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Schlicher L, Green LG, Romagnani A, Renner F. Small molecule inhibitors for cancer immunotherapy and associated biomarkers - the current status. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1297175. [PMID: 38022587 PMCID: PMC10644399 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1297175] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Following the success of cancer immunotherapy using large molecules against immune checkpoint inhibitors, the concept of using small molecules to interfere with intracellular negative regulators of anti-tumor immune responses has emerged in recent years. The main targets for small molecule drugs currently include enzymes of negative feedback loops in signaling pathways of immune cells and proteins that promote immunosuppressive signals within the tumor microenvironment. In the adaptive immune system, negative regulators of T cell receptor signaling (MAP4K1, DGKα/ζ, CBL-B, PTPN2, PTPN22, SHP1), co-receptor signaling (CBL-B) and cytokine signaling (PTPN2) have been preclinically validated as promising targets and initial clinical trials with small molecule inhibitors are underway. To enhance innate anti-tumor immune responses, inhibitory immunomodulation of cGAS/STING has been in the focus, and inhibitors of ENPP1 and TREX1 have reached the clinic. In addition, immunosuppressive signals via adenosine can be counteracted by CD39 and CD73 inhibition, while suppression via intratumoral immunosuppressive prostaglandin E can be targeted by EP2/EP4 antagonists. Here, we present the status of the most promising small molecule drug candidates for cancer immunotherapy, all residing relatively early in development, and the potential of relevant biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Schlicher
- Cancer Cell Targeted Therapy, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Luke G. Green
- Therapeutic Modalities, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Andrea Romagnani
- Cancer Cell Targeted Therapy, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Florian Renner
- Cancer Cell Targeted Therapy, Roche Pharma Research and Early Development, Roche Innovation Center Basel, F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Basel, Switzerland
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2
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Liu Y, Zhou H, Tang X. STUB1/CHIP: New insights in cancer and immunity. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115190. [PMID: 37506582 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/18/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The STUB1 gene (STIP1 homology and U-box-containing protein 1), located at 16q13.3, encodes the CHIP (carboxyl terminus of Hsc70-interacting protein), an essential E3 ligase involved in protein quality control. CHIP comprises three domains: an N-terminal tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) domain, a middle coiled-coil domain, and a C-terminal U-box domain. It functions as a co-chaperone for heat shock protein (HSP) via the TPR domain and as an E3 ligase, ubiquitinating substrates through its U-box domain. Numerous studies suggest that STUB1 plays a crucial role in various physiological process, such as aging, autophagy, and bone remodeling. Moreover, emerging evidence has shown that STUB1 can degrade oncoproteins to exert tumor-suppressive functions, and it has recently emerged as a novel player in tumor immunity. This review provides a comprehensive overview of STUB1's role in cancer, including its clinical significance, impact on tumor progression, dual roles, tumor stem cell-like properties, angiogenesis, drug resistance, and DNA repair. In addition, we explore STUB1's functions in immune cell differentiation and maturation, inflammation, autoimmunity, antiviral immune response, and tumor immunity. Collectively, STUB1 represents a promising and valuable therapeutic target in cancer and immunology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongshuo Liu
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University Genome Editing Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
| | - Honghong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Center for Big Data Research in Health, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Xiaolong Tang
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University Genome Editing Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China.
