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Macha NO, Komarasamy TV, Harun S, Adnan NAA, Hassan SS, Balasubramaniam VRMT. Cross Talk between MicroRNAs and Dengue Virus. Am J Trop Med Hyg 2024; 110:856-867. [PMID: 38579704 PMCID: PMC11066346 DOI: 10.4269/ajtmh.23-0546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 04/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Dengue fever (DF) is an endemic infectious tropical disease and is rapidly becoming a global problem. Dengue fever is caused by one of the four dengue virus (DENV) serotypes and is spread by the female Aedes mosquito. Clinical manifestations of DF may range from asymptomatic to life-threatening severe illness with conditions of hemorrhagic fever and shock. Early and precise diagnosis is vital to avoid mortality from DF. A different approach is required to combat DF because of the challenges with the vaccines currently available, which are nonspecific; each is capable of causing cross-reaction and disease-enhancing antibody responses against the residual serotypes. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are known to be implicated in DENV infection and are postulated to be involved in most of the host responses. Thus, they might be a suitable target for new strategies against the disease. The involvement of miRNAs in cellular activities and pathways during viral infections has been explored under numerous conditions. Interestingly, miRNAs have also been shown to be involved in viral replication. In this review, we summarize the role of known miRNAs, specifically the role of miRNA Let-7c (miR-Let-7c), miR-133a, miR-30e, and miR-146a, in the regulation of DENV replication and their possible effects on the initial immune reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nur Omar Macha
- Infection and Immunity Research Strength, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Thamil Vaani Komarasamy
- Infection and Immunity Research Strength, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sarahani Harun
- Institute of Systems Biology Malaysia, National University of Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Nur Amelia Azreen Adnan
- Infection and Immunity Research Strength, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Sharifah Syed Hassan
- Infection and Immunity Research Strength, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
| | - Vinod R. M. T. Balasubramaniam
- Infection and Immunity Research Strength, Jeffrey Cheah School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Monash University Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia
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Al-Rashidi RR, Noraldeen SAM, Kareem AK, Mahmoud AK, Kadhum WR, Ramírez-Coronel AA, Iswanto AH, Obaid RF, Jalil AT, Mustafa YF, Nabavi N, Wang Y, Wang L. Malignant function of nuclear factor-kappaB axis in prostate cancer: Molecular interactions and regulation by non-coding RNAs. Pharmacol Res 2023; 194:106775. [PMID: 37075872 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2023.106775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 04/09/2023] [Accepted: 04/16/2023] [Indexed: 04/21/2023]
Abstract
Prostate carcinoma is a malignant situation that arises from genomic alterations in the prostate, leading to changes in tumorigenesis. The NF-κB pathway modulates various biological mechanisms, including inflammation and immune responses. Dysregulation of NF-κB promotes carcinogenesis, including increased proliferation, invasion, and therapy resistance. As an incurable disease globally, prostate cancer is a significant health concern, and research into genetic mutations and NF-κB function has the efficacy to facilitate the introduction of novel therapies. NF-κB upregulation is observed during prostate cancer progression, resulting in increased cell cycle progression and proliferation rates. Additionally, NF-κB endorses resistance to cell death and enhances the capacity for metastasis, particularly bone metastasis. Overexpression of NF-κB triggers chemoresistance and radio-resistance, and inhibition of NF-κB by anti-tumor compounds can reduce cancer progression. Interestingly, non-coding RNA transcripts can regulate NF-κB level and its nuclear transfer, offering a potential avenue for modulating prostate cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ali Kamil Kareem
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Al-Mustaqbal University College, 51001, Hillah, Iraq
| | | | - Wesam R Kadhum
- Department of Pharmacy, Kut University College, Kut 52001, Wasit, Iraq
| | - Andrés Alexis Ramírez-Coronel
- Azogues Campus Nursing Career, Health and Behavior Research Group (HBR), Psychometry and Ethology Laboratory, Catholic University of Cuenca, Ecuador; University of Palermo, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Epidemiology and Biostatistics Research Group, CES University, Colombia
| | - Acim Heri Iswanto
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Health Science, University of Pembangunan Nasional Veteran Jakarta, Jakarta, Indonesia
| | - Rasha Fadhel Obaid
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Babylon, Iraq
| | - Abduladheem Turki Jalil
- Medical Laboratory Technology Department, College of Medical Technology, The Islamic University, Najaf, Iraq
| | - Yasser Fakri Mustafa
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, University of Mosul, Mosul 41001, Iraq
| | - Noushin Nabavi
- Department of Urologic Sciences and Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, V6H3Z6 Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Yuzhuo Wang
- Department of Urologic Sciences and Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, V6H3Z6 Vancouver, BC, Canada; Department of Experimental Therapeutics, BC Cancer Research Institute, V5Z1L3 Vancouver, BC, Canada.
| | - Lin Wang
- Department of Geriatrics, Xijing Hospital, The Air Force Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China.
