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Chen YT, Liao WR, Wang HT, Chen HW, Chen SF. Targeted protein quantitation in human body fluids by mass spectrometry. MASS SPECTROMETRY REVIEWS 2023; 42:2379-2403. [PMID: 35702881 DOI: 10.1002/mas.21788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 01/11/2022] [Accepted: 04/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Human body fluids (biofluids) contain various proteins, some of which reflect individuals' physiological conditions or predict diseases. Therefore, the analysis of biofluids can provide substantial information on novel biomarkers for clinical diagnosis and prognosis. In the past decades, mass spectrometry (MS)-based technologies have been developed as proteomic strategies not only for the identification of protein biomarkers but also for biomarker verification/validation in body fluids for clinical applications. The main advantage of targeted MS-based methodologies is the accurate and specific simultaneous quantitation of multiple biomarkers with high sensitivity. Here, we review MS-based methodologies that are currently used for the targeted quantitation of protein components in human body fluids, especially in plasma, urine, cerebrospinal fluid, and saliva. In addition, the currently used MS-based methodologies are summarized with a specific focus on applicable clinical sample types, MS configurations, and acquisition modes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ting Chen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Department of Nephrology, Kidney Research Center, Linkou Medical Center, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Molecular and Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Rou Liao
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsueh-Ting Wang
- Instrumentation Center, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Wei Chen
- Molecular and Medicine Research Center, Chang Gung University, Taoyuan, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Fang Chen
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Instrumentation Center, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
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2
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Lépine M, Zambito O, Sleno L. Targeted Workflow Investigating Variations in the Tear Proteome by Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry. ACS OMEGA 2023; 8:31168-31177. [PMID: 37663498 PMCID: PMC10468840 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c03186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 09/05/2023]
Abstract
Proteins in tears have an important role in eye health and have been shown as a promising source of disease biomarkers. The goal of this study was to develop a robust, sensitive, and targeted method for profiling tear proteins to examine the variability within a group of healthy volunteers over three days. Inter-individual and inter-day variabilities were examined to contribute to understanding the normal variations in the tear proteome, as well as to establish which proteins may be better candidates as eventual biomarkers of specific diseases. Tear samples collected on Schirmer strips were subjected to bottom-up proteomics, and resulting peptides were analyzed using an optimized targeted method measuring 226 proteins by liquid chromatography-scheduled multiple reaction monitoring. This method was developed using an in-house database of identified proteins from tears compiled from high-resolution data-dependent liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry data. The measurement of unique peptide signals can help better understand the dynamics of each of these proteins in tears. Some interesting trends were seen in specific pathways or protein classes, including higher variabilities for those involved in glycolysis, glutathione metabolism, and cytoskeleton proteins and lower variation for those involving the degradation of the extracellular matrix. The overall aim of this study was to contribute to the field of tear proteomics with the development of a novel and targeted method that is highly amenable to the clinical laboratory using high flow LC and commonly used triple quadrupole mass spectrometry while ensuring that protein quantitation was reported based on unique peptides for each protein and robust peak areas with data normalization. These results report on variabilities on over 200 proteins that are robustly detected in tear samples from healthy volunteers with a simple sample preparation procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maggy Lépine
- Chemistry Department, Université du Québec à Montréal, PO Box 8888 Downtown Station, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Oriana Zambito
- Chemistry Department, Université du Québec à Montréal, PO Box 8888 Downtown Station, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3P8, Canada
| | - Lekha Sleno
- Chemistry Department, Université du Québec à Montréal, PO Box 8888 Downtown Station, Montreal, Quebec H3C 3P8, Canada
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3
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Vellan CJ, Jayapalan JJ, Yoong BK, Abdul-Aziz A, Mat-Junit S, Subramanian P. Application of Proteomics in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Biomarker Investigations: A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:2093. [PMID: 35216204 PMCID: PMC8879036 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23042093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 01/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), a highly aggressive malignancy with a poor prognosis is usually detected at the advanced stage of the disease. The only US Food and Drug Administration-approved biomarker that is available for PDAC, CA 19-9, is most useful in monitoring treatment response among PDAC patients rather than for early detection. Moreover, when CA 19-9 is solely used for diagnostic purposes, it has only a recorded sensitivity of 79% and specificity of 82% in symptomatic individuals. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify reliable biomarkers for diagnosis (specifically for the early diagnosis), ascertain prognosis as well as to monitor treatment response and tumour recurrence of PDAC. In recent years, proteomic technologies are growing exponentially at an accelerated rate for a wide range of applications in cancer research. In this review, we discussed the current status of biomarker research for PDAC using various proteomic technologies. This review will explore the potential perspective for understanding and identifying the unique alterations in protein expressions that could prove beneficial in discovering new robust biomarkers to detect PDAC at an early stage, ascertain prognosis of patients with the disease in addition to monitoring treatment response and tumour recurrence of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina Jane Vellan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (C.J.V.); (A.A.-A.); (S.M.-J.)
| | - Jaime Jacqueline Jayapalan
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (C.J.V.); (A.A.-A.); (S.M.-J.)
- University of Malaya Centre for Proteomics Research (UMCPR), Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia
| | - Boon-Koon Yoong
- Department of Surgery, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia;
| | - Azlina Abdul-Aziz
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (C.J.V.); (A.A.-A.); (S.M.-J.)
| | - Sarni Mat-Junit
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Malaya, Kuala Lumpur 50603, Malaysia; (C.J.V.); (A.A.-A.); (S.M.-J.)
| | - Perumal Subramanian
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Annamalai University, Chidambaram 608002, Tamil Nadu, India;
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Khakoo S, Petrillo A, Salati M, Muhith A, Evangelista J, Seghezzi S, Petrelli F, Tomasello G, Ghidini M. Neoadjuvant Treatment for Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma: A False Promise or an Opportunity to Improve Outcome? Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13174396. [PMID: 34503206 PMCID: PMC8431597 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13174396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2021] [Revised: 08/23/2021] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pancreatic cancer usually presents late when it has spread to distant sites. In a small proportion of patients, the cancer can be removed by surgery. Surgery is usually followed by chemotherapy, as studies have shown that this improves survival. However, due to complications after surgery and a decline in fitness, some patients do not start their chemotherapy and many do not complete the planned course. The cancer returns in the majority of patients. Chemotherapy or a combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy before surgery are being investigated to improve survival. The best treatment regime and patient selection for different treatment strategies remains to be defined and is discussed here. Abstract Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has an aggressive tumor biology and is associated with poor survival outcomes. Most patients present with metastatic or locally advanced disease. In the 10–20% of patients with upfront resectable disease, surgery offers the only chance of cure, with the addition of adjuvant chemotherapy representing an established standard of care for improving outcomes. Despite resection followed by adjuvant chemotherapy, at best, 3-year survival reaches 63.4%. Post-operative complications and poor performance mean that around 50% of the patients do not commence adjuvant chemotherapy, and a significant proportion do not complete the intended treatment course. These factors, along with the advantages of early treatment of micrometastatic disease, the ability to downstage tumors, and the increase in R0 resection rates, have increased interest in neo-adjuvant treatment strategies. Here we review biomarkers for early diagnosis of PDAC and patient selection for a neo-adjuvant approach. We also review the current evidence for different chemotherapy regimens in this setting, as well as the role of chemoradiotherapy and immunotherapy, and we discuss ongoing trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shelize Khakoo
- Department of Medicine, Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5PT, UK;
- Correspondence: (S.K.); (M.G.); Tel.: +39-02-5503-2660 (M.G.); Fax: +39-02-5503-2659 (M.G.)
| | - Angelica Petrillo
- Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Precision Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania Luigi Vanvitelli, 80131 Naples, Italy;
- Oncology Unit, Ospedale del Mare, 80147 Naples, Italy
| | - Massimiliano Salati
- Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41125 Modena, Italy;
| | - Abdul Muhith
- Department of Medicine, Royal Marsden Hospital, Sutton, Surrey SM2 5PT, UK;
| | - Jessica Evangelista
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Silvia Seghezzi
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, ASST Bergamo Ovest, 24047 Treviglio, Italy;
| | - Fausto Petrelli
- Oncology Unit, Medical Sciences Department, ASST Bergamo Ovest, 24047 Treviglio, Italy;
| | - Gianluca Tomasello
- Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy;
| | - Michele Ghidini
- Medical Oncology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Ca’ Granda Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, 20122 Milan, Italy;
- Correspondence: (S.K.); (M.G.); Tel.: +39-02-5503-2660 (M.G.); Fax: +39-02-5503-2659 (M.G.)
