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Kopecka J, Salaroglio IC, Perez-Ruiz E, Sarmento-Ribeiro AB, Saponara S, De Las Rivas J, Riganti C. Hypoxia as a driver of resistance to immunotherapy. Drug Resist Updat 2021; 59:100787. [PMID: 34840068 DOI: 10.1016/j.drup.2021.100787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2021] [Revised: 11/10/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypoxia, a hallmark of solid tumors, determines the selection of invasive and aggressive malignant clones displaying resistance to radiotherapy, conventional chemotherapy or targeted therapy. The recent introduction of immunotherapy, based on immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICPIs) and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells, has markedly transformed the prognosis in some tumors but also revealed the existence of intrinsic or acquired drug resistance. In the current review we highlight hypoxia as a culprit of immunotherapy failure. Indeed, multiple metabolic cross talks between tumor and stromal cells determine the prevalence of immunosuppressive populations within the hypoxic tumor microenvironment and confer upon tumor cells resistance to ICPIs and CAR T-cells. Notably, hypoxia-triggered angiogenesis causes immunosuppression, adding another piece to the puzzle of hypoxia-induced immunoresistance. If these factors concurrently contribute to the resistance to immunotherapy, they also unveil an unexpected Achille's heel of hypoxic tumors, providing the basis for innovative combination therapies that may rescue the efficacy of ICPIs and CAR T-cells. Although these treatments reveal both a bright side and a dark side in terms of efficacy and safety in clinical trials, they represent the future solution to enhance the efficacy of immunotherapy against hypoxic and therapy-resistant solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Elizabeth Perez-Ruiz
- Unidad de Gestión Clínica Intercentros de Oncología Médica, Hospitales Universitarios Regional y Virgen de la Victoria, IBIMA, Málaga, Spain
| | - Ana Bela Sarmento-Ribeiro
- Laboratory of Oncobiology and Hematology and University Clinic of Hematology and Coimbra Institute for Clinical and Biomedical Research - Group of Environment Genetics and Oncobiology (iCBR/CIMAGO), Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra (FMUC), Center for Innovative Biomedicine and Biotechnology (CIBB) and Centro Hospitalar e Universitário de Coimbra (CHUC), Coimbra, Portugal
| | | | - Javier De Las Rivas
- Cancer Research Center (CiC-IBMCC, CSIC/USAL/IBSAL), Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), University of Salamanca (USAL), and Instituto de Investigación Biomédica de Salamanca (IBSAL), Salamanca, Spain
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Teng X, Wang SY, Shi YQ, Fan XF, Liu S, Xing Y, Guo YY, Dong M. The role of emodin on cisplatin resistance reversal of lung adenocarcinoma A549/DDP cell. Anticancer Drugs 2021; 32:939-949. [PMID: 34001704 DOI: 10.1097/cad.0000000000001086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Exploring drugs that reverse drug resistance and increase the sensitivity of chemotherapy drugs could significantly improve treatment effect of cancer. Our study explored the reversal effect and possible molecular mechanisms of emodin on cisplatin resistance in A549/DDP cells. The IC50 and resistance index of cells were determined by Cell Counting Kit-8 assay. The ability of cell proliferation was evaluated by wound healing assay. Transwell assay was used to detect cell invasion and migration. Apoptosis induction rate was determined by flow cytometry assay and 4',6- diamidino- 2-phenylindole staining. Intracellular concentration was determined by HPLC. Western blot analysis was applied to determine expressions of nuclear factor kappa beta (NF-κB) and its downstream proteins. In this study, we found that the growth inhibitory effect of cisplatin was significantly enhanced by emodin in A549/DDP cells. The combined use of emodin with DDP can effectively promote lung cancer cells apoptosis and inhibit cell migration and invasion. Further investigation indicated that reinforcement effect of emodin and DDP may be associated with inhibition of NF-κB pathway and drug efflux-related proteins such as P-glycoprotein (P-gp), multidrug resistance-associated protein (MRP) and Glutathione S-transferase (GST). The key role of NF-κB was further confirmed by the application of NF-κB inhibitor Ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate. The intervention of both can significantly increase A549/DDP cell apoptosis and inhibit DDP-induced upregulation of P-gp, MRP and GST. Emodin reverses the cisplatin resistance of tumor cells by down-regulating expression of P-gp, MRP and GST, increasing the intracellular accumulation in A549/DDP cells, and the effect may be associated with the NF-κB pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Teng