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3
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Jensen NR, Kelly RR, Kelly KD, Khoo SK, Sidles SJ, LaRue AC. From Stem to Sternum: The Role of Shp2 in the Skeleton. Calcif Tissue Int 2023; 112:403-421. [PMID: 36422682 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-022-01042-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2022] [Accepted: 11/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Src homology-2 domain-containing phosphatase 2 (SHP2) is a ubiquitously expressed phosphatase that is vital for skeletal development and maintenance of chondrocytes, osteoblasts, and osteoclasts. Study of SHP2 function in small animal models has led to insights in phenotypes observed in SHP2-mutant human disease, such as Noonan syndrome. In recent years, allosteric SHP2 inhibitors have been developed to specifically target the protein in neoplastic processes. These inhibitors are highly specific and have great potential for disease modulation in cancer and other pathologies, including bone disorders. In this review, we discuss the importance of SHP2 and related signaling pathways (e.g., Ras/MEK/ERK, JAK/STAT, PI3K/Akt) in skeletal development. We review rodent models of pathologic processes caused by germline mutations that activate SHP2 enzymatic activity, with a focus on the skeletal phenotype seen in these patients. Finally, we discuss SHP2 inhibitors in development and their potential for disease modulation in these genetic diseases, particularly as it relates to the skeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathaniel R Jensen
- Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St. Louis, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Ryan R Kelly
- Ralph H. Johnson VA Health Care System, Research Service, Charleston, SC, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Kirsten D Kelly
- Ralph H. Johnson VA Health Care System, Research Service, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Stephanie K Khoo
- Ralph H. Johnson VA Health Care System, Research Service, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Sara J Sidles
- Ralph H. Johnson VA Health Care System, Research Service, Charleston, SC, USA
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
| | - Amanda C LaRue
- Ralph H. Johnson VA Health Care System, Research Service, Charleston, SC, USA.
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA.
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4
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Tang X, Qi C, Zhou H, Liu Y. Critical roles of PTPN family members regulated by non-coding RNAs in tumorigenesis and immunotherapy. Front Oncol 2022; 12:972906. [PMID: 35957898 PMCID: PMC9360549 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.972906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2022] [Accepted: 07/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Since tyrosine phosphorylation is reversible and dynamic in vivo, the phosphorylation state of proteins is controlled by the opposing roles of protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) and protein tyrosine phosphatase (PTPs), both of which perform critical roles in signal transduction. Of these, intracellular non-receptor PTPs (PTPNs), which belong to the largest class I cysteine PTP family, are essential for the regulation of a variety of biological processes, including but not limited to hematopoiesis, inflammatory response, immune system, and glucose homeostasis. Additionally, a substantial amount of PTPNs have been identified to hold crucial roles in tumorigenesis, progression, metastasis, and drug resistance, and inhibitors of PTPNs have promising applications due to striking efficacy in antitumor therapy. Hence, the aim of this review is to summarize the role played by PTPNs, including PTPN1/PTP1B, PTPN2/TC-PTP, PTPN3/PTP-H1, PTPN4/PTPMEG, PTPN6/SHP-1, PTPN9/PTPMEG2, PTPN11/SHP-2, PTPN12/PTP-PEST, PTPN13/PTPL1, PTPN14/PEZ, PTPN18/PTP-HSCF, PTPN22/LYP, and PTPN23/HD-PTP, in human cancer and immunotherapy and to comprehensively describe the molecular pathways in which they are implicated. Given the specific roles of PTPNs, identifying potential regulators of PTPNs is significant for understanding the mechanisms of antitumor therapy. Consequently, this work also provides a review on the role of non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) in regulating PTPNs in tumorigenesis and progression, which may help us to find effective therapeutic agents for tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaolong Tang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics, Binzhou Medical University, Binzhou, China
| | - Chumei Qi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Dazhou Women and Children’s Hospital, Dazhou, China
| | - Honghong Zhou
- Key Laboratory of RNA Biology, Center for Big Data Research in Health, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Honghong Zhou, ; Yongshuo Liu,
| | - Yongshuo Liu
- Biomedical Pioneering Innovation Center (BIOPIC), Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Genomics, Peking-Tsinghua Center for Life Sciences, Peking University Genome Editing Research Center, State Key Laboratory of Protein and Plant Gene Research, School of Life Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Honghong Zhou, ; Yongshuo Liu,