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Miles HN, Delafield DG, Li L. Recent Developments and Applications of Quantitative Proteomics Strategies for High-Throughput Biomolecular Analyses in Cancer Research. RSC Chem Biol 2021; 4:1050-1072. [PMID: 34430874 PMCID: PMC8341969 DOI: 10.1039/d1cb00039j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Innovations in medical technology and dedicated focus from the scientific community have inspired numerous treatment strategies for benign and invasive cancers. While these improvements often lend themselves to more positive prognoses and greater patient longevity, means for early detection and severity stratification have failed to keep pace. Detection and validation of cancer-specific biomarkers hinges on the ability to identify subtype-specific phenotypic and proteomic alterations and the systematic screening of diverse patient groups. For this reason, clinical and scientific research settings rely on high throughput and high sensitivity mass spectrometry methods to discover and quantify unique molecular perturbations in cancer patients. Discussed within is an overview of quantitative proteomics strategies and a summary of recent applications that enable revealing potential biomarkers and treatment targets in prostate, ovarian, breast, and pancreatic cancer in a high throughput manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hannah N. Miles
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison777 Highland AvenueMadisonWI53705-2222USA+1-608-262-5345+1-608-265-8491
| | | | - Lingjun Li
- School of Pharmacy, University of Wisconsin-Madison777 Highland AvenueMadisonWI53705-2222USA+1-608-262-5345+1-608-265-8491
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-MadisonMadisonWI53706USA
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Lindgaard SC, Sztupinszki Z, Maag E, Chen IM, Johansen AZ, Jensen BV, Bojesen SE, Nielsen DL, Hansen CP, Hasselby JP, Nielsen KR, Szallasi Z, Johansen JS. Circulating Protein Biomarkers for Use in Pancreatic Ductal Adenocarcinoma Identification. Clin Cancer Res 2021; 27:2592-2603. [PMID: 33737308 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-20-4215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the most lethal solid tumors. Most patients are diagnosed at an advanced stage where curative surgery is not an option. The aim of this study was to identify a panel of circulating proteins that could distinguish patients with PDAC from non-PDAC individuals. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN We investigated 92 proteins known to be involved in inflammation, development, and progression of PDAC using the Olink immuno-oncology panel in serum samples from 701 patients with PDAC (stage I-IV), 102 patients with nonmalignant pancreatic diseases, and 180 healthy blood donors. Patients were included prospectively between 2008 and 2018. Plasma carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9) was measured in all samples. The protein panels with the best diagnostic performances were developed by two bioinformaticians working independently, using LASSO and Ridge regression models. RESULTS Two panels of proteins (index I, containing 9 proteins + CA19-9, and index II, containing 23 proteins + CA19-9) were identified. Index I was able to discriminate patients with PDAC from all patients with non-PDAC, with a ROC AUC value of 0.92 [95% confidence interval (CI), 0.89-0.96] in the discovery cohort and 0.92 (95% CI, 0.87-0.97) in the replication cohort. For index II, the AUC value was 0.96 (95% CI, 0.95-0.98) in the discovery cohort and 0.93 (95% CI, 0.90-0.96) in the replication cohort. All nine serum proteins of index I were found in index II. CONCLUSIONS This study identified two circulating protein indices with the potential to discriminate between individuals with and without PDAC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidsel C Lindgaard
- Department of Oncology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark.
| | | | | | - Inna M Chen
- Department of Oncology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Astrid Z Johansen
- Department of Oncology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Benny V Jensen
- Department of Oncology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
| | - Stig E Bojesen
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Dorte L Nielsen
- Department of Oncology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Carsten P Hansen
- Department of Surgery, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jane P Hasselby
- Department of Pathology, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Kaspar R Nielsen
- Department of Clinical Immunology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | - Zoltan Szallasi
- Danish Cancer Society Research Center, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Computational Health Informatics Program, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Julia S Johansen
- Department of Oncology, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- Department of Medicine, Herlev and Gentofte Hospital, Copenhagen University Hospital, Herlev, Denmark
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7
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Clinical Perspective on Proteomic and Glycomic Biomarkers for Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Prediction of Pancreatic Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22052655. [PMID: 33800786 PMCID: PMC7961509 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22052655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 03/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is known as a highly aggressive malignant disease. Prognosis for patients is notoriously poor, despite improvements in surgical techniques and new (neo)adjuvant chemotherapy regimens. Early detection of PDAC may increase the overall survival. It is furthermore foreseen that precision medicine will provide improved prognostic stratification and prediction of therapeutic response. In this review, omics-based discovery efforts are presented that aim for novel diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers of PDAC. For this purpose, we systematically evaluated the literature published between 1999 and 2020 with a focus on protein- and protein-glycosylation biomarkers in pancreatic cancer patients. Besides genomic and transcriptomic approaches, mass spectrometry (MS)-based proteomics and glycomics of blood- and tissue-derived samples from PDAC patients have yielded new candidates with biomarker potential. However, for reasons discussed in this review, the validation and clinical translation of these candidate markers has not been successful. Consequently, there has been a change of mindset from initial efforts to identify new unimarkers into the current hypothesis that a combination of biomarkers better suits a diagnostic or prognostic panel. With continuing development of current research methods and available techniques combined with careful study designs, new biomarkers could contribute to improved detection, prognosis, and prediction of pancreatic cancer.
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Calanzani N, Druce PE, Snudden C, Milley KM, Boscott R, Behiyat D, Saji S, Martinez-Gutierrez J, Oberoi J, Funston G, Messenger M, Emery J, Walter FM. Identifying Novel Biomarkers Ready for Evaluation in Low-Prevalence Populations for the Early Detection of Upper Gastrointestinal Cancers: A Systematic Review. Adv Ther 2021; 38:793-834. [PMID: 33306189 PMCID: PMC7889689 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-020-01571-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Introduction Detecting upper gastrointestinal (GI) cancers in primary care is challenging, as cancer symptoms are common, often non-specific, and most patients presenting with these symptoms will not have cancer. Substantial investment has been made to develop biomarkers for cancer detection, but few have reached routine clinical practice. We aimed to identify novel biomarkers for upper GI cancers which have been sufficiently validated to be ready for evaluation in low-prevalence populations. Methods We systematically searched MEDLINE, Embase, Emcare, and Web of Science for studies published in English from January 2000 to October 2019 (PROSPERO registration CRD42020165005). Reference lists of included studies were assessed. Studies had to report on second measures of diagnostic performance (beyond discovery phase) for biomarkers (single or in panels) used to detect pancreatic, oesophageal, gastric, and biliary tract cancers. We included all designs and excluded studies with less than 50 cases/controls. Data were extracted on types of biomarkers, populations and outcomes. Heterogeneity prevented pooling of outcomes. Results We identified 149 eligible studies, involving 22,264 cancer cases and 49,474 controls. A total of 431 biomarkers were identified (183 microRNAs and other RNAs, 79 autoantibodies and other immunological markers, 119 other proteins, 36 metabolic markers, 6 circulating tumour DNA and 8 other). Over half (n = 231) were reported in pancreatic cancer studies. Only 35 biomarkers had been investigated in at least two studies, with reported outcomes for that individual marker for the same tumour type. Apolipoproteins (apoAII-AT and apoAII-ATQ), and pepsinogens (PGI and PGII) were the most promising biomarkers for pancreatic and gastric cancer, respectively. Conclusion Most novel biomarkers for the early detection of upper GI cancers are still at an early stage of matureness. Further evidence is needed on biomarker performance in low-prevalence populations, in addition to implementation and health economic studies, before extensive adoption into clinical practice can be recommended. Electronic Supplementary Material The online version of this article (10.1007/s12325-020-01571-z) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Calanzani
- The Primary Care Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK.
