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Li X, Chang J, Zhang M, Zhou Y, Zhang T, Zhang Y, Lu R. The effect of environmental calcium on gene expression, biofilm formation and virulence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Front Microbiol 2024; 15:1340429. [PMID: 38881663 PMCID: PMC11176486 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2024.1340429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2023] [Accepted: 05/20/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Calcium (Ca2+) can regulate the swarming motility and virulence of Vibrio parahaemolyticus BB22. However, the effects of Ca2+ on the physiology of V. parahaemolyticus RIMD2210633, whose genomic composition is quite different with that of BB22, have not been investigated. In this study, the results of phenotypic assays showed that the biofilm formation, c-di-GMP production, swimming motility, zebrafish survival rate, cytoxicity against HeLa cells, and adherence activity to HeLa cells of V. parahaemolyticus RIMD2210633 were significantly enhanced by Ca2+. However, Ca2+ had no effect on the growth, swarming motility, capsular polysaccharide (CPS) phase variation and hemolytic activity. The RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) assay disclosed 459 significantly differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in response to Ca2+, including biofilm formation-associated genes and those encode virulence factors and putative regulators. DEGs involved in polar flagellum and T3SS1 were upregulated, whereas majority of those involved in regulatory functions and c-di-GMP metabolism were downregulated. The work helps us understand how Ca2+ affects the behavior and gene expression of V. parahaemolyticus RIMD2210633.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Nantong Hospital 3 of Nantong University, Nantong Third People's Hospital, Nantong, China
| | - Jingyang Chang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Nantong Hospital 3 of Nantong University, Nantong Third People's Hospital, Nantong, China
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Miaomiao Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Nantong Hospital 3 of Nantong University, Nantong Third People's Hospital, Nantong, China
| | - Yining Zhou
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Nantong Hospital 3 of Nantong University, Nantong Third People's Hospital, Nantong, China
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Nantong Hospital 3 of Nantong University, Nantong Third People's Hospital, Nantong, China
| | - Yiquan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Nantong Hospital 3 of Nantong University, Nantong Third People's Hospital, Nantong, China
| | - Renfei Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Nantong Hospital 3 of Nantong University, Nantong Third People's Hospital, Nantong, China
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Zhang Y, Zhang T, Qiu Y, Zhang M, Lu X, Yang W, Hu L, Zhou D, Gao B, Lu R. Transcriptomic Profiles of Vibrio parahaemolyticus During Biofilm Formation. Curr Microbiol 2023; 80:371. [PMID: 37838636 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-023-03425-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/16/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus, the leading cause of bacterial seafood-associated gastroenteritis, can form biofilms. In this work, the gene expression profiles of V. parahaemolyticus during biofilm formation were investigated by transcriptome sequencing. A total of 183, 503, and 729 genes were significantly differentially expressed in the bacterial cells at 12, 24 and 48 h, respectively, compared with that at 6 h. Of these, 92 genes were consistently activated or repressed from 6 to 48 h. The genes involved in polar flagellum, chemotaxis, mannose-sensitive haemagglutinin type IV pili, capsular polysaccharide, type III secretion system 1 (T3SS1), T3SS2, thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH), type VI secretion system 1 (T6SS1) and T6SS2 were downregulated, whereas those involved in V. parahaemolyticus pathogenicity island (Vp-PAI) (except for T3SS2 and TDH) and membrane fusion proteins were upregulated. Three extracellular protease genes (vppC, prtA and VPA1071) and a dozen of outer membrane protein encoding genes were also significantly differentially expressed during biofilm formation. In addition, five putative c-di-GMP metabolism-associated genes were significantly differentially expressed, which may account for the drop in c-di-GMP levels after the beginning of biofilm formation. Moreover, many putative regulatory genes were significantly differentially expressed, and more than 1000 putative small non-coding RNAs were detected, suggesting that biofilm formation was tightly regulated by complex regulatory networks. The data provided a global view of gene expression profiles during biofilm formation, showing that the significantly differentially expressed genes were involved in multiple cellular pathways, including virulence, biofilm formation, metabolism, and regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiquan Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Nantong Hospital 3 of Nantong University, Nantong, 226006, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nantong Third People's Hospital, Nantong, 226006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Tingting Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Nantong Hospital 3 of Nantong University, Nantong, 226006, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nantong Third People's Hospital, Nantong, 226006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yue Qiu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Affiliated Changzhou No.2 People's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Changzhou, 213000, Jiangsu, China
| | - Miaomiao Zhang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Nantong Hospital 3 of Nantong University, Nantong, 226006, Jiangsu, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nantong Third People's Hospital, Nantong, 226006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiuhui Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Wenhui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Lingfei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Dongsheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Bo Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China.
