILA, AGAP2-AS1, and SOX2-OT. This review concludes on the need for additional studies describing the lncRNA mechanisms of action and confirming their potential as biomarkers, as well as their involvement in resistance to treatment, especially in non-cancerous lung diseases.

Shikonin suppresses NEAT1 and Akt signaling in treating paclitaxel-resistant non-small cell of lung cancer

Background

The development of paclitaxel-resistance led to the tumor relapse and treatment failure of non-small cell lung cancer. Shikonin has been demonstrated to show anti-cancer activity in many cancer types. The present study aimed to investigate the anti-cancer activity of shikonin in paclitaxel-resistant non-small cell lung cancer treatment.

Methods

MTT, clonogenic assay, apoptotic cell death analysis, western blot, qRT-PCR, gene knockdown and overexpression, xenograft experiment, immunohistochemistry were performed.

Results

Shikonin decreased paclitaxel-resistant NSCLC cell viability and inhibited the growth of xenograft tumor. Shikonin induced apoptotic cell death of paclitaxel-resistant NSCLC cell lines and suppressed the level of NEAT1 and Akt signaling of paclitaxel-resistant NSCLC cell lines and xenograft tumors. Either low dose or high dose of shikonin considerably suppressed the cell growth and induced the cell apoptotic death in NEAT1 knockdown A549/PTX cells, and p-Akt expression was decreased.

Conclusions

Shikonin could be a promising candidate for paclitaxel-resistant NSCLC treatment.

Non-coding RNAs in Lung Cancer Chemoresistance

Background:

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-associated death worldwide with limited treatment options. The major available treatment options are surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and combinations of these treatments. In chemotherapy, tyrosine kinase inhibitors and taxol are the first lines of chemotherapeutics used for the treatment of lung cancer. Often drug resistance in the clinical settings hinders the efficiency of the treatment and intrigues the tumor relapse. Drug-resistance is triggered either by intrinsic factors or due to the prolonged cycles of chemotherapy as an acquired-resistance. There is an emerging role of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs), including notorious microRNAs (miRNAs), proposed to be actively involved in the regulations of various tumor-suppressor genes and oncogenes.

Result:

The altered gene expression by miRNA is largely mediated either by the degradation or by interfering with the translation of targeted mRNA. Unlike miRNA, other type of ncRNAs, such as long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), can target the transcriptional activator or the repressor, RNA polymerase, and even DNA-duplex to regulate the gene expressions. Many studies have confirmed the crucial role of ncRNAs in lung adenocarcinoma progression and importantly, in the acquisition of chemoresistance. Recently, ncRNAs have become early biomarkers and therapeutic targets for lung cancer.

Conclusion:

Targeting ncRNAs could be an effective approach for the development of novel therapeutics against lung cancer and to overcome the chemoresistance.

Circular RNA CDR1-AS contributes to pemetrexed and cisplatin chemoresistance through EGFR/PI3K signaling pathway in lung adenocarcinoma

Recent studies found circRNAs were involved in tumorigenesis and became new tumor biomarkers and therapeutic targets in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD), which played a critical role in various biological processes and had been implicated in resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs. However, the role of CDR1-AS in chemoresistance of LUAD to pemetrexed (PTX) and cisplatin (CDDP) is poorly understood. Here, we found that CDR1-AS was up-regulated in LUAD tissues and cell lines, its high-expression was relevant to smoking history, T stage and neoadjuvant chemotherapy (PTX and CDDP) of LUAD patients. CDR1-AS was an independent prognostic biomarker for LUAD patients. CDR1-AS was highly expressed in PTX and CDDP resistant LUAD tissues and cell line (A549/CR). Silence of CDR1-AS re-sensitized A549/CR cells to PTX and CDDP. CDR1-AS was closely related with EGFR/PI3K signaling pathway in A549/CR cells. The activating of EGFR/PI3K pathway mostly restored the effecting of CDR1-AS silence on PTX and CDDP sensitivity in A549/CR cells, CDR1-AS contributed to PTX and CDDP chemoresistance through EGFR/PI3K signaling pathway in LUAD. In conclusion, the CDR1-AS is high-expressed in LUAD and is an independent prognostic biomarker for LUAD patients. The high-expression of CDR1-AS is related with the PTX and CDDP insensitivity of LUAD patients, CDR1-AS promotes PTX and CDDP chemoresistance through EGFR/PI3K signaling pathway in LUAD.