| | - Paige E Druce
- Centre for Cancer Research and Department of General Practice, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Claudia Snudden
- The Primary Care Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Kristi M Milley
- Centre for Cancer Research and Department of General Practice, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Rachel Boscott
- The Primary Care Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Dawnya Behiyat
- The Primary Care Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Smiji Saji
- The Primary Care Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Javiera Martinez-Gutierrez
- Centre for Cancer Research and Department of General Practice, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- Department of Family Medicine, School of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | - Jasmeen Oberoi
- Centre for Cancer Research and Department of General Practice, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Garth Funston
- The Primary Care Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
| | - Mike Messenger
- Leeds Centre for Personalised Medicine and Health, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK
| | - Jon Emery
- The Primary Care Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Centre for Cancer Research and Department of General Practice, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Fiona M Walter
- The Primary Care Unit, Department of Public Health and Primary Care, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
- Centre for Cancer Research and Department of General Practice, University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
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Time-frequency analysis of serum with proton nuclear magnetic resonance for diagnosis of pancreatic cancer. Sci Rep 2020; 10:21941. [PMID: 33318606 PMCID: PMC7736857 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-79087-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Although serum markers such as carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) and carbohydrate antigen (CA19-9) have been widely used in screening for pancreatic cancer (PC), their sensitivity and specificity are unsatisfactory. Recently, a novel tool of analyzing serum using the short-time Fourier transform (STFT) of free induction decays (FIDs) obtained by 1H-NMR has been introduced. We for the first time evaluated the utility of this technology as a diagnostic tool for PC. Serum was obtained from PC patients before starting any treatments. Samples taken from individuals with benign diseases or donors for liver transplantation were obtained as controls. Serum samples from both groups underwent 1H-NMR and STFT of FIDs. STFT data were analyzed by partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) to clarify whether differences were apparent between groups. As a result, PLS-DA score plots indicated that STFT of FIDs enabled effective classification of groups with and without PC. Additionally, in a subgroup of PC, long-term survivors (≥ 2 years) could be discriminated from short-term survivors (< 2 years), regardless of pathologic stage or CEA or CA19-9 levels. In conclusion, STFT of FIDs obtained from 1H-NMR have a potential to be a diagnostic and prognostic tool of PC.
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10
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Debernardi S, O’Brien H, Algahmdi AS, Malats N, Stewart GD, Plješa-Ercegovac M, Costello E, Greenhalf W, Saad A, Roberts R, Ney A, Pereira SP, Kocher HM, Duffy S, Blyuss O, Crnogorac-Jurcevic T. A combination of urinary biomarker panel and PancRISK score for earlier detection of pancreatic cancer: A case-control study. PLoS Med 2020; 17:e1003489. [PMID: 33301466 PMCID: PMC7758047 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the deadliest cancers, with around 9% of patients surviving >5 years. Asymptomatic in its initial stages, PDAC is mostly diagnosed late, when already a locally advanced or metastatic disease, as there are no useful biomarkers for detection in its early stages, when surgery can be curative. We have previously described a promising biomarker panel (LYVE1, REG1A, and TFF1) for earlier detection of PDAC in urine. Here, we aimed to establish the accuracy of an improved panel, including REG1B instead of REG1A, and an algorithm for data interpretation, the PancRISK score, in additional retrospectively collected urine specimens. We also assessed the complementarity of this panel with CA19-9 and explored the daily variation and stability of the biomarkers and their performance in common urinary tract cancers. METHODS AND FINDINGS Clinical specimens were obtained from multiple centres: Barts Pancreas Tissue Bank, University College London, University of Liverpool, Spanish National Cancer Research Center, Cambridge University Hospital, and University of Belgrade. The biomarker panel was assayed on 590 urine specimens: 183 control samples, 208 benign hepatobiliary disease samples (of which 119 were chronic pancreatitis), and 199 PDAC samples (102 stage I-II and 97 stage III-IV); 50.7% were from female individuals. PDAC samples were collected from patients before treatment. The samples were assayed using commercially available ELISAs. Statistical analyses were performed using non-parametric Kruskal-Wallis tests adjusted for multiple comparisons, and multiple logistic regression. Training and validation datasets for controls and PDAC samples were obtained after random division of the whole available dataset in a 1:1 ratio. The substitution of REG1A with REG1B enhanced the performance of the panel to detect resectable PDAC. In a comparison of controls and PDAC stage I-II samples, the areas under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUCs) increased from 0.900 (95% CI 0.843-0.957) and 0.926 (95% CI 0.843-1.000) in the training (50% of the dataset) and validation sets, respectively, to 0.936 in both the training (95% CI 0.903-0.969) and the validation (95% CI 0.888-0.984) datasets for the new panel including REG1B. This improved panel showed both sensitivity (SN) and specificity (SP) to be >85%. Plasma CA19-9 enhanced the performance of this panel in discriminating PDAC I-II patients from controls, with AUC = 0.992 (95% CI 0.983-1.000), SN = 0.963 (95% CI 0.913-1.000), and SP = 0.967 (95% CI 0.924-1.000). We demonstrate that the biomarkers do not show significant daily variation, and that they are stable for up to 5 days at room temperature. The main limitation of our study is the low number of stage I-IIA PDAC samples (n = 27) and lack of samples from individuals with hereditary predisposition to PDAC, for which specimens collected from control individuals were used as a proxy. CONCLUSIONS We have successfully validated our urinary biomarker panel, which was improved by substituting REG1A with REG1B. At a pre-selected cutoff of >80% SN and SP for the affiliated PancRISK score, we demonstrate a clinically applicable risk stratification tool with a binary output for risk of developing PDAC ('elevated' or 'normal'). PancRISK provides a step towards precision surveillance for PDAC patients, which we will test in a prospective clinical study, UroPanc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Debernardi
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers and Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Harrison O’Brien
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers and Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Asma S. Algahmdi
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers and Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Nuria Malats
- Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Oncológicas, Madrid, Spain
- Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Cáncer, Madrid Spain
| | - Grant D. Stewart
- Department of Surgery, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Marija Plješa-Ercegovac
- Institute of Medical and Clinical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Eithne Costello
- Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - William Greenhalf
- Molecular and Clinical Cancer Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Amina Saad
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rhiannon Roberts
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Alexander Ney
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen P. Pereira
- Institute for Liver and Digestive Health, University College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Hemant M. Kocher
- Centre for Tumour Biology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen Duffy
- Centre for Cancer Prevention, Wolfson Institute of Preventive Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Oleg Blyuss
- School of Physics, Astronomy and Mathematics, University of Hertfordshire, Hatfield, United Kingdom
- Department of Paediatrics and Paediatric Infectious Diseases, Institute of Child Health, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
- Department of Applied Mathematics, Lobachevsky State University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Tatjana Crnogorac-Jurcevic
- Centre for Cancer Biomarkers and Biotherapeutics, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
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11
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Zhang WH, Wang WQ, Han X, Gao HL, Li TJ, Xu SS, Li S, Xu HX, Li H, Ye LY, Lin X, Wu CT, Long J, Yu XJ, Liu L. Advances on diagnostic biomarkers of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: A systems biology perspective. Comput Struct Biotechnol J 2020; 18:3606-3614. [PMID: 33304458 PMCID: PMC7710502 DOI: 10.1016/j.csbj.2020.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 11/08/2020] [Accepted: 11/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is a lethal malignancy that is usually diagnosed at an advanced stage when curative surgery is no longer an option. Robust diagnostic biomarkers with high sensitivity and specificity for early detection are urgently needed. Systems biology provides a powerful tool for understanding diseases and solving challenging biological problems, allowing biomarkers to be identified and quantified with increasing accuracy, sensitivity, and comprehensiveness. Here, we present a comprehensive overview of efforts to identify biomarkers of PDAC using genomics, transcriptomics, proteomics, metabonomics, and bioinformatics. Systems biology perspective provides a crucial “network” to integrate multi-omics approaches to biomarker identification, shedding additional light on early PDAC detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wu-Hu Zhang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Wen-Quan Wang
