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Albaladejo-Riad N, Espinosa-Ruiz C, Esteban MÁ. Effect of silk fibroin microparticles on cellular immunity and liver of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) with and without experimental skin injuries. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2024; 108:1046-1058. [PMID: 38483166 DOI: 10.1111/jpn.13950] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2023] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 07/09/2024]
Abstract
Silk fibroin (SF) microparticles were administered in the diet of gilthead seabream with or without experimental skin wounds to study the effects on cellular immunity and liver. A commercially available diet was enriched with varying amount of SF: 0, 50 and 100 mg kg-1 (representing the control, SF50 and SF100 diets respectively). The animals were fed for 30 days and half of them were sampled. Similar experimental wounds were then performed on the rest of fish, and they continued to be fed the same diet. At 7 days post-wounding, samples were taken from the wounded fish. Cellular immunity was studied on head kidney leucocytes (phagocytosis, respiratory and peroxidase content) and liver status (histological study and gene expression) were studied. Our results showed that experimental wounds affect both cellular immunity (by decreasing leucocyte respiratory burst and peroxidase activity) and altered liver histology (by inducing vascularisation and congestion of blood vessels). In addition, it influences the expression of genes that serve as markers of oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis. The highest dose of SF (SF100) increased the phagocytic capacity of leucocytes the most, as well as the expression of genes related to blood vessel formation in the liver. Furthermore, increased expression of antioxidant genes (cat and gsr) and decreased expression of genes related to reticulum endoplasmic stress (grp94 and grp170) and apoptosis (nos and jnk) were detected in these fish fed with SF100 and wounded. In conclusion, fed fish with SF100 had many beneficial effects as cellular immunostimulant and hepatoprotection in wounded fish. Its use could be of great interest for stress management in farmed fish conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Albaladejo-Riad
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus of International Excellence, Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - C Espinosa-Ruiz
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus of International Excellence, Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - M Ángeles Esteban
- Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Campus of International Excellence, Campus Mare Nostrum, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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2
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Su L, Sun Z, Qi F, Su H, Qian L, Li J, Zuo L, Huang J, Yu Z, Li J, Chen Z, Zhang S. GRP75-driven, cell-cycle-dependent macropinocytosis of Tat/pDNA-Ca 2+ nanoparticles underlies distinct gene therapy effect in ovarian cancer. J Nanobiotechnology 2022; 20:340. [PMID: 35858873 PMCID: PMC9301890 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-022-01530-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Practice of tumor-targeted suicide gene therapy is hampered by unsafe and low efficient delivery of plasmid DNA (pDNA). Using HIV-Tat-derived peptide (Tat) to non-covalently form Tat/pDNA complexes advances the delivery performance. However, this innovative approach is still limited by intracellular delivery efficiency and cell-cycle status. In this study, Tat/pDNA complexes were further condensed into smaller, nontoxic nanoparticles by Ca2+ addition. Formulated Tat/pDNA-Ca2+ nanoparticles mainly use macropinocytosis for intercellular delivery, and their macropinocytic uptake was persisted in mitosis (M-) phase and highly activated in DNA synthesis (S-) phase of cell-cycle. Over-expression or phosphorylation of a mitochondrial chaperone, 75-kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP75), promoted monopolar spindle kinase 1 (MPS1)-controlled centrosome duplication and cell-cycle progress, but also driven cell-cycle-dependent macropinocytosis of Tat/pDNA-Ca2+ nanoparticles. Further in vivo molecular imaging based on DF (Fluc-eGFP)-TF (RFP-Rluc-HSV-ttk) system showed that Tat/pDNA-Ca2+ nanoparticles exhibited highly suicide gene therapy efficiency in mouse model xenografted with human ovarian cancer. Furthermore, arresting cell-cycle at S-phase markedly enhanced delivery performance of Tat/pDNA-Ca2+ nanoparticles, whereas targeting GRP75 reduced their macropinocytic delivery. More importantly, in vivo targeting GRP75 combined with cell-cycle or macropinocytosis inhibitors exhibited distinct suicide gene therapy efficiency. In summary, our data highlight that mitochondrial chaperone GRP75 moonlights as a biphasic driver underlying cell-cycle-dependent macropinocytosis of Tat/pDNA-Ca2+ nanoparticles in ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Linjia Su
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Nankai District, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhe Sun
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Fangzheng Qi
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Nankai District, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Huishan Su
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Nankai District, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Luomeng Qian
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Nankai District, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Li
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Nankai District, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Liang Zuo
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Nankai District, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinhai Huang
- School of Life Sciences, Tianjin University, Weijin Road 92, Tianjin, 300072, China
| | - Zhilin Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Chemistry, Nankai University, Weijin Road 94, Tianjin, 300071, China
| | - Jinping Li
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Uppsala University, 75123, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Zhinan Chen
- National Translational Science Center for Molecular Medicine, Department of Cell Biology, State Key Laboratory of Cancer Biology, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an, 710032, China
| | - Sihe Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Nankai District, 94 Weijin Road, Tianjin, 300071, People's Republic of China.