Long Non-Coding RNA in Drug Resistance of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer: A Mini Review

Lung cancer is one of main causes of cancer mortality and 83% of lung cancer cases are classified as non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Patients with NSCLC usually have a poor prognosis and one of the leading causes is drug resistance. With the progress of drug therapy, the emergence and development of drug resistance affected the prognosis of patients severely. Accumulating evidence reveals that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), as “dark matters” of the human genome, is of great significance to drug resistance in NSCLC. Herein, we review the role of lncRNAs in drug resistance in NSCLC.

Long non-coding RNA in lung cancer

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. Owing to the difficulty in early diagnosis and the lack of effective treatment strategies, the 5-year survival rates for lung cancer remain very low. With the development of whole genome and transcriptome sequencing technology, long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) has attracted increasing attention. LncRNAs regulate gene expression at the epigenetic, transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels and are widely involved in a variety of diseases, including tumorigenesis. In lung cancer studies, multiple differentially expressed lncRNAs have been identified; several lncRNAs were identified as oncogenic lncRNAs with tumor-driving effects, while other lncRNAs play a role in tumor inhibition and are called tumor-suppressive lncRNAs. These tumor-suppressive lncRNAs are involved in multiple physiological processes such as cell proliferation, apoptosis, and metastasis and thus participate in tumor progression. In this review, we discussed the oncogenic and tumor-suppressive lncRNAs in lung cancer, as well as their biological functions and regulatory mechanisms. Furthermore, we found the potential significance of lncRNAs in clinical diagnosis and treatment.

MicroRNA-125a attenuates the chemoresistance against ubenimex in non-small cell lung carcinoma via targeting the aminopeptidase N signaling pathway

BACKGROUND

Since several long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been implicated in the development of chemoresistance in non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), the aim of this study was to investigate whether antisense noncoding RNA in the INK4 locus (ANRIL) was associated with the chemoresistance of NSCLC.

METHOD

Real-time polymerase chain reaction was performed to identify potential lncRNAs involved in the chemoresistance of NSCLC, while in-silicon analyses and luciferase assays were carried out to explore the regulatory relationship among ANRIL, miR-125a, and aminopeptidase N (APN).

RESULTS

Ubenimex resistant cells were associated with a high expression of ANRIL, which directly binds to miR-125a. MiR-125a directly targeted APN expression. In addition, miR-125a and ANRIL small interfering RNA inhibited the expression of APN but promoted the expression of beclin-1 and LC3, whereas ANRIL, by competing with miR-125a, promoted cell proliferation and inhibited cell apoptosis.

CONCLUSION

The data of this study suggested that, by targeting ANRIL and the APN signaling pathway, miR-125a inhibited the proliferation of NSCLC cells and promoted their apoptosis, thus attenuating the chemoresistance of NSCLC against Ubenimex.

Long noncoding RNA FBXL19-AS1 induces tumor growth and metastasis by sponging miR-203a-3p in lung adenocarcinoma

The pivotal roles of long noncoding RNAs have been reported in various cancers. Recently, FBXL19-AS1 was proposed to be involved in tumor progression. However, its role in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) remains elusive. In this study, we observed that FBXL19-AS1 was significantly upregulated in LUAD tissues and high FBXL19-AS1 expression in LUAD was associated with a poor prognosis. Nevertheless, miR-203-3p showed the opposite effect. Moreover, cell viability and apoptosis analysis revealed that FBXL19-AS1 knockdown could arrest LUAD cells in G0/G1 phase and inhibit cell proliferation, migration and invasion in vitro and inhibited LUAD tumor progress in vivo. Mechanistically, we identified FBXL19-AS1 could act as a miR-203a-3p sponge using dual-luciferase reporter assay. In addition, we demonstrated that downregulation of miR-203a-3p reversed growth inhibition of LUAD cells caused by FBXL19-AS1 knockdown. Finally, FBXL19-AS1/miR-203a-3p axis was found to associate with baculoviral IAP repeat-containing protein 5.1-A-like (survivin), distal-less homeobox 5, E2F transcription factor 1, and zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 2 to regulate metastasis in LUAD cells. This study reveals a significance and mechanism of FBXL19-AS1 in LUAD proliferation and metastasis and offers a potential prognostic marker and a therapeutic target for patients with LUAD.