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuan Han
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - He-Li Gao
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Tian-Jiao Li
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuai-Shuai Xu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Shuo Li
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hua-Xiang Xu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Hao Li
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Long-Yun Ye
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuan Lin
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chun-Tao Wu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jiang Long
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Xian-Jun Yu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liang Liu
- Department of Pancreatic Surgery, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai, China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Shanghai, China.,Pancreatic Cancer Institute, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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12
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Challenges and Opportunities in Clinical Applications of Blood-Based Proteomics in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092428. [PMID: 32867043 PMCID: PMC7564506 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Revised: 08/23/2020] [Accepted: 08/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary The traditional approach in identifying cancer related protein biomarkers has focused on evaluation of a single peptide/protein in tissue or circulation. At best, this approach has had limited success for clinical applications, since multiple pathological tumor pathways may be involved during initiation or progression of cancer which diminishes the significance of a single candidate protein/peptide. Emerging sensitive proteomic based technologies like liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based quantitative proteomics can provide a platform for evaluating serial serum or plasma samples to interrogate secreted products of tumor–host interactions, thereby revealing a more “complete” repertoire of biological variables encompassing heterogeneous tumor biology. However, several challenges need to be met for successful application of serum/plasma based proteomics. These include uniform pre-analyte processing of specimens, sensitive and specific proteomic analytical platforms and adequate attention to study design during discovery phase followed by validation of discovery-level signatures for prognostic, predictive, and diagnostic cancer biomarker applications. Abstract Blood is a readily accessible biofluid containing a plethora of important proteins, nucleic acids, and metabolites that can be used as clinical diagnostic tools in diseases, including cancer. Like the on-going efforts for cancer biomarker discovery using the liquid biopsy detection of circulating cell-free and cell-based tumor nucleic acids, the circulatory proteome has been underexplored for clinical cancer biomarker applications. A comprehensive proteome analysis of human serum/plasma with high-quality data and compelling interpretation can potentially provide opportunities for understanding disease mechanisms, although several challenges will have to be met. Serum/plasma proteome biomarkers are present in very low abundance, and there is high complexity involved due to the heterogeneity of cancers, for which there is a compelling need to develop sensitive and specific proteomic technologies and analytical platforms. To date, liquid chromatography mass spectrometry (LC-MS)-based quantitative proteomics has been a dominant analytical workflow to discover new potential cancer biomarkers in serum/plasma. This review will summarize the opportunities of serum proteomics for clinical applications; the challenges in the discovery of novel biomarkers in serum/plasma; and current proteomic strategies in cancer research for the application of serum/plasma proteomics for clinical prognostic, predictive, and diagnostic applications, as well as for monitoring minimal residual disease after treatments. We will highlight some of the recent advances in MS-based proteomics technologies with appropriate sample collection, processing uniformity, study design, and data analysis, focusing on how these integrated workflows can identify novel potential cancer biomarkers for clinical applications.
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13
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Meleady P, Abdul Rahman R, Henry M, Moriarty M, Clynes M. Proteomic analysis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Expert Rev Proteomics 2020; 17:453-467. [PMID: 32755290 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2020.1803743] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), which represents approximately 80% of all pancreatic cancers, is a highly aggressive malignant disease and one of the most lethal among all cancers. Overall, the 5-year survival rate among all pancreatic cancer patients is less than 9%; these rates have shown little change over the past 30 years. A more comprehensive understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying this complex disease is crucial to the development of new diagnostic tools for early detection and disease monitoring, as well as to identify new and more effective therapeutics to improve patient outcomes. AREA COVERED We summarize recent advances in proteomic strategies and mass spectrometry to identify new biomarkers for early detection and monitoring of disease progression, predict response to therapy, and to identify novel proteins that have the potential to be 'druggable' therapeutic targets. An overview of proteomic studies that have been conducted to further our mechanistic understanding of metastasis and chemotherapy resistance in PDAC disease progression will also be discussed. EXPERT COMMENTARY The results from these PDAC proteomic studies on a variety of PDAC sample types (e.g., blood, tissue, cell lines, exosomes, etc.) provide great promise of having a significant clinical impact and improving patient outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Meleady
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University , Dublin, Ireland
| | - Rozana Abdul Rahman
- St. Vincent's University Hospital , Dublin, Ireland.,St. Luke's Hospital , Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael Henry
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University , Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael Moriarty
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University , Dublin, Ireland.,St. Luke's Hospital , Dublin, Ireland
| | - Martin Clynes
- National Institute for Cellular Biotechnology, Dublin City University , Dublin, Ireland
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14
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Peng H, Pan S, Yan Y, Brand RE, Petersen GM, Chari ST, Lai LA, Eng JK, Brentnall TA, Chen R. Systemic Proteome Alterations Linked to Early Stage Pancreatic Cancer in Diabetic Patients. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12061534. [PMID: 32545216 PMCID: PMC7352938 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12061534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 06/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetes is a risk factor associated with pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), and new adult-onset diabetes can be an early sign of pancreatic malignancy. Development of blood-based biomarkers to identify diabetic patients who warrant imaging tests for cancer detection may represent a realistic approach to facilitate earlier diagnosis of PDAC in a risk population. METHODS A spectral library-based proteomic platform was applied to interrogate biomarker candidates in plasma samples from clinically well-defined diabetic cohorts with and without PDAC. Random forest algorithm was used for prediction model building and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was applied to evaluate the prediction probability of potential biomarker panels. RESULTS Several biomarker panels were cross-validated in the context of detection of PDAC within a diabetic background. In combination with carbohydrate antigen 19-9 (CA19-9), the panel, which consisted of apolipoprotein A-IV (APOA4), monocyte differentiation antigen CD14 (CD14), tetranectin (CLEC3B), gelsolin (GSN), histidine-rich glycoprotein (HRG), inter-alpha-trypsin inhibitor heavy chain H3 (ITIH3), plasma kallikrein (KLKB1), leucine-rich alpha-2-glycoprotein (LRG1), pigment epithelium-derived factor (SERPINF1), plasma protease C1 inhibitor (SERPING1), and metalloproteinase inhibitor 1 (TIMP1), demonstrated an area under curve (AUC) of 0.85 and a two-fold increase in detection accuracy compared to CA19-9 alone. The study further evaluated the correlations of protein candidates and their influences on the performance of biomarker panels. CONCLUSIONS Proteomics-based multiplex biomarker panels improved the detection accuracy for diagnosis of early stage PDAC in diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Peng
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (H.P.); (S.P.)
| | - Sheng Pan
- The Brown Foundation Institute of Molecular Medicine, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA; (H.P.); (S.P.)
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Yuanqing Yan
- Department of Neurosurgery, McGovern Medical School, University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Randall E. Brand
- Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA;
| | - Gloria M. Petersen
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA; (G.M.P.); (S.T.C.)
| | - Suresh T. Chari
- Department of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN 55902, USA; (G.M.P.); (S.T.C.)
| | - Lisa A. Lai
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, the University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; (L.A.L.); (T.A.B.)
| | - Jimmy K. Eng
- Proteomics Resource, The University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98109, USA;
| | - Teresa A. Brentnall
- Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine, the University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA; (L.A.L.); (T.A.B.)