| | - Renfei Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Nantong Hospital 3 of Nantong University, Nantong, 226006, Jiangsu, China.
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nantong Third People's Hospital, Nantong, 226006, Jiangsu, China.
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Lian L, Li W, Xue T, Ren J, Tang F, Liu Y, Xue F, Dai J. Comparative transcriptomic analysis provides insights into transcription mechanisms of Vibrio parahaemolyticus T3SS during interaction with HeLa cells. Braz J Microbiol 2022; 53:289-301. [PMID: 34652743 PMCID: PMC8882520 DOI: 10.1007/s42770-021-00627-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is an important foodborne pathogenic bacterium that harbors the type III secretion system 1 (T3SS1) as an essential virulence factor. However, the pathogenesis and infection mechanism mediated by T3SS1 are not entirely clarified. Similar to previous studies on other T3SS-positive bacteria, the T3SS1 needle is a major extracellular component in V. parahaemolyticus. We recently showed that the needle gene-deletion mutant (ΔvscF) exhibited markedly decreased cytotoxicity and effector translocation during interaction with HeLa cells. To further elucidate the pathogenesis of T3SS1 during host cell infection, bacterial RNA was extracted from wild-type POR-1 and ΔvscF mutants under infected condition for comparative RNA sequencing analysis in HeLa cell. The results showed that 120 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the ΔvscF-infected group. These encoded proteins of DEGs, such as VP2088, VP2089, and VP2091, were annotated as ABC transporter system, whereas VP0757, VP1123, and VP1289 may be new transcriptional regulators. In addition, the downregulation of T3SS1 had a positive influence on the expression of T3SS2. Moreover, the transcription of the basal body is unaffected by the needle, and there was a close relation among the tip, translocon, and needle, because bacterial adenylate cyclase two-hybrid system (BACTH system) assay indicated the interaction of VP1656, VP1670, VP1693, and VP1694 (VscF). This study provides insights into transcription mechanism of T3SS1 upon infecting HeLa cell, which is expected to better clarify the T3SS1 virulent mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lele Lian
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Wanjun Li
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Tingyue Xue
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Jianluan Ren
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Fang Tang
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Yongjie Liu
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
| | - Feng Xue
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China.
| | - Jianjun Dai
- MOE Joint International Research Laboratory of Animal Health and Food Safety, College of Veterinary Medicine, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, 210095, China
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Gao H, Wang H, Qin Q, Gao Y, Qiu Y, Zhang J, Li J, Lou J, Diao B, Zhang Y, Kan B. Transcriptional regulation of the mannitol phosphotransferase system operon by the ferric uptake regulator (Fur) in Vibrio cholerae El Tor serogroup O1. Res Microbiol 2021; 172:103848. [PMID: 34089838 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2021.103848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Revised: 04/22/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP): carbohydrate phosphotransferase system (PTS) allows bacteria to use various carbohydrates as energy resources including mannitol. The mannitol-specific PTS transporter in Vibrio cholerae is encoded by the mtlADR operon. Expression of the mtl operon has been shown to be strictly regulated by CRP, MtlS, and MtlR. In the present study, we investigated the regulation of mtlADR by the ferric uptake regulator (Fur). The results showed that Fur binds to the promoter-proximal DNA region of mtlADR to repress its transcription independent of iron, in mannitol-containing growth medium. The capacity for mannitol fermentation was significantly increased in Δfur relative to that of WT for normal and iron-replete growth media. The level of organic acids produced by Δfur was significantly enhanced relative to that produced by the WT strain in the normal and iron-replete media but not in an iron-starved medium. The results provided for a deeper understanding of the regulation of mtlADR in V. cholerae.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Han Wang
- Department of Clinical Diagnostic Centre, The Fifth Medical Centre, Chinese PLA (People's Liberation Army) General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qin Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yue Gao
- First Affiliated Hospital of Dalian Medical University, Dalian 116011, China
| | - Yue Qiu
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jingyun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Jing Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Baowei Diao
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China
| | - Yiquan Zhang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China; Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Biao Kan
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China.
