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Zou H, Yang Z, Chan YS, Yeung SKA, Alam MK, Si T, Xu T, Yang M. Single cell analysis of mechanical properties and EMT-related gene expression profiles in cancer fingers. iScience 2022; 25:103917. [PMID: 35252814 PMCID: PMC8889141 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2022.103917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2021] [Revised: 01/07/2022] [Accepted: 02/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Collective cell migration is associated with cancer metastasis. Cancer fingers are formed when groups of migrating cancer cells follow the leader cells in the front. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a critical process of cancer metastasis. However, the role of EMT in cancer finger formation remains unclear. In this work, we investigated the EMT-associated mechanical properties and gene expression at single-cell levels in non-small lung cancer fingers. We found that leader cells were more elastic and less sticky than follower cells. Spatial EMT-related gene expression profiling in cancer fingers revealed cellular heterogeneity. Particularly, SNAIL and VIM were found to be two key genes that positively correlated with leader cell phenotypes and controlled cancer finger formation. Silencing either SNAIL or VIM, decreased cancer cell elasticity, cancer finger formation and migration, and increased adhesiveness. These findings indicated that SNAIL and VIM are two driver genes for cancer finger formation. Spatial mapping of EMT genes and mechanical properties of cancer finger at single cell level Cancer cell elasticity and adhesiveness are two physical biomarkers for leader cells SNAIL and VIM drive finger cell formation and are potential targets for therapy
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2
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Torab P, Yan Y, Yamashita H, Warrick JI, Raman JD, DeGraff DJ, Wong PK. Three-Dimensional Microtumors for Probing Heterogeneity of Invasive Bladder Cancer. Anal Chem 2020; 92:8768-8775. [PMID: 32579350 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c00057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Bladder cancer is an increasingly common malignancy, and muscle invasive bladder cancer is associated with particularly high rates of morbidity and mortality. The morphologic and molecular diversity of bladder cancer poses significant challenges in elucidating the invasion mechanisms responsible for disease progression. Furthermore, conventional invasion assays do not provide a physiological context for studying bladder cancer invasion within 3D microenvironments and have limited ability to capture the contribution of cellular phenotypic heterogeneity to disease progression. Here, we describe the development of a 3D microtumor invasion model suitable for the analysis of cellular phenotypic heterogeneity in cell lines and primary tumor cells from bladder cancer patients. This model incorporates a self-assembly approach for recapitulating features of bladder cancer invasion in 3D microenvironments and probing the invasive cell subpopulations. The gene expression profiles of invading microtumors were analyzed by incorporating a gold nanorod-locked nucleic acid biosensor. The incorporation of the single cell biosensor and transient gene knockdown into the system revealed the formation of invasive leader cells with upregulated Delta-like ligand 4 (DLL4) expression as well as the role of NOTCH1-DLL4 signaling in collective bladder cancer invasion. The involvement of DLL4 expressing cells in bladder cancer invasion was also observed in patient samples obtained from transurethral resection. Collectively, our study demonstrates a 3D microtumor invasion model for investigating intracellular heterogeneity of bladder cancer invasion and analyzing patient derived samples toward personalized medicine applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Torab
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, 137 Reber Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Yue Yan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, 122 Chemical and Biomedical Engineering Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States
| | - Hironobu Yamashita
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Drive, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Joshua I Warrick
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Drive, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States.,Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, 200 Campus Drive, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Jay D Raman
- Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, 200 Campus Drive, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - David J DeGraff
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, 500 University Drive, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States.,Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, 200 Campus Drive, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, 400 University Drive, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
| | - Pak Kin Wong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, 137 Reber Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State University, 122 Chemical and Biomedical Engineering Building, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States.,Department of Surgery, Division of Urology, Penn State Health Milton S. Hershey Medical Center, 200 Campus Drive, Hershey, Pennsylvania 17033, United States
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3