| | - Ru Chen
- Section of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence:
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15
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Zhang Y, Zheng L. Apolipoprotein: prospective biomarkers in digestive tract cancer. Transl Cancer Res 2020; 9:3712-3720. [PMID: 35117733 PMCID: PMC8799137 DOI: 10.21037/tcr-19-2106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Digestive tract cancer, which is characterized by high morbidity and mortality, seriously affects the quality of life of patients worldwide. The digestive tract has abundant blood supply and nutriment, providing a suitable environment for tumor cells. Under chemical, physical, and biological stimuli, the activated cancer-related genes promote tumorigenesis. The synthesis of apolipoprotein occurs in the liver, intestine, and other digestive organs. However, the functions of apolipoproteins are not limited to lipid metabolism. An increasing number of studies have revealed that apolipoproteins take part in the regulation of tumor behavior. Apolipoprotein A (apoA) has recently been acknowledged as a beneficial indicator of several cancers, including colon, hepatocellular, and pancreatic cancer. Apolipoprotein E (apoE) can affect tumor susceptibility on account of genetic polymorphism. Levels of apolipoprotein C (apoC), B (apoB), and D (apoD) also impact tumor progression and the prognosis of patients. However, because of individual, racial, and genetic differences, a consensus has not yet been reached. Based on clinical data and analysis, apolipoproteins could be a novel target and marker in tumor therapy and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yibo Zhang
- Comprehensive Laboratory, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, China
| | - Lu Zheng
- Comprehensive Laboratory, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Changzhou 213003, China
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16
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Chou CY, Chang CT, Chen CJ. Analytically validated protein biomarkers of chronic pancreatitis and pancreatic cancer for potential clinical diagnosis with mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2020; 34 Suppl 1:e8580. [PMID: 31502717 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.8580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Chronic pancreatitis (CP) is a pancreatic disease with poor prognosis and pancreatic cancer (PC) is one of the most lethal types of cancer that is symptomless in the early stage. Because the clinical and image findings of CP can overlap that of pancreatic cancer (PC) which leads to confusion in the diagnosis and treatment of PC, discovery/verification/validation of more accurate protein biomarkers to diagnose CP and PC is in urgent need. METHODS The PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar were searched using the keywords: 'biomarker', 'marker', 'chronic pancreatitis', "pancreatic cancer" or "proteomics" for highly related researches. We focused on the articles published after the year 2005 in this review. RESULTS We introduce the background to CP and PC and summarize the diagnosis of CP and PC, analytically validated protein biomarkers, and proteomic approaches for discovery/verification/validation. The potential use of mass spectrometry (MS) in clinical diagnosis is also discussed. CONCLUSIONS Continuously improving sensitivity of MS can provide deeper proteome for new marker discovery and high reliability for protein marker verification, validation, and clinical diagnosis. The analytically validated protein markers could be considered as targeted protein biomarkers for developing a MS platform in the clinical validation process or clinical diagnosis of CP and PC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Che-Yi Chou
- Division of Nephrology, Asia University Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Department of Post-baccalaureate Veterinary Medicine, Asia University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Chiz-Tzung Chang
- College of Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
- Kidney Institute and Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40447, Taiwan
| | - Chao-Jung Chen
- Proteomics Core Laboratory, Department of Medical Research, China Medical University Hospital, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Integrated Medicine, China Medical University, Taichung, 40402, Taiwan
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17
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Caputo D, Caracciolo G. Nanoparticle-enabled blood tests for early detection of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Cancer Lett 2020; 470:191-196. [PMID: 31783084 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2019.11.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is often detected too late to allow adequate treatments with the result that patients are condemned to sufferings and early death. Most efforts have been therefore aimed at identifying sensitive PDAC biomarkers. Although biomarkers have numerous advantages, sample size, intra-individual variability, existence of several biases and confounding variables and cost of investigation make their clinical application challenging. In recent years, nanotechnology is providing new options for early cancer detection. Among recent discoveries, the concept is emerging that the protein corona, i.e. the layer of plasma proteins that surrounds nanomaterials in bodily fluids, is personalized. In particular, the protein corona of cancer patients is significantly different from that of healthy individuals. Herein, we review this concept with a particular focus on clinical relevance. We also discuss the recently developed nanoparticle-enabled blood (NEB) tests that demonstrated to be promising in discriminating PDAC patients from healthy volunteers by global change of the nanoparticle-protein corona. We conclude with a critical discussion of research perspectives aimed at further improving the prediction ability of the test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damiano Caputo
- Department of Surgery, University Campus-Biomedico di Roma, Via Alvaro Del Portillo 200, 00128, Rome, Italy
| | - Giulio Caracciolo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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18
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Kowalczyk T, Ciborowski M, Kisluk J, Kretowski A, Barbas C. Mass spectrometry based proteomics and metabolomics in personalized oncology. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165690. [PMID: 31962175 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2020.165690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Precision medicine (PM) means the customization of healthcare with decisions and practices adjusted to the individual patient. It includes personalized diagnostics, patients' sub-classification, individual treatment selection and the monitoring of its effectiveness. Currently, in oncology, PM is based on the molecular and cellular features of a tumor, its microenvironment and the patient's genetics and lifestyle. Surprisingly, the available targeted therapies were found effective only in a subset of patients. An in-depth understanding of tumor biology is crucial to improve their effectiveness and develop new therapeutic targets. Completion of genetic information with proteomics and metabolomics can give broader knowledge about tumor biology which consequently provides novel biomarkers and indicates new therapeutic targets. Recently, metabolomics and proteomics have extensively been applied in the field of oncology. In the context of PM, human studies, with the use of mass spectrometry (MS) which allows the detection of thousands of molecules in a large number of samples, are the most valuable. Such studies, focused on cancer biomarkers discovery or patients' stratification, are presented in this review. Moreover, the technical aspects of MS-based clinical proteomics and metabolomics are described.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Kowalczyk
- Metabolomics Laboratory, Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Michal Ciborowski
- Metabolomics Laboratory, Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Joanna Kisluk
- Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Adam Kretowski
- Metabolomics Laboratory, Clinical Research Centre, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland; Department of Endocrinology, Diabetology and Internal Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, Bialystok, Poland
| | - Coral Barbas
- Centre for Metabolomics and Bioanalysis (CEMBIO), Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad CEU San Pablo, Madrid, Spain.
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19
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Fonseca FP, Macedo CCS, Dos Santos Costa SF, Leme AFP, Rodrigues RR, Pontes HAR, Altemani A, van Heerden WFP, Martins MD, de Almeida OP, Santos-Silva AR, Lopes MA, Vargas PA. Mass spectrometry-based proteome profile may be useful to differentiate adenoid cystic carcinoma from polymorphous adenocarcinoma of salivary glands. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol Oral Radiol 2019; 128:639-650. [PMID: 31494112 DOI: 10.1016/j.oooo.2019.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 06/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to determine the proteome of adenoid cystic carcinoma (AdCC) and polymorphous adenocarcinoma (PAc) and to identify a protein signature useful in distinguishing these two neoplasms. STUDY DESIGN Ten cases of AdCC and 10 cases of PAc were microdissected for enrichment of neoplastic tissue. The samples were submitted to liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS), and the proteomics data were analyzed by using the MaxQuant software. LC-MS/MS spectra were searched against the Human UniProt database, and statistical analyses were performed with Perseus software. Bioinformatic analyses were performed by using discovery-based proteomic data on both tumors. RESULTS LC-MS/MS analysis identified 1957 proteins. The tumors shared 1590 proteins, and 261 were exclusively identified in AdCC and 106 in PAc. Clustering analysis of the statistically significant proteins clearly separated AdCC from PAc. Protein expression 10 times higher in one group than in the other led to a signature of 16 proteins-6 upregulated in AdCC and 10 in PAc. A new clustering analysis showed reverse regulation and also differentiated both tumors. CONCLUSIONS Global proteomics may be useful in discriminating these two malignant salivary neoplasms that frequently show clinical and microscopic overlaps, but additional validation studies are still necessary to determine the diagnostic potential of the protein signature obtained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Felipe Paiva Fonseca
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Oral Pathology Division, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, Brazil; Department of Surgery and Pathology, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Brazil
| | - Carolina Carneiro Soares Macedo
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Oral Pathology Division, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, Brazil
| | | | - Adriana Franco Paes Leme
- Laboratório de Espectrometria de Massas, Laboratório Nacional de Biociências (LNBio), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Romênia Ramos Rodrigues
- Laboratório de Espectrometria de Massas, Laboratório Nacional de Biociências (LNBio), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Hélder Antônio Rebelo Pontes
- Service of Oral Pathology, João de Barros Barreto University Hospital, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Brazil
| | - Albina Altemani
- Department of Pathology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Willie F P van Heerden
- Department of Oral Pathology and Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Manoela Domingues Martins
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Oral Pathology Division, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, Brazil; Department of Pathology, School of Dentistry, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Oslei Paes de Almeida
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Oral Pathology Division, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Alan Roger Santos-Silva
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Oral Pathology Division, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Márcio Ajudarte Lopes
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Oral Pathology Division, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Pablo Agustin Vargas
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Oral Pathology Division, Piracicaba Dental School, University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Piracicaba, Brazil; Department of Oral Pathology and Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa.
