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BenDavid E, Pfaller CK, Pan Y, Samuel CE, Ma D. Host 5'-3' Exoribonuclease XRN1 Acts as a Proviral Factor for Measles Virus Replication by Downregulating the dsRNA-Activated Kinase PKR. J Virol 2022; 96:e0131922. [PMID: 36300942 PMCID: PMC9683022 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01319-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 09/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many negative-sense RNA viruses, including measles virus (MeV), are thought to carry out much of their viral replication in cytoplasmic membraneless foci known as inclusion bodies (IBs). The mechanisms by which IBs facilitate efficient viral replication remain largely unknown but may involve an intricate network of regulation at the host-virus interface. Viruses are able to modulate such interactions by a variety of strategies including adaptation of their genomes and "hijacking" of host proteins. The latter possibility broadens the molecular reservoir available for a virus to enhance its replication and/or antagonize host antiviral responses. Here, we show that the cellular 5'-3' exoribonuclease, XRN1, is a host protein hijacked by MeV. We found that upon MeV infection, XRN1 is translocated to cytoplasmic IBs where it acts in a proviral manner by preventing the accumulation of double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) within the IBs. This leads to the suppression of the dsRNA-induced innate immune responses mediated via the protein kinase R (PKR)-integrated stress response (ISR) pathway. IMPORTANCE Measles virus remains a major global health threat due to its high transmissibility and significant morbidity in children and immunocompromised individuals. Although there is an effective vaccine against MeV, a large population in the world remains without access to the vaccine, contributing to more than 7,000,000 measles cases and 60,000 measles deaths in 2020 (CDC). For negative-sense RNA viruses including MeV, one active research area is the exploration of virus-host interactions occurring at cytoplasmic IBs where viral replication takes place. In this study we present evidence suggesting a model in which MeV IBs antagonize host innate immunity by recruiting XRN1 to reduce dsRNA accumulation and subsequent PKR kinase activation/ISR induction. In the absence of XRN1, the increased dsRNA level acts as a potent activator of the antiviral PKR/ISR pathway leading to suppression of global cap-dependent mRNA translation and inhibition of viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ethan BenDavid
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | | | - Yue Pan
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Charles E. Samuel
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
| | - Dzwokai Ma
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
- Neuroscience Research Institute, University of California, Santa Barbara, California, USA
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Štrbac D, Dolžan V. Novel and Future Treatment Options in Mesothelioma: A Systematic Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms23041975. [PMID: 35216091 PMCID: PMC8874564 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23041975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Revised: 01/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/03/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesothelioma is a rare tumor, frequently associated with asbestos exposure, arising from pleura and peritoneum. Traditionally, diagnosis and treatment have been difficult in a clinical setting. The treatment is based on a trimodal approach involving surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy. The introduction of chemotherapy improved the overall survival. However, the regimen of pemetrexed/cisplatin doublet has not been changed as a standard treatment since 2004. Novel combinations of ipilimumab and nivolumab have only been approved for clinical use in late 2020. The aim of this review was to systematically summarize findings on novel treatment options in mesothelioma. We searched available medical databases online, such as PubMed and Clinicaltrials.gov, to systematically review the literature on novel approaches in immunotherapy, vaccines, and Chimeric Antigen Receptor (CAR)-T cell therapy in mesothelioma. We manually screened 1127 articles on PubMed and 450 trials on ClinicalTrials.gov, and 24 papers and 12 clinical trials published in the last ten years were included in this review. Immunotherapy that was swiftly introduced to treat other thoracic malignancies was slow to reach desirable survival endpoints in mesothelioma, possibly due to limited patient numbers. Novel treatment approaches, such as CAR-T cell therapy, are being investigated. As the incidence of mesothelioma is still rising globally, novel treatment options based on a better understanding of the tumor microenvironment and the genetic drivers that modulate it are needed to support future precision-based therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vita Dolžan
- Pharmacogenetics Laboratory, Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Vrazov trg 2, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Correspondence:
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Measles Virus as an Oncolytic Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13030544. [PMID: 33535479 PMCID: PMC7867054 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2020] [Revised: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 01/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Measles virus (MeV) preferentially replicates in malignant cells, leading to tumor lysis and priming of antitumor immunity. Live attenuated MeV vaccine strains are therefore under investigation as cancer therapeutics. The versatile MeV reverse genetics systems allows for engineering of advanced targeted, armed, and shielded oncolytic viral vectors. Therapeutic efficacy can further be enhanced by combination treatments. An emerging focus in this regard is combination immunotherapy, especially with immune checkpoint blockade. Despite challenges arising from antiviral immunity, availability of preclinical models, and GMP production, early clinical trials have demonstrated safety of oncolytic MeV and yielded promising efficacy data. Future clinical trials with engineered viruses, rational combination regimens, and comprehensive translational research programs will realize the potential of oncolytic immunotherapy.