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Sharma A, Elble RC. From Orai to E-Cadherin: Subversion of Calcium Trafficking in Cancer to Drive Proliferation, Anoikis-Resistance, and Metastasis. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8060169. [PMID: 32575848 PMCID: PMC7345168 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8060169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The common currency of epithelial differentiation and homeostasis is calcium, stored primarily in the endoplasmic reticulum, rationed according to need, and replenished from the extracellular milieu via store-operated calcium entry (SOCE). This currency is disbursed by the IP3 receptor in response to diverse extracellular signals. The rate of release is governed by regulators of proliferation, autophagy, survival, and programmed cell death, the strength of the signal leading to different outcomes. Intracellular calcium acts chiefly through intermediates such as calmodulin that regulates growth factor receptors such as epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), actin polymerization, and adherens junction assembly and maintenance. Here we review this machinery and its role in differentiation, then consider how cancer cells subvert it to license proliferation, resist anoikis, and enable metastasis, either by modulating the level of intracellular calcium or its downstream targets or effectors such as EGFR, E-cadherin, IQGAP1, TMEM16A, CLCA2, and TRPA1. Implications are considered for the roles of E-cadherin and growth factor receptors in circulating tumor cells and metastasis. The discovery of novel, cell type-specific modulators and effectors of calcium signaling offers new possibilities for cancer chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarushi Sharma
- Department of Pharmacology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62702, USA;
| | - Randolph C. Elble
- Department of Pharmacology, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62702, USA;
- Department of Pharmacology and Simmons Cancer Institute, Southern Illinois University School of Medicine, Springfield, IL 62702, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +217-545-7381
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4
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Gels for Live Analysis of Compartmentalized Environments (GLAnCE): A tissue model to probe tumour phenotypes at tumour-stroma interfaces. Biomaterials 2020; 228:119572. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Revised: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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5
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Ford AJ, Rajagopalan P. Extracellular matrix remodeling in 3D: implications in tissue homeostasis and disease progression. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2017; 10:e1503. [PMID: 29171177 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) plays a critical role in regulating cell behavior during tissue homeostasis and in disease progression. Through a combination of adhesion, contraction, alignment of ECM proteins and subsequent degradation, cells change the chemical, mechanical, and physical properties of their surrounding matrix. Other contributing factors to matrix remodeling are the de novo synthesis of ECM proteins, post-translational modifications and receptor-mediated internalization. In this review, we highlight how each of these processes contributes to the maintenance of homeostasis and in disease conditions such as cancer and liver fibrosis. This article is categorized under: Implantable Materials and Surgical Technologies > Nanotechnology in Tissue Repair and Replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Ford
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
| | - Padmavathy Rajagopalan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.,School of Biomedical Engineering and Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA.,ICTAS Center for Systems Biology of Engineered Tissues, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, USA
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6
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Lintz M, Muñoz A, Reinhart-King CA. The Mechanics of Single Cell and Collective Migration of Tumor Cells. J Biomech Eng 2017; 139:2580907. [PMID: 27814431 DOI: 10.1115/1.4035121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis is a dynamic process in which cancer cells navigate the tumor microenvironment, largely guided by external chemical and mechanical cues. Our current understanding of metastatic cell migration has relied primarily on studies of single cell migration, most of which have been performed using two-dimensional (2D) cell culture techniques and, more recently, using three-dimensional (3D) scaffolds. However, the current paradigm focused on single cell movements is shifting toward the idea that collective migration is likely one of the primary modes of migration during metastasis of many solid tumors. Not surprisingly, the mechanics of collective migration differ significantly from single cell movements. As such, techniques must be developed that enable in-depth analysis of collective migration, and those for examining single cell migration should be adopted and modified to study collective migration to allow for accurate comparison of the two. In this review, we will describe engineering approaches for studying metastatic migration, both single cell and collective, and how these approaches have yielded significant insight into the mechanics governing each process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianne Lintz
- The Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, 309 Weill Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Adam Muñoz
- The Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, 309 Weill Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853
| | - Cynthia A Reinhart-King
- The Nancy E. and Peter C. Meinig School of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, 302 Weill Hall, Ithaca, NY 14853 e-mail:
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7
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Abstract
ABSTRACT