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3
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Song S, Xia X, Qi J, Hu X, Chen Q, Liu J, Ji N, Zhao H. Silmitasertib-induced macropinocytosis promoting DDP intracellular uptake to enhance cell apoptosis in oral squamous cell carcinoma. Drug Deliv 2021; 28:2480-2494. [PMID: 34766543 PMCID: PMC8592591 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2021.2000677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Cisplatin (DDP) is a first-line chemotherapeutic drug applied for the treatment of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). The anticancer activity of DDP is tightly linked to its intracellular uptake. It is unwise to increase the DDP intake by increasing the dose or shortening the dosing interval because of the severe systemic toxicity (nephrotoxicity, ototoxicity and neurotoxicity) in DDP application. The main uptake pathways of DDP include passive diffusion and active transporter transport. Therefore, finding additional uptake pathways that can improve the effective intracellular concentration of DDP is critical. Macropinocytosis, an endocytic mechanism for extracellular material absorption, contributes to the intracellular uptake of anticancer drugs. No research has been conducted to determine whether macropinocytosis can augment the intracellular uptake of DDP in OSCC cells or not. Based on that, we proved for the first time that silmitasertib (previously CX-4945) could trigger macropinocytosis, which may increase the intracellular uptake of DDP and enhance apoptosis via in vivo and in vitro experiments. We hope that our findings will inspire a new approach for the application of DDP in cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shaojuan Song
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xin Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiajia Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaopei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jiang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ning Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Hang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Oral Diseases, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences Research Unit of Oral Carcinogenesis and Management, West China Hospital of Stomatology, Med-X Center for Materials, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
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Wound-Induced Changes in Antioxidant Enzyme Activities in Skin Mucus and in Gene Expression in the Skin of Gilthead Seabream (Sparus aurata L.). FISHES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/fishes6020015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the antioxidant enzyme activities in the skin mucus of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) at 3 and 7 days post-wounding (dpw). The expression levels of the genes that encode stress proteins (grp170, grp94, grp75, sod and hsp70) and skin regeneration-related proteins (tf, igf1, tgfb1, der1, apo1 and erdj3) in the skin also were determined. Mucus and skin samples were obtained from the left and right flanks of non-wounded and wounded fish. In both flanks of the wounded fish, catalase and glutathione reductase activities in the skin mucus increased (p < 0.05) at 3 and 7 dpw (100 ± 31% and 111 ± 25%, respectively), whereas superoxide dismutase activity increased (p < 0.05) only at 7 dpw (135 ± 15%). The expression levels of stress proteins in the skin of the wounded flank of the wounded fish mainly increased at 7 dpw (grp170 increased to 288 ± 85%, grp94 to 502 ± 143%, grp75 to 274 ± 69%, sod to 569 ± 99%, and hsp70 increased to 537 ± 14%) (p < 0.05). However, the expression levels of the tissue regeneration-related genes varied depending on the flank investigated, on the experimental time, and on the gene studied. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first work to determine the effect of a wound in different skin parts of the same fish.