Expression of long non-coding RNA ANRIL predicts a poor prognosis in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma

BACKGROUND

Intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (iCCA) is a deadly cancer worldwide associated with an increased incidence, limited therapeutic options and absence of reliable prognostic biomarkers. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNA) emerge as relevant biomarkers in cancer being associated with tumor progression. However, lncRNA have been poorly investigated in iCCA.

AIM

To identify lncRNA significantly associated with the survival of patients with iCCA after tumor resection for curative intent.

METHODS

Gene expression profiling and Q-RT-PCR were performed from a cohort of 39 clinically well-annotated iCCA. Univariate Cox proportional hazards model with Wald Statistic was used to identify lncRNA significantly associated with overall (OS) and/or disease-free (DFS) survival.

RESULTS

A signature made of 9 lncRNA was identified to be significantly (P < 0.05) associated with OS and DFS, including 4 lncRNA (lnc-CDK9-1, XLOC_l2_009441, CDKN2B-AS1, HOXC13-AS) highly expressed in poor prognosis iCCA and 5 lncRNA (lnc-CCHCR1-1, lnc-AF131215.3.1, lnc-CBLB-5, COL18A1-AS2, lnc-RELL2-1) highly expressed in better prognosis iCCA. We further validated CDKN2B-AS1 (ANRIL) as a poor prognosis biomarker, not only in iCCA, but also in hepatocellular carcinoma, kidney renal clear cell carcinoma and uterine corpus endometrial carcinoma.

CONCLUSIONS

We report a prognosis lncRNA signature in iCCA and the clinical relevance of CDKN2B-AS1 (ANRIL) overexpression in several cancers.

P16 Methylation Leads to Paclitaxel Resistance of Advanced Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer

Paclitaxel-based chemotherapy is widely used as the first-line treatment for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, only 20%-40% of patients have shown sensitivity to paclitaxel. This study aimed to investigate whether P16 methylation could be used to predict paclitaxel chemosensitivity of NSCLC. Advanced NSCLC (N=45) were obtained from patients who were enrolled in a phase-III randomized paclitaxel-based clinical trial. Genomic DNA samples were extracted from the biopsies prior to chemotherapy. P16 methylation was detected using MethyLight. The association between P16 methylation and the sensitivity of paclitaxel in cell lines was determined by in vitro assay using a P16-specific DNA demethylase (P16-TET) and methyltransferase (P16-Dnmt). The total response rate of the low-dose paclitaxel-based chemo-radiotherapy was significantly lower in P16 methylation-positive NSCLCs than that in the P16 methylation-negative NSCLCs (2/15 vs. 16/30: adjusted OR=0.085; 95%CI, 0.012-0.579). Results revealed that P16 demethylation significantly decreased paclitaxel resistance of lung cancer H1299 cells (IC50 values decreased from 2.15 to 1.13 µg/ml, P<0.001). In contrast, P16-specific methylation by P16-Dnmt significantly increased paclitaxel resistance of lung cancer HCC827 cells and gastric cancer BGC823 cells (IC50 values increased from 18.2 to 24.0 ng/ml and 0.18 to 0.81 µg/ml, respectively; P=0.049 and <0.001, respectively). The present results suggest that P16 methylation may lead to paclitaxel resistance and be a predictor of paclitaxel chemosensitivity of NSCLC.