- Department of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital
| | - Shu Ya Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital
| | - Yuan Qi Shi
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiao Fan Fan
- Department of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital
| | - Shuang Liu
- Department of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital
| | - Yue Xing
- Department of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital
| | - Yuan Yuan Guo
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Mei Dong
- Department of Pharmacy, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital
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Oerlemans R, Berkers CR, Assaraf YG, Scheffer GL, Peters GJ, Verbrugge SE, Cloos J, Slootstra J, Meloen RH, Shoemaker RH, Dijkmans BAC, Scheper RJ, Ovaa H, Jansen G. Proteasome inhibition and mechanism of resistance to a synthetic, library-based hexapeptide. Invest New Drugs 2018; 36:797-809. [PMID: 29442210 PMCID: PMC6153520 DOI: 10.1007/s10637-018-0569-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background The hexapeptide 4A6 (Ac-Thr(tBu)-His(Bzl)-Thr(Bzl)-Nle-Glu(OtBu)-Gly-Bza) was isolated from a peptide library constructed to identify peptide-based transport inhibitors of multidrug resistance (MDR) efflux pumps including P-glycoprotein and Multidrug Resistance-associated Protein 1. 4A6 proved to be a substrate but not an inhibitor of these MDR efflux transporters. In fact, 4A6 and related peptides displayed potent cytotoxic activity via an unknown mechanism. Objective To decipher the mode of cytotoxic activity of 4A6. Methods Screening of 4A6 activity was performed against the NCI60 panel of cancer cell lines. Possible interactions of 4A6 with the 26S proteasome were assessed via proteasome activity and affinity labeling, and cell growth inhibition studies with leukemic cells resistant to the proteasome inhibitor bortezomib (BTZ). Results The NCI60 panel COMPARE analysis revealed that 4A6 had an activity profile overlapping with BTZ. Consistently, 4A6 proved to be a selective and reversible inhibitor of β5 subunit (PSMB5)-associated chymotrypsin-like activity of the 26S proteasome. This conclusion is supported by several lines of evidence: (i) inhibition of chymotrypsin-like proteasome activity by 4A6 and related peptides correlated with their cell growth inhibition potencies; (ii) 4A6 reversibly inhibited functional β5 active site labeling with the affinity probe BodipyFL-Ahx3L3VS; and (iii) human myeloid THP1 cells with acquired BTZ resistance due to mutated PSMB5 were highly (up to 287-fold) cross-resistant to 4A6 and its related peptides. Conclusion 4A6 is a novel specific inhibitor of the β5 subunit-associated chymotrypsin-like proteasome activity. Further exploration of 4A6 as a lead compound for development as a novel proteasome-targeted drug is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruud Oerlemans
- Departments of Rheumatology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Rm 2.46, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Celia R Berkers
- Biomolecular Mass Spectrometry and Proteomics, Bijvoet Center for Biomolecular Research, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Yehuda G Assaraf
- The Fred Wyszkowski Cancer Research Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - George L Scheffer
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Godefridus J Peters
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sue Ellen Verbrugge
- Departments of Rheumatology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Rm 2.46, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jacqueline Cloos
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Robert H Shoemaker
- Chemopreventive Agent Development Research Group, Division of Cancer Prevention, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Ben A C Dijkmans
- Departments of Rheumatology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Rm 2.46, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Rik J Scheper
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Huib Ovaa
- Division of Cell Biology II, Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Chemical Immunology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Gerrit Jansen
- Departments of Rheumatology, Amsterdam Rheumatology and Immunology Center, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Rm 2.46, VU University Medical Center, De Boelelaan 1117, 1081, HV, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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Zhitomirsky B, Farber H, Assaraf YG. LysoTracker and MitoTracker Red are transport substrates of P-glycoprotein: implications for anticancer drug design evading multidrug resistance. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:2131-2141. [PMID: 29377455 PMCID: PMC5867146 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