Three-dimensional (3D) cell motility underlies essential processes, such as embryonic development, tissue repair and immune surveillance, and is involved in cancer progression. Although the cytoskeleton is a well-studied regulator of cell migration, most of what we know about its functions originates from studies conducted in two-dimensional (2D) cultures. This research established that the microtubule network mediates polarized trafficking and signaling that are crucial for cell shape and movement in 2D. In parallel, developments in light microscopy and 3D cell culture systems progressively allowed to investigate cytoskeletal functions in more physiologically relevant settings. Interestingly, several studies have demonstrated that microtubule involvement in cell morphogenesis and motility can differ in 2D and 3D environments. In this Commentary, we discuss these differences and their relevance for the understanding the role of microtubules in cell migration in vivo. We also provide an overview of microtubule functions that were shown to control cell shape and motility in 3D matrices and discuss how they can be investigated further by using physiologically relevant models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin P. Bouchet
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, Utrecht 3584 CH, The Netherlands
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Bouchet BP, Noordstra I, van Amersfoort M, Katrukha EA, Ammon YC, Ter Hoeve ND, Hodgson L, Dogterom M, Derksen PWB, Akhmanova A. Mesenchymal Cell Invasion Requires Cooperative Regulation of Persistent Microtubule Growth by SLAIN2 and CLASP1. Dev Cell 2016; 39:708-723. [PMID: 27939686 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.11.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 09/27/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Microtubules regulate signaling, trafficking, and cell mechanics, but the respective contribution of these functions to cell morphogenesis and migration in 3D matrices is unclear. Here, we report that the microtubule plus-end tracking protein (+TIP) SLAIN2, which suppresses catastrophes, is not required for 2D cell migration but is essential for mesenchymal cell invasion in 3D culture and in a mouse cancer model. We show that SLAIN2 inactivation does not affect Rho GTPase activity, trafficking, and focal adhesion formation. However, SLAIN2-dependent catastrophe inhibition determines microtubule resistance to compression and pseudopod elongation. Another +TIP, CLASP1, is also needed to form invasive pseudopods because it prevents catastrophes specifically at their tips. When microtubule growth persistence is reduced, inhibition of depolymerization is sufficient for pseudopod maintenance but not remodeling. We propose that catastrophe inhibition by SLAIN2 and CLASP1 supports mesenchymal cell shape in soft 3D matrices by enabling microtubules to perform a load-bearing function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin P Bouchet
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Ivar Noordstra
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Miranda van Amersfoort
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eugene A Katrukha
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - York-Christoph Ammon
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Natalie D Ter Hoeve
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Louis Hodgson
- Department of Anatomy and Structural Biology, Gruss-Lipper Biophotonics Center, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461, USA
| | - Marileen Dogterom
- Department of Bionanoscience, Kavli Institute of Nanoscience, Delft University of Technology, Lorentzweg 1, 2628 CJ ,Delft, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick W B Derksen
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584 CX, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Anna Akhmanova
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Padualaan 8, 3584 CH Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Dean ZS, Elias P, Jamilpour N, Utzinger U, Wong PK. Probing 3D Collective Cancer Invasion Using Double-Stranded Locked Nucleic Acid Biosensors. Anal Chem 2016; 88:8902-7. [PMID: 27529634 PMCID: PMC5488859 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.6b02608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a leading cause of death worldwide and metastases are responsible for over 90% of human cancer deaths. There is an urgent need to develop novel therapeutics for suppressing cancer invasion, the initial step of metastasis. Nevertheless, the regulation of cancer invasion is poorly understood due to a paucity of tools for monitoring the invasion process in 3D microenvironments. Here, we report a double-stranded locked nucleic acid (dsLNA) biosensor for investigating 3D collective cancer invasion. By incorporating multiphoton microscopy and the dsLNA biosensor, we perform dynamic single cell gene expression analysis while simultaneously characterizing the biomechanical interaction between the invading sprouts and the extracellular matrix. Gene profiling of invasive leader cells and detached cells suggest distinctive signaling mechanisms involved in collective and individual invasion in the 3D microenvironment. Our results underscore the involvement of Notch signaling in 3D collective cancer invasion, which warrants further investigation toward antimetastasis therapy in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary S. Dean
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Paul Elias
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Nima Jamilpour
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Urs Utzinger
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States
| | - Pak Kin Wong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States,Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, The University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona 85721, United States,Department of Biomedical Engineering, Mechanical Engineering and Surgery, The Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania 16802, United States,Corresponding Author: Phone: +1-814-863-5267.
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