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Staitieh BS, Auld SC, Ahmed M, Fan X, Smirnova N, Yeligar SM. Granulocyte Macrophage-Colony Stimulating Factor Reverses HIV Protein-Induced Mitochondrial Derangements in Alveolar Macrophages. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2021; 37:224-232. [PMID: 33059459 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2020.0176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite the advent of antiretroviral therapy, people living with HIV suffer from a range of infectious and noninfectious pulmonary complications. HIV impairs antioxidant defenses and innate immune function of the alveolar macrophage by diminishing granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (GM-CSF) signaling. Since GM-CSF may be linked to mitochondria, we sought to determine the effects of HIV on GM-CSF receptor expression and alveolar macrophage mitochondrial function. At an academic medical center, studies were completed on alveolar macrophages isolated from both wild-type and HIV transgenic (HIV Tg) rats and human subjects with and without HIV. Primary macrophages were plated and evaluated for expression of GM-CSF receptor beta, phagocytic index, and mitochondrial function in the presence and absence of GM-CSF treatment. GM-CSF receptor expression and mitochondrial function were impaired in macrophages isolated from HIV Tg rats, and treatment with GM-CSF restored GM-CSF receptor expression and mitochondrial function. GM-CSF treatment of HIV Tg rats also increased alveolar macrophage levels of the mitochondrial proteins voltage-dependent anion-selective channel 1 (VDAC) and glucose-regulated protein 75 (Grp75). Similar to the HIV Tg rat model, impairments in mitochondrial bioenergetics were confirmed in alveolar macrophages isolated from human subjects with HIV. HIV-associated impairments in alveolar macrophage mitochondrial bioenergetics likely contribute to innate immune dysfunction in HIV infection, and GM-CSF treatment may offer a novel therapeutic strategy for mitigating these deleterious effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bashar S. Staitieh
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Sara C. Auld
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Department of Epidemiology, Rollins School of Public Health, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Mariam Ahmed
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Xian Fan
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Natalia Smirnova
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
| | - Samantha M. Yeligar
- Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care & Sleep Medicine, Department of Medicine, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia, USA
- Atlanta VA Health Care System, Decatur, Georgia, USA
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6
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Espinosa C, Esteban MÁ. Effect of dietary supplementation with yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae on skin, serum and liver of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L). JOURNAL OF FISH BIOLOGY 2020; 97:869-881. [PMID: 32598025 DOI: 10.1111/jfb.14449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
The effect of dietary supplementation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae on gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) was studied. Four replicates of fish (n = 6) were fed with a commercial diet containing 0 (control, no yeast added) or 10 mg per kilogram of heat-killed (30 min, 60°C) S. cerevisiae. After 4 weeks, half of the fish (two replicates) were injured and continued with the same diet. At 3 and 7 days post-wounding, samples of blood, skin mucus, skin and liver were obtained from each fish. The results showed that calcium concentrations were significantly higher (with respect to control fish) in the serum from fish sampled at 3 days post-wounding, whereas antioxidant enzymes in the skin mucus were altered after wounding (at both 3 and 7 days). Histological analyses revealed oedema, signs of inflammation and white cell recruitment together with a reduction in the epidermis layer in the wounded regions of fish fed control diet. Yeast supplementation did not change growth performance and helped maintain the normal serum calcium concentrations in wounded fish. Furthermore, a reduction in inflammation around wounds in the animals fed yeast with respect to that fed control diet was evident in the histological study. Furthermore, increased levels of stress-related gene expression in liver and skin from wounded fish were obtained. Overall, yeast supplementation seemed to be a functional and appropriate dietary additive to improve skin recovery reducing the stress resulting from wounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristóbal Espinosa
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Maria Ángeles Esteban
- Department of Cell Biology and Histology, Faculty of Biology, Immunobiology for Aquaculture Group, University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
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7