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Zangoue M, Zangouei AS, Mojarrad M, Moghbeli M. MicroRNAs as the critical regulators of protein kinases in prostate and bladder cancers. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2021. [DOI: 10.1186/s43042-021-00190-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Bladder cancer (BCa) and prostate cancer (PCa) are frequent urothelial and genital malignancies with a high ratio of morbidity and mortality which are more common among males. Since BCa and PCa cases are mainly diagnosed in advanced stages with clinical complications, it is required to introduce the efficient early detection markers. Protein kinases are critical factors involved in various cellular processes such as cell growth, motility, differentiation, and metabolism. Deregulation of protein kinases can be frequently observed through the neoplastic transformation and tumor progression. Therefore, kinases are required to be regulated via different genetic and epigenetic processes. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are among the critical factors involved in epigenetic regulation of protein kinases. Since miRNAs are noninvasive and more stable factors in serum and tissues compared with mRNAs, they can be used as efficient diagnostic markers for the early detection of PCa and BCa.
Main body
In present review, we have summarized all of the reported miRNAs that have been associated with regulation of protein kinases in bladder and prostate cancers.
Conclusions
For the first time, this review highlights the miRNAs as critical factors in regulation of protein kinases during prostate and bladder cancers which paves the way of introducing a noninvasive kinase-specific panel of miRNAs for the early detection of these malignancies. It was observed that the class VIII receptors of tyrosine kinases and non-receptor tyrosine kinases were the most frequent targets for the miRNAs in bladder and prostate cancers, respectively.
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Regulation of Nuclear Factor-KappaB (NF-κB) signaling pathway by non-coding RNAs in cancer: Inhibiting or promoting carcinogenesis? Cancer Lett 2021; 509:63-80. [PMID: 33838282 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 53.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 02/18/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-κB) signaling pathway is considered as a potential therapeutic target in cancer therapy. It has been well established that transcription factor NF-κB is involved in regulating physiological and pathological events including inflammation, immune response and differentiation. Increasing evidences suggest that deregulated NF-κB signaling can enhance cancer cell proliferation, metastasis and also mediate radio-as well as chemo-resistance. On the contrary, non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) have been found to modulate NF-κB signaling pathway under different settings. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) can dually inhibit/induce NF-κB signaling thereby affecting the growth and migration of cancer cells. Furthermore, the response of cancer cells to radiotherapy and chemotherapy may also be regulated by miRNAs. Regulation of NF-κB by miRNAs may be mediated via binding to 3/-UTR region. Interestingly, anti-tumor compounds can increase the expression of tumor-suppressor miRNAs in inhibiting NF-κB activation and the progression of cancers. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and circular RNAs (circRNAs) can also effectively modulate NF-κB signaling thus affecting tumorigenesis. It is noteworthy that several studies have demonstrated that lncRNAs and circRNAs can affect miRNAs in targeting NF-κB activation. They can act as competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) thereby reducing miRNA expression to induce NF-κB activation that can in turn promote cancer progression and malignancy.
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Kwak JS, Kim MS, Kim KH. Generation of microRNA-30e-producing recombinant viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) and its effect on in vitro immune responses. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 94:381-388. [PMID: 31521783 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2019.09.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2019] [Revised: 09/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding small RNAs involved in the regulation of gene expression. In the present study, we firstly reported the use of a fish RNA virus, viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV), as a delivery vehicle of a miRNA-30e, and the effect of miR-30e produced by the recombinant VHSV on the immune responses of Epithelioma papulosum cyprini (EPC) cells was investigated. The expression of functional miR-30e using a CMV promoter-driven vector was verified by the significantly lower eGFP expression in cells transfected with a vector containing miR-30e sponge sequence than that in cells transfected with a control vector that had mutated miR-30e sponge sequence. Furthermore, the down-regulation of reporter gene containing 3'-UTR of NF-κb inhibitor α-like protein B (NFκbiαb) by miR-30e was demonstrated, suggesting that miR-30e overexpression can increase immune responses related to NF-κB activation through inhibition of IκB. A miR-30e-expressing recombinant VHSV (rVHSV-A-miR30e) that had primary microRNA-30e sequence between N and P genes was rescued using the reverse genetic method, and the successful expression of miR-30e in the cells infected with rVHSV-A-miR30e was demonstrated using Northern blot and qRT-PCR. Cells infected with rVHSV-A-miR30e showed the increase of NF-κB activation and type I interferon induced genes expression, suggesting that rVHSV-A-miR30e can produce functional miR-30e in fish cells, and VHSV can be used as a vehicle to deliver functional microRNAs in fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Soung Kwak
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, South Korea
| | - Min Sun Kim
- Department of Integrative Bio-industrial Engineering, Sejong University, Seoul, 05006, South Korea
| | - Ki Hong Kim
- Department of Aquatic Life Medicine, Pukyong National University, Busan, 48513, South Korea.
