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Jiang S, Sun HF, Li S, Zhang N, Chen JS, Liu JX. SPARC: a potential target for functional nanomaterials and drugs. Front Mol Biosci 2023; 10:1235428. [PMID: 37577749 PMCID: PMC10419254 DOI: 10.3389/fmolb.2023.1235428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 08/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC), also termed osteonectin or BM-40, is a matricellular protein which regulates cell adhesion, extracellular matrix production, growth factor activity, and cell cycle. Although SPARC does not perform a structural function, it, however, modulates interactions between cells and the surrounding extracellular matrix due to its anti-proliferative and anti-adhesion properties. The overexpression of SPARC at sites, including injury, regeneration, obesity, cancer, and inflammation, reveals its application as a prospective target and therapeutic indicator in the treatment and assessment of disease. This article comprehensively summarizes the mechanism of SPARC overexpression in inflammation and tumors as well as the latest research progress of functional nanomaterials in the therapy of rheumatoid arthritis and tumors by manipulating SPARC as a new target. This article provides ideas for using functional nanomaterials to treat inflammatory diseases through the SPARC target. The purpose of this article is to provide a reference for ongoing disease research based on SPARC-targeted therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shan Jiang
- School of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Rehabilitation and Healthcare, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
| | - Hui-Feng Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
| | - Shuang Li
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Rehabilitation and Healthcare, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
- College Pharmacy, Jiamusi University, Jiamusi, China
| | - Ning Zhang
- School of Pharmacy, Heilongjiang University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Harbin, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Rehabilitation and Healthcare, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
| | - Ji-Song Chen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Rehabilitation and Healthcare, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
| | - Jian-Xin Liu
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Department of Rehabilitation and Healthcare, Hunan University of Medicine, Huaihua, China
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of South China, Hengyang, China
- Institute of Innovation and Applied Research in Chinese Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
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2
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Wu L, de Perrot M. Omics Overview of the SPARC Gene in Mesothelioma. Biomolecules 2023; 13:1103. [PMID: 37509139 PMCID: PMC10377476 DOI: 10.3390/biom13071103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2023] [Revised: 07/06/2023] [Accepted: 07/08/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The SPARC gene plays multiple roles in extracellular matrix synthesis and cell shaping, associated with tumor cell migration, invasion, and metastasis. The SPARC gene is also involved in the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) process, which is a critical phenomenon leading to a more aggressive cancer cell phenotype. SPARC gene overexpression has shown to be associated with poor survival in the mesothelioma (MESO) cohort from the TCGA database, indicating that this gene may be a powerful prognostic factor in MESO. Its overexpression is correlated with the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Here, we summarize the omics advances of the SPARC gene, including the summary of SPARC gene expression associated with prognosis in pancancer and MESO, the immunosuppressive microenvironment, and cancer cell stemness. In addition, SPARC might be targeted by microRNAs. Notably, despite the controversial functions on angiogenesis, SPARC may directly or indirectly contribute to tumor angiogenesis in MESO. In conclusion, SPARC is involved in tumor invasion, metastasis, immunosuppression, cancer cell stemness, and tumor angiogenesis, eventually impacting patient survival. Strategies targeting this gene may provide novel therapeutic approaches to the treatment of MESO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Licun Wu
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network (UHN), 9N-961, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada;
| | - Marc de Perrot
- Latner Thoracic Surgery Research Laboratories, Division of Thoracic Surgery, Toronto General Hospital, Toronto General Hospital Research Institute, University Health Network (UHN), 9N-961, 200 Elizabeth Street, Toronto, ON M5G 2C4, Canada;
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Princess Margaret Hospital, University Health Network (UHN), Toronto, ON M5G 1L7, Canada
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A1, Canada
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3
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Ma W, Yan Y, Bai S, Zhou Y, Wang X, Feng Z, Li G, Zhou S, Zhang J, Ren J. SPARC expression in tumor microenvironment induces partial epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of esophageal adenocarcinoma cells via cooperating with TGF-β signaling. Cell Biol Int 2023; 47:250-259. [PMID: 36229930 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Revised: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Secreted protein, acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) has been characterized as an oncoprotein in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), but its involvement in the pathological development of esophageal adenocarcinoma (ESAD) remains poorly understood. In this study, we aimed to explore the sources of SPARC in the tumor microenvironment (TME) and its functional role in ESAD. Bioinformatic analysis was conducted using data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA)-esophageal cancer (ESCA) and Genotype-Tissue