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5
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Chang CJ, Lin CF, Chen BC, Lin PY, Chen CL. SHP2: The protein tyrosine phosphatase involved in chronic pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis. IUBMB Life 2021; 74:131-142. [PMID: 34590785 DOI: 10.1002/iub.2559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2021] [Revised: 08/24/2021] [Accepted: 09/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Chronic respiratory diseases (CRDs), including pulmonary fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), lung cancer, and asthma, are significant global health problems due to their prevalence and rising incidence. The roles of protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) and protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) in controlling tyrosine phosphorylation of targeting proteins modulate multiple physiological cellular responses and contribute to the pathogenesis of CRDs. Src homology-2 domain-containing PTP2 (SHP2) plays a pivotal role in modulating downstream growth factor receptor signaling and cytoplasmic PTKs, including MAPK/ERK, PI3K/AKT, and JAK/STAT pathways, to regulate cell survival and proliferation. In addition, SHP2 mutation and activation are commonly implicated in tumorigenesis. However, little is known about SHP2 in chronic pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis. This review discusses the potential involvement of SHP2 deregulation in chronic pulmonary inflammation and fibrosis, as well as the therapeutic effects of targeting SHP2 in CRDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Jung Chang
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Department of Respiratory Therapy, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
| | - Chiou-Feng Lin
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Chang Chen
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Yun Lin
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Ling Chen
- School of Respiratory Therapy, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan.,Pulmonary Research Center, Wan Fang Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Sreedurgalakshmi K, Srikar R, Harikrishnan K, Srinivasan L, Rajkumari R. Cetuximab-siRNA Conjugate Linked Through Cationized Gelatin Knocks Down KRAS G12C Mutation in NSCLC Sensitizing the Cells Toward Gefitinib. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2021; 20:15330338211041453. [PMID: 34542333 PMCID: PMC8461128 DOI: 10.1177/15330338211041453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Delivery of small-interfering RNA (siRNA) has been of great interest in the past decade for effective gene silencing. To overcome synthetic and regulatory challenges posed by nanoparticle-mediated siRNA delivery, antibody–siRNA conjugate (ARC) platform is emerging as a potential siRNA delivery system suitable for clinical translation. Herein, we have developed a delivery technology based on the ARC platform for stable delivery of siRNA called as Gelatin-Antibody Delivery System (GADS). In GADS, positively charged gelatin acts as a linker between antibody–siRNA and enables the endosomal escape of siRNA for gene silencing postcellular internalization. For proof of concept, we synthesized a scalable GADS conjugate comprising of Cetuximab (CTB), cationized gelatin (cGel) and NSCLC KRASG12C-specific siRNA. CTB was chemically conjugated to cGel through an amide link to form the CTB–cGel complex. Thereafter, siRNA was chemically conjugated to the cGel moiety of the complex through the thioether link to form CTB–cGel–siRNA conjugate. RP-HPLC analysis was used to monitor the reaction while gel retardation assay was used to determine siRNA loading capacity. SPR analysis showed the preservation of ligand binding affinity of antibody conjugates with KD of ∼0.3 nM. Furthermore, cellular internalization study using florescent microscopy revealed receptor-mediated endocytosis. The conjugate targeted EGFR receptor of KRAS mutant NSCLC to specifically knockdown G12C mutation. The oncogene knockdown sensitized the cells toward small molecule inhibitor—Gefitinib causing ∼70% loss in cell viability. Western blot analysis revealed significant downregulation for various RAS downstream proteins postoncogene knockdown. Comparison of the efficiency of GADS vis-à-vis positive siRNA control and CRISPR–Cas9-based knockout of KRAS Exon 2 in the NCI-H23 NSCLC cell line suggests GADS as a potential technology for clinical translation of gene therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- K. Sreedurgalakshmi
- Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamil Nadu, India
- R&D, Levim Biotech LLP, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - R. Srikar
- R&D, Levim Biotech LLP, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India
- R. Srikar, Division of Biosimilars and Gene Therapy, R&D,
Levim Biotech LLP, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India.
Reena Rajkumari, School of Biosciences and Technology, Vellore Institute of Technology, Vellore, Tamilnadu, India.