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Zhao H, Lai X, Zhang W, Zhu H, Zhang S, Wu W, Wang S, Tang M, Deng Z, Tan J. MiR-30a-5p frequently downregulated in prostate cancer inhibits cell proliferation via targeting PCLAF. ARTIFICIAL CELLS NANOMEDICINE AND BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019; 47:278-289. [PMID: 30669858 DOI: 10.1080/21691401.2018.1553783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have vastly expanded our view of RNA world in intracellular signal regulating networks. Here, we functionally characterized a normally highly expressed miRNA, miR-30a-5p (MIMAT0000087), which exhibits downregulated expression profiles in prostate cancer samples. MiR-30a-5p knockdown and overexpression in PC-3 cell line alters cell proliferation supporting a tumour suppressor role. We also discovered that PCLAF is the direct target of miR-30a-5p. Notably, PC-3 cell proliferation is inhibited by miR-30a-5p/PCLAF axis. miR-30a-5p represents a novel molecule of functionally important miRNAs which may shed light on the novel therapeutic targets for prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Zhao
- a Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Transplant Biology, Fuzhou Dongfang Hospital of Xiamen University (900 Hospital of the Joint Logistics Team), Fuzhou, Fujian, P.R. China.,b Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Transplant Biology, 900 Hospital of the Joint Logistics Team, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Xiaofeng Lai
- c Department of Clinical Genetics and Experimental Medicine, 900 Hospital of the Joint Logistics Team, Xiamen University School of Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Wei Zhang
- d Department of Urology, Bayi Hospital affiliated Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Nanjing, P. R. China
| | - Hehuan Zhu
- a Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Transplant Biology, Fuzhou Dongfang Hospital of Xiamen University (900 Hospital of the Joint Logistics Team), Fuzhou, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Shenhang Zhang
- e ChinaFujian Key Laboratory of Exercise Rehabilitation, College of Rehabilitation Medicine, Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Weizhen Wu
- a Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Transplant Biology, Fuzhou Dongfang Hospital of Xiamen University (900 Hospital of the Joint Logistics Team), Fuzhou, Fujian, P.R. China.,b Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Transplant Biology, 900 Hospital of the Joint Logistics Team, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Shuiliang Wang
- a Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Transplant Biology, Fuzhou Dongfang Hospital of Xiamen University (900 Hospital of the Joint Logistics Team), Fuzhou, Fujian, P.R. China
| | - Minying Tang
- a Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Transplant Biology, Fuzhou Dongfang Hospital of Xiamen University (900 Hospital of the Joint Logistics Team), Fuzhou, Fujian, P.R. China.,b Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Transplant Biology, 900 Hospital of the Joint Logistics Team, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Zhen Deng
- a Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Transplant Biology, Fuzhou Dongfang Hospital of Xiamen University (900 Hospital of the Joint Logistics Team), Fuzhou, Fujian, P.R. China.,b Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Transplant Biology, 900 Hospital of the Joint Logistics Team, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
| | - Jianming Tan
- a Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Transplant Biology, Fuzhou Dongfang Hospital of Xiamen University (900 Hospital of the Joint Logistics Team), Fuzhou, Fujian, P.R. China.,b Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Transplant Biology, 900 Hospital of the Joint Logistics Team, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, P. R. China
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Zheng XM, Zhang P, Liu MH, Chen P, Zhang WB. MicroRNA-30e inhibits adhesion, migration, invasion and cell cycle progression of prostate cancer cells via inhibition of the activation of the MAPK signaling pathway by downregulating CHRM3. Int J Oncol 2019; 54:443-454. [PMID: 30483762 PMCID: PMC6317654 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2018.4647] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Accepted: 08/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) testing is currently based on measurement of serum prostate‑specific antigen levels and digital rectal examination, which are limited by a low predictive value and the adverse effects associated with overdiagnosis and overtreatment. Recent studies have reported that the abnormal expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) is associated with the mechanism underlying the development of PCa. Thus, the aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of miR‑30e and its target gene, M3 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor (CHRM3), on the adhesion, migration, invasion and cell cycle distribution of PCa cells via the mitogen‑activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. The differentially expressed genes were screened in the Gene Expression Omnibus database from a gene expression microarray (GSE55945) of PCa. PCa tissues and adjacent tissues were collected from patients with PCa. The PC‑3 and DU145 human PCa cell lines were treated with activator, inhibitor and siRNAs. The effects of miR‑30e on cell adhesion, migration, invasion and cell cycle distribution with the involvement of CHRM3 and the MAPK signaling pathway were investigated. The bioinformatics results demonstrated that the CHRM3 gene and the MAKP signaling pathway were involved in the