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Zhang Y, Qiu Y, Xue X, Zhang M, Sun J, Li X, Hu L, Yin Z, Yang W, Lu R, Zhou D. Transcriptional regulation of the virulence genes and the biofilm formation associated operons in Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Gut Pathog 2021; 13:15. [PMID: 33653369 PMCID: PMC7923509 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-021-00410-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2020] [Accepted: 02/23/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The membrane fusion protein (mfp) gene locus of Vibrio parahaemolyticus consists of two operons, cpsQ-mfpABC and mfpABC, which are both required for biofilm formation. ToxR and CalR are required for the full virulence of V. parahaemolyticus, and their mutual regulation has been demonstrated. Moreover, cell density-dependent expression of toxR was previously observed in V. parahaemolyticus, but details about the related mechanisms remained unclear. QsvR can work with the master quorum sensing (QS) regulators AphA and OpaR to regulate virulence expression and biofilm formation. Results In the present work, we showed that QsvR bound to the promoter-proximal DNA regions of toxR and calR to repress their transcription as well as occupying the regulatory regions of cpsQ-mfpABC and mfpABC to activate their transcription. Thus, we reconstructed the QsvR-dependent promoter organization of toxR, calR, cpsQ-mfpABC, and mfpABC. Conclusion QsvR directly repressed toxR and calR transcription as well as directly activated cpsQ-mfpABC and mfpABC transcription. The data presented here promotes us to gain deeper knowledge of the regulatory network of the mfp locus in V. parahaemolyticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiquan Zhang
- Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, 214122, Jiangsu, China. .,School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Yue Qiu
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xingfan Xue
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Miaomiao Zhang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Junfang Sun
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nantong Third Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Nantong, 212006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xue Li
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nantong Third Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Nantong, 212006, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lingfei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Zhe Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Wenhui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China
| | - Renfei Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Nantong Third Hospital Affiliated to Nantong University, Nantong, 212006, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Dongsheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, 100071, China.
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Gao H, Ma L, Qin Q, Qiu Y, Zhang J, Li J, Lou J, Diao B, Zhao H, Shi Q, Zhang Y, Kan B. Fur Represses Vibrio cholerae Biofilm Formation via Direct Regulation of vieSAB, cdgD, vpsU, and vpsA-K Transcription. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:587159. [PMID: 33193241 PMCID: PMC7641913 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.587159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Attached Vibrio cholerae biofilms are essential for environmental persistence and infectivity. The vps loci (vpsU, vpsA-K, and vpsL-Q) are required for mature biofilm formation and are responsible for the synthesis of exopolysaccharide. Transcription of vps genes is activated by the signaling molecule bis-(3'-5')-cyclic di-GMP (c-di-GMP), whose metabolism is controlled by the proteins containing the GGDEF and/or EAL domains. The ferric uptake regulator (Fur) plays key roles in the transcription of many genes involved in iron metabolism and non-iron functions. However, roles for Fur in Vibrio biofilm production have not been documented. In this study, phenotypic assays demonstrated that Fur, independent of iron, decreases in vivo c-di-GMP levels and inhibits in vitro biofilm formation by Vibrio cholerae. The Fur box-like sequences were detected within the promoter-proximal DNA regions of vpsU, vpsA-K, vieSAB, and cdgD, suggesting that transcription of these genes may be under the direct control of Fur. Indeed, the results of luminescence, quantitative PCR (qPCR), electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA), and DNase I footprinting assays demonstrated Fur to bind to the promoter-proximal DNA regions of vpsU, vpsA-K, and cdgD to repress their transcription. In contrast, Fur activates the transcription of vieSAB in a direct manner. The cdgD and vieSAB encode proteins with GGDEF and EAL domains, respectively. Thus, data presented here highlight a new physiological role for Fur wherein it acts as a repressor of V. cholerae biofilm formation mediated by decreasing the production of exopolysaccharide and the intracellular levels of c-di-GMP.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Lizhi Ma