Expression (GTEx). ESAD tumor cell line OE33 and OE19 cells were used as in vitro cell models. Results showed that SPARC upregulation was associated with unfavorable disease-specific survival (DSS) in ESAD. ESAD tumor cells (OE33 and OE19) had no detectable SPARC protein expression. In contrast, IHC staining in ESAD tumor tissues suggested that peritumoral stromal cells (tumor-associated fibroblasts and macrophages) were the dominant SPARC source in TME. Exogenous SPARC induced partial epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition of ESAD cells, reflected by reduced CDH1 and elevated ZEB1/VIM expression at both mRNA and protein levels. Besides, exogenous SPARC enhanced tumor cell invasion. When TGFBR2 expression was inhibited, the activation of TGF-β signaling induced by exogenous SPARC was impaired. However, the activating effects were rescued by overexpressing mutant TGFBR2 resistant to the shRNA sequence. Copresence of exogenous SPARC and TGF-β1 induced higher expression of mesenchymal markers and enhanced the invading capability of ESAD cells than TGF-β1 alone. In conclusion, this study suggests a potential cross-talk between ESAD tumor stromal cells and cancer cells via a SPARC-TGF-β1 paracrine network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Ma
- Department of Radiotherapy, Oncology Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China.,Department of Radiotherapy, Gansu Provincial Hospital, Lanzhou, China
| | - Yanli Yan
- Department of Radiotherapy, Oncology Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shuheng Bai
- Department of Radiotherapy, Oncology Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Yun Zhou
- Department of Radiotherapy, Oncology Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Xuan Wang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Oncology Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Zhaode Feng
- Department of Radiotherapy, Oncology Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Guangzu Li
- Department of Radiotherapy, Oncology Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Shuling Zhou
- Department of Radiotherapy, Oncology Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Jiangzhou Zhang
- Department of Radiotherapy, Oncology Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
| | - Juan Ren
- Department of Radiotherapy, Oncology Department, First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, China
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4
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Lee Y, Bogdanoff D, Wang Y, Hartoularos GC, Woo JM, Mowery CT, Nisonoff HM, Lee DS, Sun Y, Lee J, Mehdizadeh S, Cantlon J, Shifrut E, Ngyuen DN, Roth TL, Song YS, Marson A, Chow ED, Ye CJ. XYZeq: Spatially resolved single-cell RNA sequencing reveals expression heterogeneity in the tumor microenvironment. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2021; 7:7/17/eabg4755. [PMID: 33883145 PMCID: PMC8059935 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.abg4755] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) of tissues has revealed remarkable heterogeneity of cell types and states but does not provide information on the spatial organization of cells. To better understand how individual cells function within an anatomical space, we developed XYZeq, a workflow that encodes spatial metadata into scRNA-seq libraries. We used XYZeq to profile mouse tumor models to capture spatially barcoded transcriptomes from tens of thousands of cells. Analyses of these data revealed the spatial distribution of distinct cell types and a cell migration-associated transcriptomic program in tumor-associated mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Furthermore, we identify localized expression of tumor suppressor genes by MSCs that vary with proximity to the tumor core. We demonstrate that XYZeq can be used to map the transcriptome and spatial localization of individual cells in situ to reveal how cell composition and cell states can be affected by location within complex pathological tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youjin Lee
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Derek Bogdanoff
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Center for Advanced Technology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Yutong Wang
- Graduate Group in Biostatistics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Center for Computational Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - George C Hartoularos
- Graduate Program in Biological and Medical Informatics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Jonathan M Woo
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Cody T Mowery
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Hunter M Nisonoff
- Center for Computational Biology, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
| | - David S Lee
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Yang Sun
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - James Lee
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Sadaf Mehdizadeh
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | | | - Eric Shifrut
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - David N Ngyuen
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Theodore L Roth
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Medical Scientist Training Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Biomedical Sciences Graduate Program, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Yun S Song
- Computer Science Division, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Department of Statistics, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Alexander Marson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
- Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Innovative Genomics Institute, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
- J. David Gladstone Institutes, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- UCSF Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94129, USA
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Eric D Chow
- Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA.