progression of PCa, and has‑miR‑30e was selected for further study. The levels of miR‑30e were significantly downregulated, while the levels of CHRM3 were obviously upregulated in PCa. CHRM3 was verified as a target gene of miR‑30e. Upregulation of miR‑30e and downregulation of CHRM3 decreased the levels of p‑P38, p‑extracellular signal‑regulated kinase, p‑c‑Jun N‑terminal kinase, p‑c‑fos and p‑c‑JUN, cell adhesion, migration and invasion ability, and the number of cells in the S phase, while they increased the number of cells in the G0 and G1 phases. The findings of the present study suggest that miR‑30e inhibited the adhesion, migration, invasion and cell cycle entry of PCa cells by suppressing the activation of the MAPK signaling pathway and inhibiting CHRM3 expression. Thus, miR‑30e may serve as a candidate target for the treatment of PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Min Zheng
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of WuHan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071
| | - Peng Zhang
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of WuHan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071
| | - Man-Hua Liu
- The Second Department of Surgery, Jingan People’s Hospital, Jingan, Jiangxi 330600, P.R. China
| | - Ping Chen
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of WuHan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071
| | - Wei-Bing Zhang
- Department of Urology, Zhongnan Hospital of WuHan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071
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Yu H, Zhang J, Wen Q, Dai Y, Zhang W, Li F, Li J. MicroRNA-6852 suppresses cell proliferation and invasion via targeting forkhead box J1 in gastric cancer. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:3249-3255. [PMID: 30214548 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/22/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulating evidence suggests that microRNAs (miRs) exert vital functions in the development and progression of multiple types of human cancer. However, the role of miR-6852 in gastric cancer (GC) remains unclear. In the present study, miR-6852 expression was significantly downregulated in GC tissues compared with adjacent normal tissues determined by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis. Furthermore, miR-6852 expression levels in patients with GC were reversely correlated with tumor metastasis and TNM stage. Through Cell Counting kit-8 and Transwell assays, it was demonstrated that overexpression of miR-6852 significantly inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion of GC cells. With regards to the mechanism involved, luciferase reporter assays suggested that miR-6852 directly target forkhead box J1 (FOXJ1) in GC cells. Furthermore, overexpression of miR-6852 markedly inhibited the mRNA and protein expression levels of FOXJ1 in GC cells determined by RT-qPCR and western blot analysis. Additionally, FOXJ1 was overexpressed in GC tissues and cell lines, and its expression was negatively correlated with that of miR-6852 in GC tissues. Rescue assays indicated that overexpression of FOXJ1 significantly reversed the effects of miR-6852 transfection on GC cell proliferation, migration and invasion. Taken together, the present findings demonstrated that miR-6852 exerted a tumor suppressive role through targeting FOXJ1 in GC. These results implied that miR-6852 may be a novel therapeutic target of GC treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yu
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Jing Zhang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Qu Wen
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Yi Dai
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Wanli Zhang
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Fen Li
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
| | - Juan Li
- Cancer Center, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430022, P.R. China
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Wu J, Ding J, Yang J, Guo X, Zheng Y. MicroRNA Roles in the Nuclear Factor Kappa B Signaling Pathway in Cancer. Front Immunol 2018; 9:546. [PMID: 29616037 PMCID: PMC5868594 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) is a pluripotent and crucial dimer transcription factor that orchestrates various physiological and pathological processes, especially cell proliferation, inflammation, and cancer development and progression. NF-κB expression is transient and tightly regulated in normal cells, but it is activated in cancer cells. Recently, numerous studies have demonstrated microRNAs (miRNAs) play a vital role in the NF-κB signaling pathway and NF-κB-associated immune responses, radioresistance and drug resistance of cancer, some acting as inhibitors and the others as activators. Although it is still in infancy, targeting NF-κB or the NF-κB signaling pathway by miRNAs is becoming a promising strategy of cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin’en Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute (CAAS), Lanzhou, China
| | - Juntao Ding
- College of Life Science and Technology, Xinjiang University, Urumqi, China
| | - Jing Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute (CAAS), Lanzhou, China
| | - Xiaola Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute (CAAS), Lanzhou, China
| | - Yadong Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Veterinary Etiological Biology, Key Laboratory of Veterinary Parasitology of Gansu Province, Lanzhou Veterinary Research Institute (CAAS), Lanzhou, China
- Jiangsu Co-innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, College of Veterinary Medicine, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, China
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