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Fu LQ, Wang SB, Cai MH, Wang XJ, Chen JY, Tong XM, Chen XY, Mou XZ. Recent advances in oncolytic virus-based cancer therapy. Virus Res 2019; 270:197675. [PMID: 31351879 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2019.197675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Administration of oncolytic viruses (OVs) is an emerging anticancer strategy that exploits the lytic nature of viral replication to enhance the killing of malignant cells. OVs can be used as tools to directly induce cancer cell death and to trigger local and/or systemic immune responses to metastatic cancer in vivo. The effectiveness of OV therapy was initially highlighted by the clinical use of the genetically modified herpes virus, talimogene laherparepvec, for melanoma therapy. A number of OVs are now being evaluated as potential treatments for cancer in clinical trials. In spite of being engineered to specifically target tumor cells, the safety and off-target effects of OV therapy are a concern. The potential safety concerns of OVs are highlighted by current clinical trial criteria, which exclude individuals harbouring other viral infections and people who are immunocompromised. Despite the potential for adverse effects, clinical trials to date revealed relatively minimal adverse immune-related effects, such as fever. With advances in our understanding of virus replication cycles, several novel OVs have emerged. Reverse genetic systems have facilitated the insertion of anticancer genes into a range of OVs to further enhance their tumor-killing capacity. In this review, we highlight the recent advances in OV therapy for a range of human cancers in in vitro and in in vivo animal studies. We further discuss the future of OVs as a therapeutic strategy for a range of life-threatening cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luo-Qin Fu
- Department of General Surgery, Chun'an First People's Hospital (Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital Chun'an Branch), Hangzhou 311700, Zhejiang Province, China; State Key Laboratory of Radiation Medicine and Protection, School of Radiation Medicine and Protection & School for Radiological and Interdisciplinary Sciences (RAD-X), Collaborative Innovation Center of Radiation Medicine of Jiangsu Higher Education Institutions, Soochow University, Suzhou 21513, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shi-Bing Wang
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Mao-Hua Cai
- Department of General Surgery, Chun'an First People's Hospital (Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital Chun'an Branch), Hangzhou 311700, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xue-Jun Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Chun'an First People's Hospital (Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital Chun'an Branch), Hangzhou 311700, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jin-Yang Chen
- Research and Development Department, Zhejiang Healthfuture Institute For Cell-Based Applied Technology, Hangzhou 310052, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xiang-Min Tong
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou 310014, China; Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou 310014, China
| | - Xiao-Yi Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou 310014, China; Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Xiao-Zhou Mou
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Molecular Diagnosis and Individualized Medicine of Zhejiang Province, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou 310014, China; Clinical Research Institute, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital (People's Hospital of Hangzhou Medical College), Hangzhou 310014, China.
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5
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Pol JG, Lévesque S, Workenhe ST, Gujar S, Le Boeuf F, Clements DR, Fahrner JE, Fend L, Bell JC, Mossman KL, Fucikova J, Spisek R, Zitvogel L, Kroemer G, Galluzzi L. Trial Watch: Oncolytic viro-immunotherapy of hematologic and solid tumors. Oncoimmunology 2018; 7:e1503032. [PMID: 30524901 PMCID: PMC6279343 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2018.1503032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Oncolytic viruses selectively target and kill cancer cells in an immunogenic fashion, thus supporting the establishment of therapeutically relevant tumor-specific immune responses. In 2015, the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved the oncolytic herpes simplex virus T-VEC for use in advanced melanoma patients. Since then, a plethora of trials has been initiated to assess the safety and efficacy of multiple oncolytic viruses in patients affected with various malignancies. Here, we summarize recent preclinical and clinical progress in the field of oncolytic virotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan G. Pol
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France
- INSERM, Paris, France
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France
| | - Sarah Lévesque
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France
- INSERM, Paris, France
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France
| | - Samuel T. Workenhe
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Shashi Gujar
- Department of Pathology, Dalhousie University, Halifax, NS, Canada
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, NS, Canada
- Department of Biology, Dalhousie University, NS, Canada
- Centre for Innovative and Collaborative Health Sciences Research, Quality and System Performance, IWK Health Centre, Halifax, NS, Canada
| | - Fabrice Le Boeuf
- Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | | | - Jean-Eudes Fahrner
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France
- INSERM, Villejuif, France
- Transgene S.A., Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France
| | | | - John C. Bell
- Cancer Therapeutics, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - Karen L. Mossman
- McMaster Immunology Research Centre, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada
| | - Jitka Fucikova
- Sotio a.c., Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Radek Spisek
- Sotio a.c., Prague, Czech Republic
- Department of Immunology, 2nd Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital Motol, Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Laurence Zitvogel
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France
- INSERM, Villejuif, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Gustave Roussy Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Villejuif, France
- INSERM, Paris, France
- Equipe 11 labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Université Pierre et Marie Curie/Paris VI, Paris, France
- Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
- Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
- Department of Women’s and Children’s Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lorenzo Galluzzi
- Université Paris Descartes/Paris V, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY, USA
- Sandra and Edward Meyer Cancer Center, New York, NY, USA
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6
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Zakaria C, Sean P, Hoang HD, Leroux LP, Watson M, Workenhe ST, Hearnden J, Pearl D, Truong VT, Robichaud N, Yanagiya A, Tahmasebi S, Jafarnejad SM, Jia JJ, Pelin A, Diallo JS, Le Boeuf F, Bell JC, Mossman KL, Graber TE, Jaramillo M, Sonenberg N, Alain T. Active-site mTOR inhibitors augment HSV1-dICP0 infection in cancer cells via dysregulated eIF4E/4E-BP axis. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1007264. [PMID: 30138450 PMCID: PMC6124814 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1007264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2017] [Revised: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 08/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Herpes Simplex Virus 1 (HSV1) is amongst the most clinically advanced oncolytic virus platforms. However, efficient and sustained viral replication within tumours is limiting. Rapamycin can stimulate HSV1 replication in cancer cells, but active-site dual mTORC1 and mTORC2 (mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 and 2) inhibitors (asTORi) were shown to suppress the virus in normal cells. Surprisingly, using the infected cell protein 0 (ICP0)-deleted HSV1 (HSV1-dICP0), we found that asTORi markedly augment infection in cancer cells and a mouse mammary cancer xenograft. Mechanistically, asTORi repressed mRNA translation in normal cells, resulting in defective antiviral response but also inhibition of HSV1-dICP0 replication. asTORi also reduced antiviral response in cancer cells, however in contrast to normal cells, transformed cells and cells transduced to elevate the expression of eukaryotic initiation factor 4E (eIF4E) or to silence the repressors eIF4E binding proteins (4E-BPs), selectively maintained HSV1-dICP0 protein synthesis during asTORi treatment, ultimately supporting increased viral replication. Our data show that altered eIF4E/4E-BPs expression can act to promote HSV1-dICP0 infection under prolonged mTOR inhibition. Thus, pharmacoviral combination of asTORi and HSV1 can target cancer cells displaying dysregulated eIF4E/4E-BPs axis. Dysregulated mRNA translation occurs frequently in tumours due to elevated eIF4E expression or a hyperactive mTOR complex 1 (mTORC1) signaling pathway that results in the inactivation of the eIF4E binding proteins (4E-BPs). Targeting the mTORC1/4E-BPs/eIF4E axis is a promising strategy in cancer therapies and for preventing resistance to treatment. Enhanced mTORC1 activity also drives innate immune responses by modulating protein expression of antiviral genes. It was previously shown that the mTORC1 inhibitor rapamycin limits antiviral responses and promotes replication of oncolytic viruses within tumour tissues. Active-site dual mTORC1 and mTORC2 inhibitors (asTORi) have been developed for superior mTOR inhibition and anti-cancer potency but have not been studied in the context of oncolytic viral infection. We show here that prolonged treatment with asTORi strongly augments infection of HSV1-dICP0 in cancer cells, but not in normal cells, an effect modulated via eIF4E/4E-BP expression. Thus, cancer cells with dysregulated translation could be amenable to the pharmacoviral combination of HSV1 and asTORi treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chadi Zakaria
- Goodman Cancer Centre, Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Polen Sean
- Goodman Cancer Centre, Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Huy-Dung Hoang
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | | | - Margaret Watson
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Samuel Tekeste Workenhe
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, MG DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jaclyn Hearnden
- Goodman Cancer Centre, Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Dana Pearl
- Goodman Cancer Centre, Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Vinh Tai Truong
- Goodman Cancer Centre, Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Nathaniel Robichaud
- Goodman Cancer Centre, Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Akiko Yanagiya
- Goodman Cancer Centre, Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | - Soroush Tahmasebi
- Goodman Cancer Centre, Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
| | | | - Jian-Jun Jia
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Adrian Pelin
- Center for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jean-Simon Diallo
- Center for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Fabrice Le Boeuf
- Center for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - John Cameron Bell
- Center for Innovative Cancer Research, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Karen Louise Mossman
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, MG DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Tyson Ernst Graber
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Maritza Jaramillo
- INRS Institut Armand-Frappier Research Centre, Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nahum Sonenberg
- Goodman Cancer Centre, Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Canada
- * E-mail: (NS); (TA)
| | - Tommy Alain
- Children's Hospital of Eastern Ontario Research Institute, Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail: (NS); (TA)
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Kratzke RA. Targeting eukaryotic protein translation in mesothelioma. Transl Lung Cancer Res 2017; 6:343-349. [PMID: 28713679 PMCID: PMC5504115 DOI: 10.21037/tlcr.2017.06.07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The default mechanism for protein translation in eukaryotes involves activation of the eIF4 complex at the 5' end of mRNA. This activity is upregulated in cancers, resulting in the expression of a variety of proteins necessary for the development and maintenance of the neoplastic state. Not surprisingly, mesothelioma demonstrates this same reliance on activation of 5' cap mediated translation. Efforts are ongoing to target and exploit our knowledge of this key molecular switch for cancer therapy. Agents targeting the critical eIF4E cap binding protein, disruption of the eIF4 complex, and exploitation for oncolytic virotherapy are some of the important areas of current research in mesothelioma protein translational research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Kratzke
- Division of Hematology-Oncology Transplant, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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