- Center for Advanced Technology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Chun Jimmie Ye
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
- Chan Zuckerberg Biohub, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Parker Institute for Cancer Immunotherapy, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94129, USA
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Gladstone-UCSF Institute of Genomic Immunology, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Institute of Computational Health Sciences, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
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Hu J, Ma Y, Ma J, Chen S, Zhang X, Guo S, Huang Z, Yue T, Yang Y, Ning Y, Zhu J, Wang P, Wang X, Chen G, Liu Y. Macrophage-derived SPARC Attenuates M2-mediated Pro-tumour Phenotypes. J Cancer 2020; 11:2981-2992. [PMID: 32226513 PMCID: PMC7086259 DOI: 10.7150/jca.39651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the theory of seed and soil was put forward, people have increasingly recognized that the tumour microenvironment is an important regulator of tumour progression and therapeutic response. Among them, M2-type macrophages (M2, as the major macrophage subtype in the tumour foci) have important promoting effects on various biological behaviours. Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) is an important anti-tumour component in the microenvironment of gastric cancer. This study shows that macrophages are an important source of the SPARC and that SPARC overexpression in M2 can reduce M2-mediated promoting proliferation, migration and anti-apoptotic effects in gastric cancer. Additionally, the AKT/mTOR signalling pathways may participate in the malignant process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianwen Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, PR China
| | - Yongchen Ma
- Endoscopy Center, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, PR China
| | - Ju Ma
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, PR China
| | - Shanwen Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, PR China
| | - Xiaoqian Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, PR China
| | - Shihao Guo
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, PR China
| | - Zhihao Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, PR China
| | - Taohua Yue
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, PR China
| | - Yanpeng Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, PR China
| | - Yingze Ning
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, PR China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, PR China
| | - Pengyuan Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, PR China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, PR China
| | - Guowei Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, PR China.,Endoscopy Center, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, PR China
| | - Yucun Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, PR China.,Endoscopy Center, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034, PR China
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6
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Shao S, Zhou NM, Dai DQ. Aberrant methylation of secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine gene and its significance in gastric cancer. World J Gastroenterol 2019; 25:6713-6727. [PMID: 31857774 PMCID: PMC6920660 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i46.6713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Revised: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aberrant methylation in DNA regulatory regions could downregulate tumor suppressor genes without changing the sequences. However, our knowledge of secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) and its aberrant methylation in gastric cancer (GC) is still inadequate. In the present research, we performed fundamental research to clarify the precise function of methylation on SPARC and its significance in GC.
AIM To investigate promoter methylation and the effects of the SPARC gene in GC cells and tissues and to evaluate its clinical significance.
METHODS Plasmids that overexpressed the SPARC gene were transfected into human GC BGC-823 cells; non-transfected cells were used as a control group (NC group). Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blotting (WB) were then used to detect the expression of SPARC. Methylation-specific polymerase chain reaction was executed to analyze the gene promoter methylation status. Cell viability was measured by the cell counting kit-8 assay. The migration and invasion ability of cells were detected by scratch assays and transwell chamber assays, respectively. Cell cycle events and apoptosis were observed with a flow cytometer.
RESULTS The expression of SPARC mRNA in GC tissues and cells was significantly lower and showed differing degrees of hypermethylation, respectively, than that in normal adjacent tissues and control cells. Treatment with 5-Aza-2’-deoxycytidine (5-Aza-Cdr) was able to restore the expression of SPARC and reverse promoter hypermethylation. Overexpression of the SPARC gene significantly inhibited proliferation, migration, and invasion of GC cells, while also causing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis; the NC group exhibited the opposite effects.
CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that SPARC could function as a tumor suppressor and might be silenced by promoter hypermethylation. Furthermore, in GC cells, SPARC inhibited migration, invasion, and proliferation, caused cell cycle arrest at the G0/G1 phase, and promoted apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Shao
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Nuo-Ming Zhou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, Liaoning Province, China
| | - Dong-Qiu Dai
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, the Fourth Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110032, Liaoning Province, China