Long noncoding RNA LINC01296 induces non-small cell lung cancer growth and progression through sponging miR-5095

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) played in authentic biological cell roles such as cell apoptosis, cycle, differentiation, development, migration and invasion. However, the expression pattern and function of a new lncRNA LINC01296 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are unknown and need to be studied. In our study, we indicate that the expression of LINC01296 was overexpressed in NSCLC samples compared to adjacent non-tumor tissues. Ectopic expression of LINC01296 promoted NSCLC cell proliferation and migration. Moreover, we demonstrated that LINC01296 has a potential binding site for miR-5095 by using online program tool StarBase. Overexpression of LINC01296 inhibited the expression of miR-5095 in the A549 cell. Furthermore, the miR-5095 expression was downregulated in the NSCLC tissues than in the adjacent non-tumor tissues. In addition, we found that there is a negative correlation between miR-5095 expression and LINC01296 level in the NSCLC tissues. Overexpression of miR-5095 suppressed NSCLC cell proliferation and migration. Finally, we demonstrate that ectopic expression of LINC01296 promoted cell proliferation and migration via inhibiting miR-5095 expression. These results suggested that LINC01296 might act a role as an oncogene in the tumorigenesis and development of NSCLC.

Effect of lncRNA ANRIL knockdown on proliferation and cisplatin chemoresistance of osteosarcoma cells in vitro

Chemoresistance is a major obstacle in treating cancer, including osteosarcoma. LncRNA ANRIL (ANRIL) is involved in the growth and metastasis of osteosarcoma cells, however, its role in chemoresistance remains unclear. In this study, ANRIL shRNA was used to knock down its endogenous expression in U2-OS and Saos-2 osteosarcoma cell lines. Our data showed that ANRIL-silenced cells were more sensitive to cisplatin: apoptotic ratio was increased and cleaved caspase-3 level was upregulated. Furthermore, the expression level of miR-125a-5p, a microRNA that can bind to ANRIL, was elevated in ANRIL-silenced cells. MiR-125a-5p inhibitor attenuated ANRIL knockdown-induced chemosensitivity to cisplatin. In addition, ANRIL knockdown resulted in a reduction in STAT3, a target of miR-125a-5p, in osteosarcoma cells. Forced overexpression of STAT3 weakened the chemosensitivity of ANRIL-silenced cells to cisplatin. In conclusion, our study demonstrates that ANRIL knockdown sensitizes osteosarcoma cells to cisplatin-induced cytotoxicity, suggesting ANRIL as a therapeutic target for osteosarcoma chemotherapy.

Long Non-coding RNA CDKN2B Antisense RNA 1 Gene Contributes to Paclitaxel Resistance in Endometrial Carcinoma

Endometrial cancer (EC) is the most common malignancy of the female reproductive tract. In this study, we clarified the clinical significance of CDKN2B antisense RNA 1 (CDKN2B-AS) gene, and its effects on paclitaxel sensitivity in EC. Firstly, CDKN2B-AS gene was highly expressed in EC tissues and cell lines. The high-expression of CDKN2B-AS gene was associated with high pathological grade and low paclitaxel sensitivity of EC tissues. Knockdown of CDKN2B-AS gene sensitized Ishikawa/PA and HEC1A/PA cells to paclitaxel, and promoted paclitaxel-induced cytotoxicity. Secondly, the low-expression of miR-125a-5p was closely associated with low paclitaxel sensitivity of EC cells, and up-regulation of miR-125a-5p could increase paclitaxel sensitivity of Ishikawa/PA and HEC1A/PA cells. MiR-125a-5p also mediated the suppressive effects of knockdown of CDKN2B-AS on paclitaxel resistance in EC cells. Thirdly, B-cell lymphoma-2 (Bcl2) and Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein 4 (MRP4) genes were target genes of miR-125a-5p, which modulated paclitaxel resistance of Ishikawa/PA and HEC1A/PA cells through targeted silencing Bcl2 and MRP4. In conclusion, high-expression of CDKN2B-AS is associated with a poor response to paclitaxel of EC patients, and knockdown of CDKN2B-AS inhibits paclitaxel resistance through miR-125a-5p-Bcl2/MRP4 pathway in EC patients. Our findings help elucidate the molecular mechanisms of chemoresistance in EC patients.