LysoTracker and MitoTracker Red are fluorescent probes widely used for viable cell staining of lysosomes and mitochondria, respectively. They are utilized to study organelle localization and their resident proteins, assess organelle functionality and quantification of organelle numbers. The ATP‐driven efflux transporter P‐glycoprotein (P‐gp) is expressed in normal and malignant tissues and extrudes structurally distinct endogenous and exogenous cytotoxic compounds. Thus, once aromatic hydrophobic compounds such as the above‐mentioned fluorescent probes are recognized as transport substrates, efflux pumps including P‐gp may abolish their ability to reach their cellular target organelles. Herein, we show that LysoTracker and MitoTracker Red are expelled from P‐gp‐overexpressing cancer cells, thus hindering their ability to fluorescently mark target organelles. We further demonstrate that tariquidar, a potent P‐gp transport inhibitor, restores LysoTracker and MitoTracker Red cell entry. We conclude that LysoTracker and MitoTracker Red are P‐gp transport substrates, and therefore, P‐gp expression must be taken into consideration prior to cellular applications using these probes. Importantly, as MitoTracker was a superior P‐gp substrate than LysoTracker Red, we discuss the implications for the future design of chemotherapeutics evading cancer multidrug resistance. Furthermore, restoration of MitoTracker Red fluorescence in P‐gp‐overexpressing cells may facilitate the identification of potent P‐gp transport inhibitors (i.e. chemosensitizers).
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Affiliation(s)
- Benny Zhitomirsky
- Department of Biology, The Fred Wyszkowski Cancer Research Laboratory, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Hodaya Farber
- Department of Biology, The Fred Wyszkowski Cancer Research Laboratory, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
| | - Yehuda G Assaraf
- Department of Biology, The Fred Wyszkowski Cancer Research Laboratory, Technion-Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel
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Huang J, Luo Q, Xiao Y, Li H, Kong L, Ren G. The implication from RAS/RAF/ERK signaling pathway increased activation in epirubicin treated triple negative breast cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 8:108249-108260. [PMID: 29296238 PMCID: PMC5746140 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.22604] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is not sensitive to RAS/RAF/ERK signaling pathway (ERK pathway) targeting therapy, due to the absence of excessive activation of ERK pathway. However, the kinase cascades might be activated after chemotherapy in TNBC. Here we aimed to predict whether ERK pathway targeting therapy could be used as an adjuvant therapy in TNBC. Methods Within online GEO datasets (GSE43816 and GSE54326), gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was performed to detect molecular changes in epirubicin treated TNBC samples and cells, ERK pathway components and regulation genes changes were included. Results In epirubicin treated TNBC samples and cells, we found ERK pathway components (eg. MAPK13, MAP3K1, MAPK12, MAPK11 and MAPKAPK3) were obviously enriched, also, expression of ERK pathway positive regulation genes significantly increased (P<0.05) and negative regulation genes decreased (P<0.05) in epirubicin resistant cells. Moreover, phosphorylated ERK levels were significantly elevated in MDA-MB-231 cells after epirubicin treatment. Conclusion ERK signaling pathway was more activated in epirubicin treated TNBC, possibly contributing to the epirubicin resistance in TNBC, it implicated that ERK pathway could be used as an novel candidate for targeting therapy in refractory and relapse TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianbo Huang
- Department of Endocrine & Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Qingqing Luo
- Department of Endocrine & Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yun Xiao
- Department of Oncology, Yongchuan Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 402160, China
| | - Hongyuan Li
- Department of Endocrine & Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Lingquan Kong
- Department of Endocrine & Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Guosheng Ren
- Department of Endocrine & Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing 400016, China
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