- Third Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Qin Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yue Qiu
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Jingyun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Baowei Diao
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hongqun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Qiannan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yiquan Zhang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China.,Wuxi School of Medicine, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, China
| | - Biao Kan
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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Ndraha N, Wong HC, Hsiao HI. Managing the risk of Vibrio parahaemolyticus infections associated with oyster consumption: A review. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2020; 19:1187-1217. [PMID: 33331689 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2019] [Revised: 02/15/2020] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a Gram-negative bacterium that is naturally present in the marine environment. Oysters, which are water filter feeders, may accumulate this pathogen in their soft tissues, thus increasing the risk of V. parahaemolyticus infection among people who consume oysters. In this review, factors affecting V. parahaemolyticus accumulation in oysters, the route of the pathogen from primary production to consumption, and the potential effects of climate change were discussed. In addition, intervention strategies for reducing accumulation of V. parahaemolyticus in oysters were presented. A literature review revealed the following information relevant to the present study: (a) managing the safety of oysters (for human consumption) from primary production to consumption remains a challenge, (b) there are multiple factors that influence the concentration of V. parahaemolyticus in oysters from primary production to consumption, (c) climate change could possibly affect the safety of oysters, both directly and indirectly, placing public health at risk, (d) many intervention strategies have been developed to control and/or reduce the concentration of V. parahaemolyticus in oysters to acceptable levels, but most of them are mainly focused on the downstream steps of the oyster supply chain, and (c) although available regulation and/or guidelines governing the safety of oyster consumption are mostly available in developed countries, limited food safety information is available in developing countries. The information provided in this review may serve as an early warning for managing the future effects of climate change on the safety of oyster consumption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nodali Ndraha
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Hin-Chung Wong
- Department of Microbiology, Soochow University, Taipei, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
| | - Hsin-I Hsiao
- Department of Food Science, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan (R.O.C.).,Institute of Food Safety and Risk Management, National Taiwan Ocean University, Keelung, Taiwan (R.O.C.)
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8
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Ling N, Shen J, Guo J, Zeng D, Ren J, Sun L, Jiang Y, Xue F, Dai J, Li B. Rapid and accurate detection of viable Vibrio parahaemolyticus by sodium deoxycholate-propidium monoazide-qPCR in shrimp. Food Control 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2019.106883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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9
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Lu R, Tang H, Qiu Y, Yang W, Yang H, Zhou D, Huang X, Hu L, Zhang Y. Quorum sensing regulates the transcription of lateral flagellar genes in Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Future Microbiol 2020; 14:1043-1053. [PMID: 31469011 DOI: 10.2217/fmb-2019-0048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Aim: Investigation of the lateral flagellar (Laf) genes transcription by the quorum sensing (QS) regulators AphA and OpaR in Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Materials & methods: Regulation mechanisms were assessed by combined utilization of swarming motility assay, qPCR, LacZ fusion, EMSA and DNase I footprinting. Results: AphA and OpaR oppositely regulate swarming motility and Laf genes. At high cell density, OpaR bound to the regulatory regions of motY-lafK-fliEFGHIJ, fliMNPQR-flhBA, fliDSTKLA-motAB and lafA to repress their transcription. At low cell density, AphA indirectly activated their transcription. Conclusion: OpaR repression of swarming motility was via its direct repression of Laf genes, while AphA exerted its regulatory effect on swarming motility through unknown regulator(s).