ANRIL: A lncRNA at the CDKN2A/B Locus With Roles in Cancer and Metabolic Disease

The CDKN2A/B genomic locus is associated with risk of human cancers and metabolic disease. Although the locus contains several important protein-coding genes, studies suggest disease roles for a lesser-known antisense lncRNA encoded at this locus, called ANRIL. ANRIL is a complex gene containing at least 21 exons in simians, with many reported linear and circular isoforms. Like other genes, abundance of ANRIL is regulated by epigenetics, classic transcription regulation, splicing, and post-transcriptional influences such as RNA stability and microRNAs. Known molecular functions of ANRIL include in cis and in trans gene regulation through chromatin modification complexes, and influence over microRNA signaling networks. Polymorphisms at the ANRIL gene are linked to risk for many different cancers, as well as risk of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, bone mass, obesity and type 2 diabetes. A broad array of variable reported impacts of polymorphisms on ANRIL abundance, splicing and function suggests that ANRIL has cell-type and context-dependent regulation and actions. In cancer cells, ANRIL gain of function increases proliferation, metastasis, cell survival and epithelial-mesenchymal transformation, whereas ANRIL loss of function decreases tumor size and growth, invasion and metastasis, and increases apoptosis and senescence. In metabolic disease, polymorphisms at the ANRIL gene are linked to risk of type 2 diabetes, coronary artery disease, coronary artery calcium score, myocardial infarction, and stroke. Intriguingly, with the exception of one polymorphism in exon 2 of ANRIL, the single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) associated with atherosclerosis and diabetes are non-overlapping. Evidence suggests that ANRIL gain of function increases atherosclerosis; in diabetes, a risk-SNP reduced the pancreatic beta cell proliferation index. Studies are limited by the uncertain relevance of rodent models to ANRIL studies, since most ANRIL exons do not exist in mouse. Diverse cell-type-dependent results suggest it is necessary to perform studies in the relevant primary human tissue for each disease. Much remains to be learned about the biology of ANRIL in human health and disease; this research area may lead to insight into disease mechanisms and therapeutic approaches.

The long noncoding RNA SNHG1 promotes nucleus pulposus cell proliferation through regulating miR-326 and CCND1

Aberrant nucleus pulposus cell proliferation is implicated in the development of intervertebral disk degeneration (IDD). Recent studies have suggested that long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) can modulate cell proliferation in several pathological conditions. Here, we indicate that expression of SNHG1 was upregulated in IDD tissues compared with control tissues and that higher SNHG1 expression was associated with disk degeneration grade. In addition, we show that ectopic expression of SNHG1 promoted nucleus pulposus (NP) cell proliferation and increased the PCNA and cyclin D1 expression in NP cells. Ectopic expression of SNHG1 inhibited miR-326 expression in nucleus pulposus cells and promoted CCND1 expression, which is a direct target gene of SNHG1. Moreover, we demonstrate that expression of miR-326 was downregulated in IDD tissues compared with control tissues and that lower SNHG1 expression was associated with disk degeneration grade. Expression of miR-326 was negatively associated with SNHG1 expression in disk degeneration tissues. Overexpression of miR-326 inhibited NP cell growth and inhibited PCNA and cyclin D1 expression in NP cells. Furthermore, we show that overexpression of SNHG1 promoted nucleus pulposus cell proliferation through inhibiting miR-326 expression. These data shed novel light on the role of SNHG1 in the pathogenesis of IDD.

HOTAIR enhanced paclitaxel and doxorubicin resistance in gastric cancer cells partly through inhibiting miR-217 expression