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Double-edged roles of protein tyrosine phosphatase SHP2 in cancer and its inhibitors in clinical trials. Pharmacol Ther 2021; 230:107966. [PMID: 34403682 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2021.107966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Revised: 07/09/2021] [Accepted: 07/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Phosphorylation is a reversible post-translational modification regulated by phosphorylase and dephosphorylase to mediate important cellular events. Src homology-2-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP2) encoded by PTPN11 is the first identified oncogenic protein in protein tyrosine phosphatases family. Serving as a convergent node, SHP2 is involved in multiple cascade signaling pathways including Ras-Raf-MEK-ERK, PI3K-AKT, JAK-STAT and PD-1/PD-L1 pathways. Especially, the double-edged roles of SHP2 based on the substrate specificity in various biological contexts dramatically increase the effect complexity in different SHP2-associated diseases. Evidences suggest that by collaborating with other mutations in associated pathways, dysregulation of SHP2 contributes to the pathogenesis of different cancers, making SHP2 a promising therapeutic target for cancer treatment. SHP2 can either act as oncogenic factor or tumor suppressor in different diseases, and both the conserved catalytic dephosphorylation mechanism and the unique allosteric regulation mechanism of SHP2 provide opportunities for the development of SHP2 inhibitors and activators. To date, several small-molecule SHP2 inhibitors have advanced into clinical trials for mono- or combined therapy of cancers. Moreover, SHP2 activators and proteolysis-targeting chimera (PROTAC)-based degraders also display therapeutic promise. In this review, we comprehensively summarize the overall structures, regulation mechanisms, double-edged roles of SHP2 in both physiological and carcinogenic pathways, and SHP2 inhibitors in clinical trials. SHP2 activators and degraders are also briefly discussed. This review aims to provide in-depth understanding of the biological roles of SHP2 and highlight therapeutic potential of targeting SHP2.
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8
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Kitata RB, Choong WK, Tsai CF, Lin PY, Chen BS, Chang YC, Nesvizhskii AI, Sung TY, Chen YJ. A data-independent acquisition-based global phosphoproteomics system enables deep profiling. Nat Commun 2021; 12:2539. [PMID: 33953186 PMCID: PMC8099862 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-021-22759-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Phosphoproteomics can provide insights into cellular signaling dynamics. To achieve deep and robust quantitative phosphoproteomics profiling for minute amounts of sample, we here develop a global phosphoproteomics strategy based on data-independent acquisition (DIA) mass spectrometry and hybrid spectral libraries derived from data-dependent acquisition (DDA) and DIA data. Benchmarking the method using 166 synthetic phosphopeptides shows high sensitivity (<0.1 ng), accurate site localization and reproducible quantification (~5% median coefficient of variation). As a proof-of-concept, we use lung cancer cell lines and patient-derived tissue to construct a hybrid phosphoproteome spectral library covering 159,524 phosphopeptides (88,107 phosphosites). Based on this library, our single-shot streamlined DIA workflow quantifies 36,350 phosphosites (19,755 class 1) in cell line samples within two hours. Application to drug-resistant cells and patient-derived lung cancer tissues delineates site-specific phosphorylation events associated with resistance and tumor progression, showing that our workflow enables the characterization of phosphorylation signaling with deep coverage, high sensitivity and low between-run missing values.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Wai-Kok Choong
- Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Feng Tsai
- Biological Sciences Division, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, Richland, Washington, 99354, USA
| | - Pei-Yi Lin
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Bo-Shiun Chen
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Yun-Chien Chang
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan
| | - Alexey I Nesvizhskii
- Department of Computational Medicine and Bioinformatics, and Department of Pathology, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, Michigan, 48109, USA
| | - Ting-Yi Sung
- Institute of Information Science, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ju Chen
- Institute of Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.
- Department of Chemistry, National Taiwan University, Taipei, 10617, Taiwan.