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Hassan MIA, Kruse JM, Krüger T, Dahse HM, Cseresnyés Z, Blango MG, Slevogt H, Hörhold F, Ast V, König R, Figge MT, Kniemeyer O, Brakhage AA, Voigt K. Functional surface proteomic profiling reveals the host heat-shock protein A8 as a mediator of Lichtheimia corymbifera recognition by murine alveolar macrophages. Environ Microbiol 2020; 22:3722-3740. [PMID: 32583550 DOI: 10.1111/1462-2920.15140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 06/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mucormycosis is an emergent, fatal fungal infection of humans and warm-blooded animals caused by species of the order Mucorales. Immune cells of the innate immune system serve as the first line of defence against inhaled spores. Alveolar macrophages were challenged with the mucoralean fungus Lichtheimia corymbifera and subjected to biotinylation and streptavidin enrichment procedures followed by LC-MS/MS analyses. A total of 28 host proteins enriched for binding to macrophage-L. corymbifera interaction. Among those, the HSP70-family protein Hspa8 was found to be predominantly responsive to living and heat-killed spores of a virulent and an attenuated strain of L. corymbifera. Confocal scanning laser microscopy of infected macrophages revealed colocalization of Hspa8 with phagocytosed spores of L. corymbifera. The amount of detectable Hspa8 was dependent on the multiplicity of infection. Incubation of alveolar macrophages with an anti-Hspa8 antibody prior to infection reduced their capability to phagocytose spores of L. corymbifera. In contrast, anti-Hspa8 antibodies did not abrogate the phagocytosis of Aspergillus fumigatus conidia by macrophages. These results suggest an important contribution of the heat-shock family protein Hspa8 in the recognition of spores of the mucoralean fungus L. corymbifera by host alveolar macrophages and define a potential immunomodulatory therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed I Abdelwahab Hassan
- Jena Microbial Resource Collection, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany.,Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany.,Pests and Plant Protection Department, National Research Centre, 33rd El Buhouth St., Dokki, Giza, 12622, Egypt
| | - Janis M Kruse
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Thomas Krüger
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Hans-Martin Dahse
- Department of Infection Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Zoltán Cseresnyés
- Department of Applied Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Matthew G Blango
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Hortense Slevogt
- Host Septomics Group, Centre for Innovation Competence (ZIK) Septomics, University Hospital Jena, Jena, Germany
| | - Franziska Hörhold
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Volker Ast
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Rainer König
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center, Center for Sepsis Control and Care (CSCC), Jena University Hospital, Jena, Germany
| | - Marc Thilo Figge
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany.,Department of Applied Systems Biology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Olaf Kniemeyer
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Axel A Brakhage
- Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany.,Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology (HKI), Jena, Germany
| | - Kerstin Voigt
- Jena Microbial Resource Collection, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute (HKI), Jena, Germany.,Institute of Microbiology, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany
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8
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Kwak C, Shin S, Park JS, Jung M, Nhung TTM, Kang MG, Lee C, Kwon TH, Park SK, Mun JY, Kim JS, Rhee HW. Contact-ID, a tool for profiling organelle contact sites, reveals regulatory proteins of mitochondrial-associated membrane formation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2020; 117:12109-12120. [PMID: 32414919 PMCID: PMC7275737 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1916584117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The mitochondria-associated membrane (MAM) has emerged as a cellular signaling hub regulating various cellular processes. However, its molecular components remain unclear owing to lack of reliable methods to purify the intact MAM proteome in a physiological context. Here, we introduce Contact-ID, a split-pair system of BioID with strong activity, for identification of the MAM proteome in live cells. Contact-ID specifically labeled proteins proximal to the contact sites of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria, and thereby identified 115 MAM-specific proteins. The identified MAM proteins were largely annotated with the outer mitochondrial membrane (OMM) and ER membrane proteins with MAM-related functions: e.g., FKBP8, an OMM protein, facilitated MAM formation and local calcium transport at the MAM. Furthermore, the definitive identification of biotinylation sites revealed membrane topologies of 85 integral membrane proteins. Contact-ID revealed regulatory proteins for MAM formation and could be reliably utilized to profile the proteome at any organelle-membrane contact sites in live cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chulhwan Kwak
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 44919 Ulsan, Korea
| | - Sanghee Shin
- Center for RNA Research, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul 08826, Korea
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong-Seok Park
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 44919 Ulsan, Korea
| | - Minkyo Jung
- Neural Circuit Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, 41062 Daegu, Korea
| | - Truong Thi My Nhung
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 37673 Pohang, Korea