Drug resistance is a big obstacle for clinical anti-tumor treatment outcome. However, the role of HOTAIR in drug resistance in gastric cancer (GC) remains unknown. In this study, we showed that overexpression of HOTAIR enhanced paclitaxel and doxorubicin resistance in GC cells. Furthermore, the expression of HOTAIR was upregulated in GC tissues and higher expression of HOTAIR was associated with late stage. In addition, we showed that miR-217 expression was lower in GC tissues compared with the paired non-tumour tissues and downregulated expression of miR-217 was correlated with late stage. Interestingly, the expression of miR-217 was negatively correlated with HOTAIR expression in GC tissues. Ectopic expression of HOTAIR increased GC cell proliferation, cell cycle, and migration. Elevated expression of HOTAIR suppressed miR-217 expression and enhanced GPC5 and PTPN14 expression. Furthermore, we demonstrated that overexpression of miR-217 suppressed paclitaxel and doxorubicin resistance in GC cells. Ectopic expression of HOTAIR promoted drug resistance and increased GC cell proliferation, cell cycle, and migration by targeting miR-217. These data suggested that overexpression of HOTAIR enhanced paclitaxel and doxorubicin resistance in GC cells through inhibiting miR-217 expression.

Long non-coding RNA CDKN2B antisense RNA 1 gene inhibits Gemcitabine sensitivity in bladder urothelial carcinoma

Objective: To investigate the clinical significance of long noncoding RNA (lncRNA) CDKN2B antisense RNA 1 (CDKN2B-AS) gene and its effects on Gemcitabine sensitivity in BUC.

Materials and Methods: The expression of CDKN2B-AS gene was examined with real-time quantitative PCR. The cell proliferation and the half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) of Gemcitabine were detected with enhanced CCK-8 assay. The apoptosis rate was examined using Annexin V-FITC/PI double-staining apoptosis kit. The protein expression was examined with western blotting. The activity of Wnt signaling pathway was examined with TOP/FOP luciferase assay.

Results: CDKN2B-AS gene was high-expressed in BUC tissues and J82, T24 cells compared with paracancerous normal urothelial tissues and SV-HUC-1 cells. Furthermore, the high-expression of CDKN2B-AS gene was related with high pathological grade and low Gemcitabine sensitivity of BUC tissues. The expression of CDKN2B-AS gene in Gemcitabine-resistant T24/Gem cells was much higher than that in T24 cells. Knockdown of CDKN2B-AS gene sensitized T24/Gem cells to Gemcitabine, promoted Gemcitabine-induced cytotoxicity. Knockdown of CDKN2B-AS gene inactivated Wnt signaling pathway, and Wnt signaling pathway mediated the effects on Gemcitabine sensitivity induced by CDKN2B-AS knockdown in T24/Gem cells.

Conclusion: LncRNA CDKN2B-AS is high-expressed in BUC and related to low Gemcitabine sensitivity of BUC. CDKN2B-AS inhibited Gemcitabine sensitivity through Wnt signaling pathway in BUC.

Long noncoding RNA TUG1 is a diagnostic factor in lung adenocarcinoma and suppresses apoptosis via epigenetic silencing of BAX

Lung cancer is one of the leading causes of cancer-related mortality, and responds badly to existing treatment. Thus, it is of urgent need to identify novel diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets. Increasing evidences have indicated that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play an important role in initiation and progression of lung cancer. However, the role of lncRNA Taurine upregulated 1 (TUG1) in lung adenocarcinoma (LAD) progression is not well known. In this study, we determined the diagnostic value of TUG1 in LAD patients, and further uncovered the underlying functional mechanism. Our results showed that TUG1 was significantly upregulated in LAD cells and serum samples. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) analysis suggested a relatively higher area under the curve (AUC) of TUG1 (0.756) contrast to cyfra21-1 (0.619). In addition, high TUG1 level was associated with enhanced tumor size, degree of differentiation, lymph node metastases, distant metastasis and TNM stage. Cell functional assays showed that knockdown of TUG1 suppressed LAD cell viability and promoted cell apoptosis. We then sought to reveal the underlying regulatory mechanism, and the pro-apoptotic protein BAX was then identified as the downstream target of TUG1. Gain and loss functional assays showed that inhibition of BAX reversed the induced apoptosis by TUG1 knockdown. Finally, RNA immunoprecipitation and Chromatin immunoprecipitation revealed that TUG1 suppressed BAX expression through physically interacting with EZH2. In conclusion, lncRNA TUG1 is a promising diagnostic marker for LAD patients and suppression of TUG1 levels could be a future direction to promote the prognosis of LAD patients.