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Affiliation(s)
- Renfei Lu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, the Third People's Hospital of Nantong, Nantong 212001, Jiangsu, China.,School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hao Tang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Yue Qiu
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Wenhui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen & Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology & Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Huiying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen & Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology & Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Dongsheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen & Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology & Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Xinxiang Huang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
| | - Lingfei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen & Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology & Epidemiology, Beijing 100071, China
| | - Yiquan Zhang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang 212013, Jiangsu, China
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10
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Park NY, Kim IH, Wen Y, Lee KW, Lee S, Kim JA, Jung KH, Lee KH, Kim KS. Multi-Factor Regulation of the Master Modulator LeuO for the Cyclic-(Phe-Pro) Signaling Pathway in Vibrio vulnificus. Sci Rep 2019; 9:20135. [PMID: 31882984 PMCID: PMC6934829 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-56855-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2019] [Accepted: 11/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
LeuO plays the role of a master regulator in the cyclic-L-phenylalanine-L-proline (cFP)-dependent signaling pathway in Vibrio vulnificus. cFP, as shown through isothermal titration calorimetry analysis, binds specifically to the periplasmic domain of ToxR. Binding of cFP triggers a change in the cytoplasmic domain of ToxR, which then activates transcription of leuO encoding a LysR-type regulator. LeuO binds to the region upstream of its own coding sequence, inhibiting its own transcription and maintaining a controlled level of expression. A five-bp deletion in this region abolished expression of LeuO, but a ten-bp deletion did not, suggesting that a DNA bending mechanism is involved in the regulation. Furthermore, binding of RNA polymerase was significantly lower both in the deletion of the ToxR binding site and in the five-bp deletion, but not in the ten-bp deletion, as shown in pull-down assays using an antibody against RNA polymerase subunit α. In summary, multiple factors are involved in control of the expression of LeuO, a master regulator that orchestrates downstream regulators to modulate factors required for survival and pathogenicity of the pathogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Na-Young Park
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - In Hwang Kim
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yancheng Wen
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea.,Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education for Gastrointestinal Cancer Research Center for Molecular Medicine, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, People's Republic of China
| | - Keun-Woo Lee
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sora Lee
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jeong-A Kim
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kwang-Hwan Jung
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea.,Institute of Biological Interfaces3, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyu-Ho Lee
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kun-Soo Kim
- Department of Life Science, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea. .,Interdisciplinary Program of Integrated Biotechnology, Sogang University, Seoul, Korea.
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11
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Li L, Gao M, Lu T, Gu D. RETRACTED: Dissection of ToxR-dependent and ToxR-independent stress-regulated pathways in Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Microbiol Res 2019; 223-225:79-87. [PMID: 31178055 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2019.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2019] [Revised: 03/20/2019] [Accepted: 03/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal).
This article has been retracted at the request of the authors. After having been alerted by an anonymous reader the authors found out that in order to substantiate one of their conclusions (DeltaToxR-reduced killing activity is mediated via T6SS2) more experiments are needed. To avoid any potentially wrong conclusions being published, the authors decided to retract the article and to resubmit their manuscript once the additional experiments have been completed. The Editor-in-Chief agreed to the retraction. The authors wish to apologize for any inconvenience caused.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingzhi Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety/Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Miaomiao Gao
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety/Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Tianyu Lu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety/Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Dan Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety/Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
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12
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Li L, Meng H, Gu D, Li Y, Jia M. Molecular mechanisms of Vibrio parahaemolyticus pathogenesis. Microbiol Res 2019; 222:43-51. [PMID: 30928029 DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2019] [Revised: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 03/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a Gram-negative halophilic bacterium that is mainly distributed in the seafood such as fish, shrimps and shellfish throughout the world. V. parahaemolyticus can cause diseases in marine aquaculture, leading to huge economic losses to the aquaculture industry. More importantly, it is also the leading cause of seafood-borne diarrheal disease in humans worldwide. With the development of animal model, next-generation sequencing as well as biochemical and cell biological technologies, deeper understanding of the virulence factors and pathogenic mechanisms of V. parahaemolyticus has been gained. As a globally transmitted pathogen, the pathogenicity of V. parahaemolyticus is closely related to a variety of virulence factors. This article comprehensively reviewed the molecular mechanisms of eight types of virulence factors: hemolysin, type III secretion system, type VI secretion system, adhesion factor, iron uptake system, lipopolysaccharide, protease and outer membrane proteins. This review comprehensively summarized our current understanding of the virulence factors in V. parahaemolyticus, which are potentially new targets for the development of therapeutic and preventive strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingzhi Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety/Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Hongmei Meng
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety/Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Dan Gu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety/Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China.