| | - Myeong-Gyun Kang
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, Korea
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 44919 Ulsan, Korea
| | - Chaiheon Lee
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 44919 Ulsan, Korea
| | - Tae-Hyuk Kwon
- Department of Chemistry, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, 44919 Ulsan, Korea
| | - Sang Ki Park
- Department of Life Sciences, Pohang University of Science and Technology, 37673 Pohang, Korea
| | - Ji Young Mun
- Neural Circuit Research Group, Korea Brain Research Institute, 41062 Daegu, Korea;
| | - Jong-Seo Kim
- Center for RNA Research, Institute for Basic Science, Seoul 08826, Korea;
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun-Woo Rhee
- Department of Chemistry, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, Korea;
- School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, 08826 Seoul, Korea
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9
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Hossain MG, Akter S, Ohsaki E, Ueda K. Impact of the Interaction of Hepatitis B Virus with Mitochondria and Associated Proteins. Viruses 2020; 12:v12020175. [PMID: 32033216 PMCID: PMC7077294 DOI: 10.3390/v12020175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2019] [Revised: 02/02/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Around 350 million people are living with hepatitis B virus (HBV), which can lead to death due to liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Various antiviral drugs/nucleot(s)ide analogues are currently used to reduce or arrest the replication of this virus. However, many studies have reported that nucleot(s)ide analogue-resistant HBV is circulating. Cellular signaling pathways could be one of the targets against the viral replication. Several studies reported that viral proteins interacted with mitochondrial proteins and localized in the mitochondria, the powerhouse of the cell. And a recent study showed that mitochondrial turnover induced by thyroid hormones protected hepatocytes from hepatocarcinogenesis mediated by HBV. Strong downregulation of numerous cellular signaling pathways has also been reported to be accompanied by profound mitochondrial alteration, as confirmed by transcriptome profiling of HBV-specific CD8 T cells from chronic and acute HBV patients. In this review, we summarize the ongoing research into mitochondrial proteins and/or signaling involved with HBV proteins, which will continue to provide insight into the relationship between mitochondria and HBV and ultimately lead to advances in viral pathobiology and mitochondria-targeted antiviral therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md. Golzar Hossain
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan;
- Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh
- Correspondence: (M.G.H.); (K.U.)
| | - Sharmin Akter
- Department of Physiology, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh 2202, Bangladesh;
| | - Eriko Ohsaki
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan;
| | - Keiji Ueda
- Division of Virology, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan;
- Correspondence: (M.G.H.); (K.U.)
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10
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Dhamad AE, Greene E, Sales M, Nguyen P, Beer L, Liyanage R, Dridi S. 75-kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP75) is a novel molecular signature for heat stress response in avian species. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2020; 318:C289-C303. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00334.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Glucose-regulated protein 75 (GRP75) was first characterized in mammals as a heat shock protein-70 (HSP70) family stress chaperone based on its sequence homology. Extensive studies in mammals showed that GRP75 is induced by various stressors such as glucose deprivation, oxidative stress, and hypoxia, although it remained unresponsive to the heat shock. Such investigations are scarce in avian (nonmammalian) species. We here identified chicken GRP75 by using immunoprecipitation assay integrated with LC-MS/MS, and found that its amino acid sequence is conserved with high homology (52.5%) to the HSP70 family. Bioinformatics and 3D-structure prediction indicate that, like most HSPs, chicken GRP75 has two principal domains (the NH2-terminal ATPase and COOH-terminal region). Immunofluorescence staining shows that GRP75 is localized predominantly in the avian myoblast and hepatocyte mitochondria. Heat stress exposure upregulates GRP75 expression in a species-, genotype-, and tissue-specific manner. Overexpression of GRP75 reduces avian cell viability, and blockade of GRP75 by its small molecular inhibitor MKT-077 rescues avian cell viability during heat stress. Taken together, this is the first evidence showing that chicken GRP75, unlike its mammalian ortholog, is responsive to heat shock and plays a key role in cell survival/death pathways. Since modern avian species have high metabolic rates and are sensitive to high environmental temperature, GRP75 could open new vistas in mechanistic understanding of heat stress responses and thermotolerance in avian species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Edan Dhamad
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Elizabeth Greene
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Marites Sales
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Phuong Nguyen