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20
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Papi M, Palmieri V, Digiacomo L, Giulimondi F, Palchetti S, Ciasca G, Perini G, Caputo D, Cartillone MC, Cascone C, Coppola R, Capriotti AL, Laganà A, Pozzi D, Caracciolo G. Converting the personalized biomolecular corona of graphene oxide nanoflakes into a high-throughput diagnostic test for early cancer detection. NANOSCALE 2019; 11:15339-15346. [PMID: 31386742 DOI: 10.1039/c9nr01413f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Advances in nanotechnology are introducing the exciting possibility of cancer identification at early stages via analysis of the personalized biomolecular corona (BC), i.e. the dynamic "halo" of proteins that adsorbs onto NPs following exposure to patients' plasma. In this study, we develop a blood test for early cancer detection based on the characterization of the BC that forms around Graphene Oxide (GO) nanoflakes. Among its elective properties, GO binds low amounts of albumin, the most abundant protein in the blood and one of the most enriched proteins in the BC of many nanomaterials. This unique property of GO allows strong adsorption of poorly concentrated plasma proteins without abundant protein depletion. In our study, GO nanometric flakes have been used to analyze BCs from 50 subjects, half of them diagnosed with pancreatic cancer and half of them being healthy volunteers. Pancreatic cancer was chosen as the model of a high mortality disease with poor survival rates due to its delayed diagnosis. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was applied to measure the diagnostic accuracy of the BC-based test. We obtained an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.96 and the test discriminated cancer patients from healthy subjects with a sensitivity of 92%. Finally, a double-blind validation was made using a second test dataset (10 healthy subjects + 10 pancreatic cancer patients) and it confirmed the results obtained on the first training dataset. Being highly accurate, fast, inexpensive and easy to perform, we believe that the BC-enabled blood test has the potential to become a turning point in early detection of cancer and other diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimiliano Papi
- Istituto di Fisica, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, Rome, Italy
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21
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González-Borja I, Viúdez A, Goñi S, Santamaria E, Carrasco-García E, Pérez-Sanz J, Hernández-García I, Sala-Elarre P, Arrazubi V, Oyaga-Iriarte E, Zárate R, Arévalo S, Sayar O, Vera R, Fernández-Irigoyen J. Omics Approaches in Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11081052. [PMID: 31349663 PMCID: PMC6721316 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11081052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 07/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, which represents 80% of pancreatic cancers, is mainly diagnosed when treatment with curative intent is not possible. Consequently, the overall five-year survival rate is extremely dismal—around 5% to 7%. In addition, pancreatic cancer is expected to become the second leading cause of cancer-related death by 2030. Therefore, advances in screening, prevention and treatment are urgently needed. Fortunately, a wide range of approaches could help shed light in this area. Beyond the use of cytological or histological samples focusing in diagnosis, a plethora of new approaches are currently being used for a deeper characterization of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, including genetic, epigenetic, and/or proteo-transcriptomic techniques. Accordingly, the development of new analytical technologies using body fluids (blood, bile, urine, etc.) to analyze tumor derived molecules has become a priority in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma due to the hard accessibility to tumor samples. These types of technologies will lead us to improve the outcome of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iranzu González-Borja
- OncobionaTras Lab, Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA) Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Antonio Viúdez
- OncobionaTras Lab, Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA) Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
- Medical Oncology Department, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Saioa Goñi
- OncobionaTras Lab, Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA) Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Enrique Santamaria
- Clinical Neuroproteomics Unit, Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Proteored-ISCIII, Proteomics Unit, Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Estefania Carrasco-García
- Grupo de Oncología Celular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Biodonostia, 20014 San Sebastián, Spain
- CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERfes), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jairo Pérez-Sanz
- OncobionaTras Lab, Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA) Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Irene Hernández-García
- Medical Oncology Department, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Pablo Sala-Elarre
- Medical Oncology Department, Clínica Universidad de Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Virginia Arrazubi
- Medical Oncology Department, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | | | - Ruth Zárate
- OncobionaTras Lab, Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA) Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Sara Arévalo
- Grupo de Oncología Celular, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria Biodonostia, 20014 San Sebastián, Spain
- CIBER de Fragilidad y Envejecimiento Saludable (CIBERfes), 28029 Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Ruth Vera
- Medical Oncology Department, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra, Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Joaquin Fernández-Irigoyen
- Clinical Neuroproteomics Unit, Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Proteored-ISCIII, Proteomics Unit, Navarrabiomed, Complejo Hospitalario de Navarra (CHN), Universidad Pública de Navarra (UPNA), Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
- Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Navarra (IdiSNA), Irunlarrea 3, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
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22
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Gao F, Jiao F, Xia C, Zhao Y, Ying W, Xie Y, Guan X, Tao M, Zhang Y, Qin W, Qian X. A novel strategy for facile serum exosome isolation based on specific interactions between phospholipid bilayers and TiO 2. Chem Sci 2019; 10:1579-1588. [PMID: 30842820 PMCID: PMC6369439 DOI: 10.1039/c8sc04197k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are cell-derived, phospholipid bilayer-enclosed vesicles that play important roles in intercellular interactions and regulate many biological processes. Accumulating evidence suggests that serum exosomes are potential biomarkers for the early diagnosis of cancer. To aid the downstream molecular analyses of tumour-secreted exosomes, purified exosomes are highly desirable. However, current techniques for exosome isolation are time-consuming and highly instrument-dependent, with limited specificity and recovery. Thus, rapid and efficient methods are strongly needed for both basic research and clinical applications. Here, we present a novel strategy for facile exosome isolation from human serum by taking advantage of the specific interaction of TiO2 with the phosphate groups on the lipid bilayer of exosomes. Due to their simplicity and highly affinitive binding, model exosomes can be reversibly isolated with a high recovery (93.4%). Downstream characterization and proteome profiling reveal that high-quality exosomes can be obtained from human serum by this TiO2-based isolation method in 5 min, which is a fraction of the time required for the commonly used ultracentrifugation method. We identified 59 significantly up-regulated proteins by comparing the serum exosomes of pancreatic cancer patients and healthy donors. In addition to the 30 proteins that were reported to be closely related to pancreatic cancer, we found an additional 29 proteins that had not previously been shown to be related to pancreatic cancer, indicating the potential of this novel method as a powerful tool for exosome isolation for health monitoring and disease diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangyuan Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics , National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing) , Beijing Institute of Lifeomics , Beijing Proteome Research Center , China . ; ;
| | - Fenglong Jiao
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics , National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing) , Beijing Institute of Lifeomics , Beijing Proteome Research Center , China . ; ;
- School of Life Science and Technology , Beijing Institute of Technology , China
| | - Chaoshuang Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics , National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing) , Beijing Institute of Lifeomics , Beijing Proteome Research Center , China . ; ;
| | - Yang Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics , National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing) , Beijing Institute of Lifeomics , Beijing Proteome Research Center , China . ; ;
| | - Wantao Ying
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics , National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing) , Beijing Institute of Lifeomics , Beijing Proteome Research Center , China . ; ;
| | - Yuping Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics , National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing) , Beijing Institute of Lifeomics , Beijing Proteome Research Center , China . ; ;
| | | | - Ming Tao
- Peking University Third Hospital , China
| | - Yangjun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics , National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing) , Beijing Institute of Lifeomics , Beijing Proteome Research Center , China . ; ;
| | - Weijie Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics , National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing) , Beijing Institute of Lifeomics , Beijing Proteome Research Center , China . ; ;
| | - Xiaohong Qian
- State Key Laboratory of Proteomics , National Center for Protein Sciences (Beijing) , Beijing Institute of Lifeomics , Beijing Proteome Research Center , China . ; ;
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23
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Wang M, Wang J, Jiang H. Diagnostic value of apolipoprotein C-I, transthyretin and apolipoprotein C-III in gastric cancer. Oncol Lett 2019; 17:3227-3232. [PMID: 30867753 PMCID: PMC6396204 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2019.9957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2018] [Accepted: 01/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Diagnostic value of apolipoprotein C-I (ApoC-I), transthyretin (TTR) and ApoC-III in gastric cancer were evaluated. Retrospective analysis methods were used to collect 60 patients with gastric cancer first diagnosed in The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University. There were 60 patients with chronic atrophic gastritis in the benign lesion group and 60 healthy individuals in the control group. The expression levels of serum ApoC-I, TTR and ApoC-III was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Differences existed in the expression levels of ApoC-I, TTR and ApoC-III in the gastric cancer group, benign lesion group and control group (P<0.001), with the expression levels of ApoC-I, TTR and ApoC-III in the gastric cancer group being lower than that of the benign lesion group (P<0.05), and the expression levels of ApoC-I, TTR and ApoC-III in the benign lesion group being lower than that of the control group (P<0.05). The expression levels of ApoC-I, TTR and ApoC-III in the gastric cancer group were to a certain degree correlated with the clinical stage, lymph node metastasis and differentiation of patients in the gastric cancer group (P<0.05). The specificity and negative predictive value of combined detection were proven to be higher than the separate detection of the three factors (P<0.05). The detection of serum ApoC-I, TTR and ApoC-III was of great significance in the diagnosis of gastric cancer and the estimation of its severity. The method of combined detection is worth a further in-depth study as it could improve the specificity of diagnosis and have a higher negative predictive value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Wang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314000, P.R. China