| | - Yang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety/Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
| | - Mengdie Jia
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Zoonosis/Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center for Prevention and Control of Important Animal Infectious Diseases and Zoonoses, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China; Joint International Research Laboratory of Agriculture and Agri-Product Safety/Key Laboratory of Prevention and Control of Biological Hazard Factors (Animal Origin) for Agrifood Safety and Quality, The Ministry of Education of China, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, 225009, China
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13
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Zhang Y, Hu L, Osei-Adjei G, Zhang Y, Yang W, Yin Z, Lu R, Sheng X, Yang R, Huang X, Zhou D. Autoregulation of ToxR and Its Regulatory Actions on Major Virulence Gene Loci in Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:291. [PMID: 30234024 PMCID: PMC6135047 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus, the leading causative agent of seafood-associated gastroenteritis, harbors two major virulence gene loci T3SS1 and Vp-PAI (T3SS2 and tdh2). ToxR is a virulence regulator of vibrios. Cell density-dependent transcriptional pattern of toxR and its regulatory actions on T3SS1 and Vp-PAI have been previously reported, but the detailed regulatory mechanisms are still obscure. In the present work, we showed that the highest transcription level of toxR occurs at an OD600 = 0.2–0.4, which may be due to the subtle repression of ToxR and the quorum-sensing (QS) master regulator AphA. We also showed that ToxR is involved in regulating the mouse lethality, enterotoxicity, cytotoxicity, and hemolytic activity of V. parahaemolyticus. ToxR binds to the multiple promoter-proximal DNA regions within the T3SS1 locus to repress their transcription. In addition, ToxR occupies the multiple promoter-proximal DNA regions of Vp-PAI locus to activate their transcription. Thus, ToxR regulates the multiple virulence phenotypes via directly acting on the T3SS1 and Vp-PAI genes. Data presented here provide a deeper understanding of the regulatory patterns of ToxR in V. parahaemolyticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiquan Zhang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Lingfei Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | | | - Ying Zhang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Wenhui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Yin
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Renyun Lu
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Xiumei Sheng
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Ruifu Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Xinxiang Huang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Dongsheng Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
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14
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Cai Q, Zhang Y. Structure, function and regulation of the thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH) in pandemic Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Microb Pathog 2018; 123:242-245. [PMID: 30031890 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2018.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 07/17/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus is a leading cause of seafood-associated bacterial gastroenteritis. The pathogen produces the thermostable direct hemolysin (TDH), which is the sole cause of the Kanagawa phenomenon (KP), a special β-type haemolysis in the Wagatsuma agar. TDH also exerts several other biological activities, the major includes lethal toxicity, cytotoxicity, and enterotoxicity. The structure and roles of TDH and the transcriptional regulation of tdh genes, are summarized in this review, which will give a better understanding of the pathogenesis of V. parahaemolyticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Cai
- The Fourth People 's Hospital of Zhenjiang, Zhenjiang, 212001, Jiangsu, PR China; School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, PR China
| | - Yiquan Zhang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, Jiangsu, PR China.