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Lesleigh Beer
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Rohana Liyanage
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
| | - Sami Dridi
- Center of Excellence for Poultry Science, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, Arkansas
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11
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Yabuno Y, Uchihashi T, Sasakura T, Shimizu H, Naito Y, Fukushima K, Ota K, Kogo M, Nojima H, Yabuta N. Clathrin heavy chain phosphorylated at T606 plays a role in proper cell division. Cell Cycle 2019; 18:1976-1994. [PMID: 31272276 PMCID: PMC6681784 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2019.1637201] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2018] [Revised: 06/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Clathrin regulates mitotic progression, in addition to membrane trafficking. However, the detailed regulatory mechanisms of clathrin during mitosis remain elusive. Here, we demonstrate novel regulation of clathrin during mitotic phase of the cell cycle. Clathrin heavy chain (CHC) was phosphorylated at T606 by its association partner cyclin G-associated kinase (GAK). This phosphorylation was required for proper cell proliferation and tumor growth of cells implanted into nude mice. Immunofluorescence analysis showed that the localization of CHC-pT606 signals changed during mitosis. CHC-pT606 signals localized in the nucleus and at the centrosome during interphase, whereas CHC signals were mostly cytoplasmic. Co-immunoprecipitation suggested that CHC formed a complex with GAK and polo-like kinase 1 (PLK1). Depletion of GAK using siRNA induced metaphase arrest and aberrant localization of CHC-pT606, which abolished Kiz-pT379 (as a phosphorylation target of PLK1) signals on chromatin at metaphase. Taken together, we propose that the GAK_CHC-pT606_PLK1_Kiz-pT379 axis plays a role in proliferation of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Yabuno
- First Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Uchihashi
- First Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Towa Sasakura
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Shimizu
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Yoko Naito
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Division of Cancer Cell Regulation, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Aichi, Japan
| | - Kohshiro Fukushima
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Kaori Ota
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Mikihiko Kogo
- First Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Nojima
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Norikazu Yabuta
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
- Department of Oncogene Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka, Japan
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12
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YIPF2 is a novel Rab-GDF that enhances HCC malignant phenotypes by facilitating CD147 endocytic recycle. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:462. [PMID: 31189879 PMCID: PMC6561952 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1709-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/27/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
An increased surface level of CIE (clathrin-independent endocytosis) proteins is a new feature of malignant neoplasms. CD147 is a CIE glycoprotein highly up-regulated in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The ability to sort out the early endosome and directly target the recycling pathway confers on CD147 a prolonged surface half-life. However, current knowledge on CD147 trafficking to and from the cell-surface is limited. In this study, an MSP (membrane and secreted protein)-cDNA library was screened against EpoR/LR-F3/CD147EP-expressed cells by MAPPIT (mammalian protein–protein interaction trap). CD147 co-expressing with the new binder was investigated by GEPIA (gene expression profiling interactive analysis). The endocytosis, ER-Golgi trafficking and recycling of CD147 were measured by confocal imaging, flow cytometry, and biotin-labeled chase assays, respectively. Rab GTPase activation was checked by GST-RBD pull-down and MMP activity was measured by gelatin zymography. HCC malignant phenotypes were determined by cell adhesion, proliferation, migration, Transwell motility, and invasion assays. An ER-Golgi-resident transmembrane protein YIPF2 was identified as an intracellular binder to CD147. YIPF2 correlated and co-expressed with CD147, which is a survival predictor for HCC patients. YIPF2 is critical for CD147 glycosylation and trafficking functions in HCC cells. YIPF2 acts as a Rab-GDF (GDI-displacement factor) regulating three independent trafficking steps. First, YIPF2 recruits and activates Rab5 and Rab22a GTPases to the endomembrane structures. Second, YIPF2 modulates the endocytic recycling of CD147 through distinctive regulation on Rab5 and Rab22a. Third, YIPF2 mediates the mature processing of CD147 via the ER-Golgi trafficking route. Decreased YIPF2 expression induced a CD147 efficient delivery to the cell-surface, promoted MMP secretion, and enhanced the adhesion, motility, migration, and invasion behaviors of HCC cells. Thus, YIPF2 is a new trafficking determinant essential for CD147 glycosylation and transport. Our findings revealed a novel YIPF2-controlled ER-Golgi trafficking signature that promotes CD147-medated malignant phenotypes in HCC.