| | - Jing Wang
- Teaching-research Office of General Practice, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310000, P.R. China
| | - Honggang Jiang
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jiaxing University, Jiaxing, Zhejiang 314000, P.R. China
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24
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Chandana S, Babiker HM, Mahadevan D. Therapeutic trends in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2018; 28:161-177. [DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2019.1557145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sreenivasa Chandana
- Phase I program, START Midwest, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
- Department of Gastrointestinal Medical Oncology, Cancer and Hematology Centers of Western Michigan, Grand Rapids, MI, USA
- Department of Medicine, College of Human Medicine, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Hani M. Babiker
- Early Phase Therapeutics Program, University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Daruka Mahadevan
- Early Phase Therapeutics Program, University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ, USA
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25
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Caputo D, Cartillone M, Cascone C, Pozzi D, Digiacomo L, Palchetti S, Caracciolo G, Coppola R. Improving the accuracy of pancreatic cancer clinical staging by exploitation of nanoparticle-blood interactions: A pilot study. Pancreatology 2018; 18:661-665. [PMID: 29914752 DOI: 10.1016/j.pan.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) early diagnosis is crucial and new, cheap and user-friendly techniques for biomarker identification are needed. "Protein corona" (PC) is emerging a new bio-interface potentially useful in tumor early diagnosis. In a previous investigation, we showed that relevant differences between the protein patterns of PCs formed on lipid NPs after exposure to PDAC and non-cancer plasma samples exist. To extend that research, We performed this pilot study to investigate the effect of PDAC tumor size and distant metastases on PC composition. METHODS Twenty PDACs were clinically staged according to the UICC TNM staging system 8 t h Edition. Collected plasma samples were let to interact with lipid NPs; resulting PCs were characterized by SDS-PAGE. To properly evaluate changes in the PC, the protein intensity profiles were reduced to four regions of molecular weight: < 25 kDa, 25-50 kDa, 50-120 kDa, > 120 kDa. RESULTS: Data analysis allowed to distinguish T1-T2 cases from T3 and above all from metastatic ones (p < 0.05). Discrimination power was particularly due to a subset of plasma proteins with molecular weight comprised between 25-50 kDa and 50-120 kDa. CONCLUSIONS PC composition is critically influenced by tumor size and presence of distant metastases in PDAC. If our findings will be further confirmed, we envision that future developments of cheap and user-friendly PC-based tools will allow to improve the accuracy of PDAC clinical staging, identifying among resectable PDACs with potentially better prognosis (i.e. T1 and T2) those at higher risk of occult distant metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Caputo
- Department of Surgery, University Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128, Rome, Italy.
| | - M Cartillone
- Department of Surgery, University Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128, Rome, Italy
| | - C Cascone
- Department of Surgery, University Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128, Rome, Italy
| | - D Pozzi
- Department of Molecular Medicine, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161, Rome, Italy; Istituti Fisioterapici Ospitalieri, Istituto Regina Elena, Via Elio Chianesi 53, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - L Digiacomo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - S Palchetti
- Department of Molecular Medicine, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - G Caracciolo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, 'Sapienza' University of Rome, Viale Regina Elena 291, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - R Coppola
- Department of Surgery, University Campus Bio-Medico di Roma, Via Alvaro del Portillo 200, 00128, Rome, Italy
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26
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Signal-Targeted Therapies and Resistance Mechanisms in Pancreatic Cancer: Future Developments Reside in Proteomics. Cancers (Basel) 2018; 10:cancers10060174. [PMID: 29865155 PMCID: PMC6025626 DOI: 10.3390/cancers10060174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Revised: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 05/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
For patients with metastatic pancreatic cancer that are not eligible for surgery, signal-targeted therapies have so far failed to significantly improve survival. These therapeutic options have been tested in phase II/III clinical trials mostly in combination with the reference treatment gemcitabine. Innovative therapies aim to annihilate oncogenic dependency, or to normalize the tumoural stroma to allow immune cells to function and/or re-vascularisation to occur. Large scale transcriptomic and genomic analysis revealed that pancreatic cancers display great heterogeneity but failed to clearly delineate specific oncogene dependency, besides oncogenic Kras. Beyond these approaches, proteomics appears to be an appropriate approach to classify signal dependency and to identify specific alterations at the targetable level. However, due to difficulties in sampling, proteomic data for this pathology are scarce. In this review, we will discuss the current state of clinical trials for targeted therapies against pancreatic cancer. We will then highlight the most recent proteomic data for pancreatic tumours and their metastasis, which could help to identify major oncogenic signalling dependencies, as well as provide future leads to explain why pancreatic tumours are intrinsically resistant to signal-targeted therapies. We will finally discuss how studies on phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K) signalling, as the paradigmatic pro-tumoural signal downstream of oncogenic Kras in pancreatic cancer, would benefit from exploratory proteomics to increase the efficiency of targeted therapies.
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27
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Shimura M, Mizuma M, Takadate T, Katoh Y, Suzuki T, Iseki M, Hata T, Aoki S, Suzuki Y, Sakata N, Ohtsuka H, Hayashi H, Morikawa T, Nakagawa K, Motoi F, Naitoh T, Igarashi K, Sasano H, Unno M. A novel liver metastasis-correlated protein of pancreatic neuroendocrine neoplasm (PanNEN) discovered by proteomic analysis. Oncotarget 2018; 9:24291-24303. [PMID: 29849941 PMCID: PMC5966250 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify novel liver metastasis-correlated proteins of PanNEN by proteomics to compare pancreatic tumor (PT) with paired metastatic liver tumor (LT). Of 118 surgical cases with PanNEN, 7 cases with formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissues of both PT and paired LT were evaluated by proteomics. Tumor cells were selectively collected from FFPE tissues by laser capture microdissection. A total of 3,722 proteins were detected from extracted peptides by mass spectrometry-based shotgun analysis. Selection of the candidate proteins expressed differently between PT and LT were performed by semi-quantitative comparison in silico and confirmation with immunohistochemistry. We focused on ANXA6, CNPY2, RAB11B and TUBB3, all of which had higher expressions in LT. In all surgical cases with FFPE samples, liver recurrence-free survival (RFS) was evaluated in correlation to the expression of the candidate proteins in PT by immunohistochemistry. Liver RFS was significantly poorer in CNPY2 positive patients than in negative patients (10-year liver RFS; 39.8% vs. 92.3%, p = 0.012). Also, liver RFS tended to be poorer in ANXA6 positive patients than in those who were negative (10-year liver RFS; 51.4% vs. 95.0%, p = 0.099). In the multivariate analysis, the independent predictors of liver RFS were CNPY2 positivity (HR: 6.19, 95 % CI: 1.47-42.79, p = 0.011) and tumor size ≥ 42 mm (HR: 4.63, 95 % CI: 1.03-23.23, p = 0.045). In conclusion, CNPY2 is a novel liver metastasis-correlated protein of PanNEN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuhiro Shimura
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Aobaku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Masamichi Mizuma
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Aobaku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Tatsuyuki Takadate
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Aobaku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Yasutake Katoh
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Aobaku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan.,Center for Regulatory Epigenome and Diseases, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Aobaku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Takashi Suzuki
- Pathology and Histotechnology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Aobaku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Masahiro Iseki
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Aobaku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Tatsuo Hata
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Aobaku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Shuichi Aoki
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Aobaku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Yukie Suzuki
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Aobaku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Naoaki Sakata
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Aobaku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Hideo Ohtsuka
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Aobaku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Hiroki Hayashi
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Aobaku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Takanori Morikawa
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Aobaku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Kei Nakagawa
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Aobaku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Fuyuhiko Motoi
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Aobaku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Takeshi Naitoh
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Aobaku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Igarashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Aobaku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan.,Center for Regulatory Epigenome and Diseases, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Aobaku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Hironobu Sasano
- Department of Pathology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Aobaku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
| | - Michiaki Unno
- Department of Surgery, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Aobaku, Sendai 980-8574, Japan
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28
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Proteomic biomarkers in body fluids associated with pancreatic cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 9:16573-16587. [PMID: 29662668 PMCID: PMC5893263 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.24654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2017] [Accepted: 02/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer (PC) is a highly malignant disease that represents the fourth leading cancer-related death worldwide. There has been very little improvement in survival rates over recent years, and surgical resection remains the only reliable curative approach. Factors that contribute to this dismal prognosis for PC include its rapid progression and invasion, the absence of specific symptoms, and the little impact of available chemotherapy. Importantly, the management of this malignancy is also limited by the lack of highly specific and sensitive biomarkers for its diagnosis and follow-up, and their identification is therefore considered a promising strategy to improve outcomes in these patients. Numerous translational studies have explored the usefulness of body fluids as a non-invasive source of PC-specific biomarkers, and innovations in proteomic methods and technologies have provided a myriad of protein biomarkers for different cancers. The adoption of a proteomic approach has improved understanding of the biology of PC and contributed to the potential identification of protein biomarkers for this disease. This review considers the most recent research efforts to develop novel proteomic biomarkers in body fluids for PC.