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Gao H, Xu J, Lu X, Li J, Lou J, Zhao H, Diao B, Shi Q, Zhang Y, Kan B. Expression of Hemolysin Is Regulated Under the Collective Actions of HapR, Fur, and HlyU in Vibrio cholerae El Tor Serogroup O1. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:1310. [PMID: 29971055 PMCID: PMC6018088 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.01310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The biotype El Tor of serogroup O1 and most of the non-O1/non-O139 strains of Vibrio cholerae can produce an extracellular pore-forming toxin known as cholera hemolysin (HlyA). Expression of HlyA has been previously reported to be regulated by the quorum sensing (QS) and the regulatory proteins HlyU and Fur, but lacks the direct evidence for their binding to the promoter of hlyA. In the present work, we showed that the QS regulator HapR, along with Fur and HlyU, regulates the transcription of hlyA in V. cholerae El Tor biotype. At the late mid-logarithmic growth phase, HapR binds to the three promoters of fur, hlyU, and hlyA to repress their transcription. At the early mid-logarithmic growth phase, Fur binds to the promoters of hlyU and hlyA to repress their transcription; meanwhile, HlyU binds to the promoter of hlyA to activate its transcription, but it manifests direct inhibition of its own gene. The highest transcriptional level of hlyA occurs at an OD600 value of around 0.6–0.7, which may be due to the subtle regulation of HapR, Fur, and HlyU. The complex regulation of HapR, Fur, and HlyU on hlyA would be beneficial to the invasion and pathogenesis of V. cholerae during the different infection stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- He Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jialiang Xu
- Key Laboratory of Cleaner Production and Integrated Resource Utilization of China National Light Industry, School of Food and Chemical Engineering, Beijing Technology and Business University, Beijing, China
| | - Xin Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Li
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Lou
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Hongqun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Baowei Diao
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Qiannan Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | - Yiquan Zhang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Biao Kan
- State Key Laboratory of Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
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16
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Zhang Y, Gao H, Osei-Adjei G, Zhang Y, Yang W, Yang H, Yin Z, Huang X, Zhou D. Transcriptional Regulation of the Type VI Secretion System 1 Genes by Quorum Sensing and ToxR in Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2005. [PMID: 29085350 PMCID: PMC5650642 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Vibrio parahaemolyticus, the leading cause of seafood-associated gastroenteritis, harbors two separate T6SSs on chromosomes 1 and 2, i.e., T6SS1 (VP1386-1420) and T6SS2 (VPA1025-1046). T6SS1 contains at least 7 putative operons: VP1386-1387, VP1388-1390, VP1392-1391, VP1393-1406, VP1400-1406, VP1409-1407, and VP1410-1420. V. parahaemolyticus AphA and OpaR are the two master regulators of quorum sensing (QS) system that are highly expressed at low cell density and high cell density, respectively. ToxR is a membrane-bound virulence regulatory protein conserved across the Vibrio family. In the present work, we show that ToxR coordinates with AphA and OpaR to repress T6SS1 expression in V. parahaemolyticus. OpaR binds to the promoters of VP1388-1390, VP1400-1406, and VP1409-1407 to repress their transcription, but it appears to negatively regulate VP1393-1406 transcription in an indirect manner. By contrast, AphA negatively regulated the above four T6SS1 operons in an indirect manner. In addition, ToxR binds to the promoters of VP1400-1406 and VP1409-1407 to inhibit their transcription, but it presents an indirect interaction with VP1388-1390 and VP1393-1406 promoters. Notably, the expression of ToxR also manifested in a QS-dependent manner and the highest expression occurred at LCD. Meanwhile, the highest expression of T6SS1 occurred at an OD600 value of 0.6 to 0.8 due to the tight regulation of ToxR and QS, suggesting T6SS1 functions only during the mid-logarithmic growth phase. These observations provide significant insight into the molecular mechanism of T6SS1 gene regulation by QS and ToxR in V. parahaemolyticus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiquan Zhang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - He Gao
- State Key Laboratory for Infectious Disease Prevention and Control, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Centre for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing, China
| | | | - Ying Zhang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Wenhui Yang
- Department of Biosafety, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Huiying Yang
- Department of Biosafety, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhe Yin
- Department of Biosafety, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
| | - Xinxiang Huang
- School of Medicine, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, China
| | - Dongsheng Zhou
- Department of Biosafety, State Key Laboratory of Pathogen and Biosecurity, Beijing Institute of Microbiology and Epidemiology, Beijing, China
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