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13
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Trigo D, Goncalves MB, Corcoran JPT. The regulation of mitochondrial dynamics in neurite outgrowth by retinoic acid receptor β signaling. FASEB J 2019; 33:7225-7235. [PMID: 30857414 PMCID: PMC6529336 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201802097r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal regeneration is a highly energy-demanding process that greatly relies on axonal mitochondrial transport to meet the enhanced metabolic requirements. Mature neurons typically fail to regenerate after injury, partly because of mitochondrial motility and energy deficits in injured axons. Retinoic acid receptor (RAR)-β signaling is involved in axonal and neurite regeneration. Here we investigate the effect of RAR-β signaling on mitochondrial trafficking during neurite outgrowth and find that it enhances their proliferation, speed, and movement toward the growing end of the neuron via hypoxia-inducible factor 1α signaling. We also show that RAR-β signaling promotes the binding of the mitochondria to the anchoring protein, glucose-related protein 75, at the growing tip of neurite, thus allowing them to provide energy and metabolic roles required for neurite outgrowth.—Trigo, D., Goncalves, M. B., Corcoran, J. P. T. The regulation of mitochondrial dynamics in neurite outgrowth by retinoic acid receptor β signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diogo Trigo
- The Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Maria B Goncalves
- The Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Jonathan P T Corcoran
- The Wolfson Centre for Age-Related Diseases, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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14
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GRP75 modulates oncogenic Dbl-driven endocytosis derailed via the CHIP-mediated ubiquitin degradation pathway. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:971. [PMID: 30250167 PMCID: PMC6155137 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-018-1039-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chaperone-assisted proteasome degradation of oncogenic protein acts as an upstream signal controlling tumorigenesis and progression. The understanding of the co-regulation of chaperone and oncoprotein of endocytosis pathways is extremely limited. In this study, we showed for the first time that proto-Dbl (dbl proto-oncogene product) is co-enriched with mitochondrial chaperone GRP75 in endocytosis vesicles from ovarian cancer cells. onco-Dbl, produced by oncogenic mutation/degradation of proto-Dbl, markedly enhanced cellular macropinocytosis but suppressed clathrin-mediated endocytosis and clathrin-independent endocytosis pathways, presenting a derailed endocytosis phenotype. GRP75 was associated with proto-Dbl inside cells and modulated Dbl-driven endocytosis derailed by a co-regulatory mode. In spite of not being a component of the Hsc70/Hsp90/proto-Dbl complex, the degradation of proto-Dbl was promoted by GRP75 through the CHIP-mediated ubiquitin–proteasome pathway, of which GRP75 acts as a cooperator with CHIP but also acts as a competitor to Hsc70 and Hsp90 in the multiple chaperones-assisted pro-folding/pro-degradation machinery. Knockdown or inhibition of GRP75 attenuated proto-Dbl degradation and reduced the onco-Dbl level, which differentially impaired Rho GTPases activation and therefore shifted the endocytosis-derailed phenotype. Our data uncovered a novel GRP75-Dbl endocytosis regulatory axis and provided an alternative using chaperone inhibitor to shut down the oncoprotein-driven endocytosis derailment mechanism.