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29
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Miyauchi E, Furuta T, Ohtsuki S, Tachikawa M, Uchida Y, Sabit H, Obuchi W, Baba T, Watanabe M, Terasaki T, Nakada M. Identification of blood biomarkers in glioblastoma by SWATH mass spectrometry and quantitative targeted absolute proteomics. PLoS One 2018. [PMID: 29513714 PMCID: PMC5841790 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Molecular biomarkers in blood are needed to aid the early diagnosis and clinical assessment of glioblastoma (GBM). Here, in order to identify biomarker candidates in plasma of GBM patients, we performed quantitative comparisons of the plasma proteomes of GBM patients (n = 14) and healthy controls (n = 15) using SWATH mass spectrometry analysis. The results were validated by means of quantitative targeted absolute proteomics analysis. As a result, we identified eight biomarker candidates for GBM (leucine-rich alpha-2-glycoprotein (LRG1), complement component C9 (C9), C-reactive protein (CRP), alpha-1-antichymotrypsin (SERPINA3), apolipoprotein B-100 (APOB), gelsolin (GSN), Ig alpha-1 chain C region (IGHA1), and apolipoprotein A-IV (APOA4)). Among them, LRG1, C9, CRP, GSN, IGHA1, and APOA4 gave values of the area under the receiver operating characteristics curve of greater than 0.80. To investigate the relationships between the biomarker candidates and GBM biology, we examined correlations between plasma concentrations of biomarker candidates and clinical presentation (tumor size, progression-free survival time, or overall survival time) in GBM patients. The plasma concentrations of LRG1, CRP, and C9 showed significant positive correlations with tumor size (R2 = 0.534, 0.495, and 0.452, respectively).
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Affiliation(s)
- Eisuke Miyauchi
- Division of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Takuya Furuta
- Department of Pathology, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Fukuoka, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Sumio Ohtsuki
- Department of Pharmaceutical Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Kumamoto University, Kumamoto, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Masanori Tachikawa
- Division of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Yasuo Uchida
- Division of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Hemragul Sabit
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
| | - Wataru Obuchi
- Division of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Tomoko Baba
- Division of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Michitoshi Watanabe
- Division of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Terasaki
- Division of Membrane Transport and Drug Targeting, Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Miyagi, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Mitsutoshi Nakada
- Department of Neurosurgery, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Ishikawa, Japan
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30
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Comprehensive Analysis of Cancer-Proteogenome to Identify Biomarkers for the Early Diagnosis and Prognosis of Cancer. Proteomes 2017; 5:proteomes5040028. [PMID: 29068423 PMCID: PMC5748563 DOI: 10.3390/proteomes5040028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2017] [Revised: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
During the past century, our understanding of cancer diagnosis and treatment has been based on a monogenic approach, and as a consequence our knowledge of the clinical genetic underpinnings of cancer is incomplete. Since the completion of the human genome in 2003, it has steered us into therapeutic target discovery, enabling us to mine the genome using cutting edge proteogenomics tools. A number of novel and promising cancer targets have emerged from the genome project for diagnostics, therapeutics, and prognostic markers, which are being used to monitor response to cancer treatment. The heterogeneous nature of cancer has hindered progress in understanding the underlying mechanisms that lead to abnormal cellular growth. Since, the start of The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA), and the International Genome consortium projects, there has been tremendous progress in genome sequencing and immense numbers of cancer genomes have been completed, and this approach has transformed our understanding of the diagnosis and treatment of different types of cancers. By employing Genomics and proteomics technologies, an immense amount of genomic data is being generated on clinical tumors, which has transformed the cancer landscape and has the potential to transform cancer diagnosis and prognosis. A complete molecular view of the cancer landscape is necessary for understanding the underlying mechanisms of cancer initiation to improve diagnosis and prognosis, which ultimately will lead to personalized treatment. Interestingly, cancer proteome analysis has also allowed us to identify biomarkers to monitor drug and radiation resistance in patients undergoing cancer treatment. Further, TCGA-funded studies have allowed for the genomic and transcriptomic characterization of targeted cancers, this analysis aiding the development of targeted therapies for highly lethal malignancy. High-throughput technologies, such as complete proteome, epigenome, protein-protein interaction, and pharmacogenomics data, are indispensable to glean into the cancer genome and proteome and these approaches have generated multidimensional universal studies of genes and proteins (OMICS) data which has the potential to facilitate precision medicine. However, due to slow progress in computational technologies, the translation of big omics data into their clinical aspects have been slow. In this review, attempts have been made to describe the role of high-throughput genomic and proteomic technologies in identifying a panel of biomarkers which could be used for the early diagnosis and prognosis of cancer.
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Kim H, Park J, Wang JI, Kim Y. Recent advances in proteomic profiling of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma and the road ahead. Expert Rev Proteomics 2017; 14:963-971. [PMID: 28926720 DOI: 10.1080/14789450.2017.1382356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is one of the deadliest cancers worldwide. However, there remain many unmet clinical needs, from diagnosis to treatment strategies. The inherent complexity of the molecular characteristics of PDAC has made it difficult to meet these challenges, rendering proteomic profiling of PDAC a critical area of research. Area covered: In this review, we present recent advances in mass spectrometry (MS) and its current application in proteomic studies on PDAC. In addition, we discuss future directions for research that can efficiently incorporate current MS-based technologies that address key issues of PDAC proteomics. Expert commentary: Compared with other cancer studies, little progress has been made in PDAC proteomics, perhaps attributed to the difficulty in performing in-depth and large-scale clinical studies on PDAC. However, recent advances in mass spectrometry can advance PDAC proteomics past the fundamental research stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunsoo Kim
- a Department of Biomedical Sciences , Seoul National University College of Medicine , Yongon-Dong, Seoul 110-799 , Korea.,b Department of Biomedical Engineering , Seoul National University College of Medicine , Yongon-Dong, Seoul 110-799 , Korea.,c Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine , Yongon-Dong, Seoul 110-799 , Korea
| | - Joonho Park
- b Department of Biomedical Engineering , Seoul National University College of Medicine , Yongon-Dong, Seoul 110-799 , Korea
| | - Joseph I Wang
- b Department of Biomedical Engineering , Seoul National University College of Medicine , Yongon-Dong, Seoul 110-799 , Korea
| | - Youngsoo Kim
- a Department of Biomedical Sciences , Seoul National University College of Medicine , Yongon-Dong, Seoul 110-799 , Korea.,b Department of Biomedical Engineering , Seoul National University College of Medicine , Yongon-Dong, Seoul 110-799 , Korea.,c Institute of Medical and Biological Engineering, Medical Research Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine , Yongon-Dong, Seoul 110-799 , Korea
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