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Nian Q, Zeng J, He L, Chen Y, Zhang Z, Rodrigues-Lima F, Zhao L, Feng X, Shi J. A small molecule inhibitor targeting SHP2 mutations for the lung carcinoma. CHINESE CHEM LETT 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cclet.2021.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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10
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Tripathi RKP, Ayyannan SR. Emerging chemical scaffolds with potential SHP2 phosphatase inhibitory capabilities - A comprehensive review. Chem Biol Drug Des 2020; 97:721-773. [PMID: 33191603 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.13807] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The drug discovery panorama is cluttered with promising therapeutic targets that have been deserted because of inadequate authentication and screening failures. Molecular targets formerly tagged as "undruggable" are nowadays being more cautiously cross-examined, and whilst they stay intriguing, numerous targets are emerging more accessible. Protein tyrosine phosphatases (PTPs) excellently exemplifies a class of molecular targets that have transpired as druggable, with several small molecules and antibodies recently turned available for further development. In this respect, SHP2, a PTP, has emerged as one of the potential targets in the current pharmacological research, particularly for cancer, due to its critical role in various signalling pathways. Recently, few molecules with excellent potency have entered clinical trials, but none could reach the clinic. Consequently, search for novel, non-toxic, and specific SHP2 inhibitors are on purview. In this review, general aspects of SHP2 including its structure and mechanistic role in carcinogenesis have been presented. It also sheds light on the development of novel molecular architectures belonging to diverse chemical classes that have been proposed as SHP2-specific inhibitors along with their structure-activity relationships (SARs), stemming from chemical, mechanism-based and computer-aided studies reported since January 2015 to July 2020 (excluding patents), focusing on their potency and selectivity. The encyclopedic facts and discussions presented herein will hopefully facilitate researchers to design new ligands with better efficacy and selectivity against SHP2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rati Kailash Prasad Tripathi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Sushruta School of Medical and Paramedical Sciences, Assam University (A Central University), Silchar, Assam, India.,Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
| | - Senthil Raja Ayyannan
- Pharmaceutical Chemistry Research Laboratory, Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering & Technology, Indian Institute of Technology, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, Uttar Pradesh, India
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Therapeutic potential of targeting SHP2 in human developmental disorders and cancers. Eur J Med Chem 2020; 190:112117. [PMID: 32061959 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2020.112117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 02/03/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Src homology 2 (SH2)-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase 2 (SHP2), encoded by PTPN11, regulates cell proliferation, differentiation, apoptosis and survival via releasing intramolecular autoinhibition and modulating various signaling pathways, such as mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway. Mutations and aberrant expression of SHP2 are implicated in human developmental disorders, leukemias and several solid tumors. As an oncoprotein in some cancers, SHP2 represents a rational target for inhibitors to interfere. Nevertheless, its tumor suppressive effect has also been uncovered, indicating the context-specificity. Even so, two types of SHP2 inhibitors including targeting catalytic pocket and allosteric sites have been developed associated with resolved cocrystal complexes. Herein, we describe its structure, biological function, deregulation in human diseases and summarize recent advance in development of SHP2 inhibitors, trying to give an insight into the therapeutic potential in future.
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12
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Aberrant Expression of miR-362 Promotes Lung Cancer Metastasis through Downregulation of Sema3A. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:1687097. [PMID: 30155491 PMCID: PMC6093061 DOI: 10.1155/2018/1687097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 06/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
miR-362 is a recently discovered member of the microRNA family, and it modulates a variety of physical activities and plays an important role in the occurrence and development of many tumors. However, the biological functions of hsa-miR-362-5p in non-small-cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC) are unknown. Transwell assay and colony formation were used to determine the migration, invasion, and proliferation of NSCLC cells in vitro. A subcutaneous tumor model in nude mice was established to detect NSCLC tumor growth in vivo. The direct binding of miR-362 to the 3'UTR of Semaphorin 3A (Sema3A) was confirmed by luciferase reporter assay. In this study, we found that the level of miR-362 was higher in NSCLC tissues than in adjacent normal tissues and that the level of miR-362 expression was also elevated in five NSCLC cell lines (A549, 95-D, H1299, H292, and H460) relative to a human normal lung epithelial cell line (BEAS2B). Furthermore, miR-362 promoted NSCLC cell invasion, migration, and colony formation in vitro and tumor formation in vivo. Next, we identified the miR-362 target gene Sema3A, which is significantly correlated with metastasis. Sema3A expression was increased in normal tissues relative to NSCLC tissues. This result is consistent with the fact that miR-362 expression is negatively correlated with Sema3A expression in clinical tissue samples and indicated that miR-362 can regulate Sema3A expression in NSCLC cells and consequently affect NSCLC invasion, migration, and colony formation. Taken together, these findings on the newly identified miR-362/Sema3A axis elucidate the molecular mechanism of NSCLC invasion and migration and could lead to a potential therapeutic target in NSCLC treatment.
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