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15
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Niu X, Gao Z, Qi S, Su L, Yang N, Luan X, Li J, Zhang Q, An Y, Zhang S. Macropinocytosis activated by oncogenic Dbl enables specific targeted delivery of Tat/pDNA nano-complexes into ovarian cancer cells. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:4895-4911. [PMID: 30214196 PMCID: PMC6122892 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s171361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Successful implementation of gene therapy heavily relies on efficiently delivering genetic materials and specific targeting into cells. Oncogene-driven endocytosis stimulates nutrient uptake and also develops an endocytosis-mediated defense against therapeutic agents. Cell-penetrating peptides, typically HIV-Tat, are well known for efficient delivery of nucleic acid drugs but lack targeting specificity. Various passive targeting strategies were pursued to enhance the tumor targeting efficiency; however, they are still limited by complicated cellular endocytosis routes and the heterogeneity of cancer types. METHODS Tat/pDNA complexes were noncovalently compacted and their physiochemical properties were determined. The siRNA pool and pLV-RNAi-GFP lentivirus were used to knock down dbl oncogene (originally isolated from diffuse B-cell lymphoma) expression, and its overexpression was performed by plasmid transient transfection. The cellular uptake of fluorescent ligands was quantified by confocal imaging and flow cytometry analysis. The transgene efficiency was determined by the Luciferase expression assay. Rho GTPase activation was checked by the GST-Rho GTPase-binding domain pull-down assay. RESULTS pGL3 plasmid DNA was noncovalently compacted with the Tat peptide into nano-size complexes at high N/P ratios. Macropinocytosis, a clathrin- and caveolin-independent endocytosis process, was shown to contribute to the uptake of middle-sized (∼600 nm) Tat/pGL3 complexes. Cell-type-specific variation in macropinocytosis was essentially controlled by the action of the Dbl oncogene. Onco-Dbl presentation constantly induced a high level of macropinocytosis activity in ovarian cancer cells. Onco-Dbl overexpression hyperstimulated macropinocytosis enhancement in cells mainly through actin cytoskeleton reorganization mediated by the PH domain and Rac1 activation. The Dbl-driven Rho GTPase signaling collectively determined the cell-type-specific macropinocytosis phenotype. CONCLUSION Such an aspect can be exploited to selectively confer targeted delivery of Tat/pDNA nano-complexes into ovarian cancer cells. Our work provides a novel alternative for targeted delivery of cell-penetrating peptide-based nucleic acid drugs into certain tumor types if specific endocytosis pathways are used.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiuran Niu
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China,
| | - Zhihui Gao
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China,
| | - Shanshan Qi
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China,
| | - Linjia Su
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China,
| | - Nan Yang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China,
| | - Xiuli Luan
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China,
| | - Jia Li
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China,
| | - Qing Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Cancer Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Yingli An
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Institute of Polymer Chemistry, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China
| | - Sihe Zhang
- Department of Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, People's Republic of China,
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16
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Parr LS, Sriram G, Nazarian R, Rahib L, Dipple KM. The ATP-stimulated translocation promoter (ASTP) activity of glycerol kinase plays central role in adipogenesis. Mol Genet Metab 2018; 124:254-265. [PMID: 29960856 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymgme.2018.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2018] [Revised: 06/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Glycerol kinase (GK) is a multifunctional enzyme located at the interface of carbohydrate and fat metabolism. It contributes to both central carbon metabolism and adipogenesis; specifically, through its role as the ATP-stimulated translocation promoter (ASTP). GK overexpression leads to increased ASTP activity and increased fat storage in H4IIE cells. We performed metabolic flux analysis in human GK-overexpressing H4IIE cells and found that overexpressing cells had significantly altered fluxes through central carbon and lipid metabolism including increased flux through the pentose phosphate pathway and increased production of lipids. We also observed an equal contribution of glycerol to carbohydrate metabolism in all cell lines, suggesting that GK's alternate functions rather than its enzymatic function are important for these processes. To further elucidate the contributions of the enzymatic (phosphorylation) and alternative (ASTP) functions of GK in adipogenesis, we performed experiments on mammalian GK and E. coli GK. We determined that the ASTP function of GK (which is absent in E. coli GK) plays a greater role than the enzymatic activity in these processes. These studies further emphasize GK's diverse functionality and provides fundamental insights into the multiple protein functions of glycerol kinase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilly S Parr
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 695 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7088, USA
| | - Ganesh Sriram
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 695 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7088, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science at UCLA, 420 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, 1208D Building 90, Chemical and Nuclear Engineering Bldg, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742-2111, USA
| | - Ramin Nazarian
- Department of Medicine/Dermatology, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Lola Rahib
- Biomedical Engineering, Interdepartmental Program, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science at UCLA, 420 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Katrina M Dipple
- Department of Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, 695 Charles E. Young Drive South, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7088, USA; Biomedical Engineering, Interdepartmental Program, Henry Samueli School of Engineering and Applied Science at UCLA, 420 Westwood Plaza, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA; Department of Pediatrics, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Mattel Children's Hospital at UCLA, 10833 Le Conte Avenue, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1782, USA; University of Washington, Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children's Hospital, Division of Genetic Medicine, 4800 Sand Point Way NE, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.
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