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Jiang X, Liu F, Wang Y, Gao J. Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine promotes epithelial-mesenchymal transition of hepatocellular carcinoma cells and acquisition of cancerstem cell phenotypes. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2019; 34:1860-1868. [PMID: 31041810 DOI: 10.1111/jgh.14692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIM Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) is a matricellular glycoprotein that plays a significant role in tumor development. SPARC has been indicated that promotes tumorigenesis, metastasis, and poor prognosis in prostate cancer and lung cancer. Therefore, we sought to investigate the molecular mechanisms of SPARC in regulating hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). METHODS We used spheroids cultured in serum-free culture medium to obtain liver cancer stem cells. Flow cytometric analysis was performed to investigate percentage of CD133+ cells in liver cancer cells. Real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot were used to assess gene expression in cell lines. Transwell and wound healing assays were performed to indicate cell migration of HCC. RESULTS Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine was upregulated in spheres formation in HCC cells. Overexpression of SPARC enhanced the ability to form tumor spheres and increased CD133 and Oct4 expressions. Besides, SPARC promoted the migration and epithelial-mesenchymal transition in HCC cells. Importantly, SPARC overexpression stimulated the formation of subcutaneous tumors in nude mice. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that SPARC overexpression promotes tumor growth, inducing epithelial-mesenchymal transition and acquisition of a stem cell phenotype. What is more, research elucidating the biological mechanisms of SPARC may be beneficial to liver cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Jiang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Fengchao Liu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yiying Wang
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jian Gao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China
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8
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Impact of Fibroblast-Derived SPARC on Invasiveness of Colorectal Cancer Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:cancers11101421. [PMID: 31554208 PMCID: PMC6827058 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11101421] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 08/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Secreted protein acidic and rich in cysteine (SPARC) is a matricellular protein modulating cell-matrix interactions and was found up-regulated in tumor stroma. To explore the effect of high stromal SPARC on colorectal cancer (CRC) cell behavior and clinical outcome, this study determined SPARC expression in patients suffering from stage II and III CRC using a publicly available mRNA data set and immunohistochemistry of tissue microarray sections. Moreover, in vitro co-culture models using CRC cell lines together with colon-associated fibroblasts were established to determine the effect of fibroblast-derived SPARC on cancer cells. In 466 patient samples, high SPARC mRNA was associated with a shorter disease-free survival. In 99 patients of the tissue microarray cohort, high stromal SPARC in the primary tumor was an independent predictor of shorter survival in patients with relapse (27 cases; HR = 4574, p = 0.004). In CRC cell lines, SPARC suppressed phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase and stimulated cell migration. Colon-associated fibroblasts increased migration velocity by 30% and doubled track-length in SPARC-dependent manner. In a 3D co-culture system, fibroblast-derived SPARC enhanced tumor cell invasion. Taken together, stromal SPARC had a pro-metastatic impact in vitro and was a characteristic of aggressive tumors with poor prognosis in CRC patients.
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9
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Wang J, Gao P, Song Y, Sun J, Chen X, Yu H, Wang Y, Wang Z. Prognostic value of gastric cancer-associated gene signatures: Evidence based on a meta-analysis using integrated bioinformatics methods. J Cell Mol Med 2018; 22:5743-5747. [PMID: 30133128 PMCID: PMC6201382 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.13823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2018] [Revised: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Selecting differentially expressed genes (DEGs) based on integrated bioinformatics analyses has been used in previous studies to explore potential biomarkers in gastric cancer (GC) with microarray and RNA sequencing data. However, the genes obtained may be inaccurate because of noisy data and errors, as well as insufficient clinical sample sizes. Thus, we aimed to find robust and strong DEGs with prognostic value for GC, where the robust rank aggregation method was employed to select significant DEGs from eight Gene Expression Omnibus data sets with a total of 140 up‐regulated and 206 down‐regulated genes. Network data mining was then used to screen hub genes, and 11 genes were filtered using Fisher's exact test. Based on these results, we built a prognostic signature with seven genes (FBN1,MMP1,PLAU,SPARC,COL1A2,COL2A1 and ATP4A) using stepwise multivariate Cox proportional hazard regression. According to the risk score for each patient, we found that high‐risk group patients had significantly worse survival results compared with those in the low‐risk group (log‐rank test P‐value < 0.001). This seven‐gene signature was then validated with an external data set. Thus, we established a signature based on seven DEGs with prognostic value for GC patients using multi‐steps bioinformatics methods, which may provide novel insights and potential biomarkers for prognosis, as well as possibly serving as new therapeutic targets in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Heping District, Shenyang, China
| | - Peng Gao
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Heping District, Shenyang, China
| | - Yongxi Song
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Heping District, Shenyang, China
| | - Jingxu Sun
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Heping District, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaowan Chen
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Heping District, Shenyang, China
| | - Hong Yu
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Heping District, Shenyang, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Heping District, Shenyang, China
| | - Zhenning Wang
- Department of Surgical Oncology and General Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Heping District, Shenyang, China
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10
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Ma Y, Zhu J, Chen S, Li T, Ma J, Guo S, Hu J, Yue T, Zhang J, Wang P, Wang X, Chen G, Liu Y. Activated gastric cancer-associated fibroblasts contribute to the malignant phenotype and 5-FU resistance via paracrine action in gastric cancer. Cancer Cell Int 2018; 18:104. [PMID: 30038550 PMCID: PMC6053778 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-018-0599-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) play important roles in tumor progression. However, the behaviors of activated CAFs in gastric cancer remain to be determined. The aim of the present study was to investigate the correlations between activated gastric CAFs and the prognosis of patients with gastric cancer, and to determine the effects of activated CAFs on the malignant phenotype and 5-fluorouracil resistance in this cancer. Methods Ninety-five patients with primary gastric cancer were enrolled in this study. Activation states of gastric CAFs were evaluated by immunohistochemistry. A modified method for the primary culture of gastric CAFs was employed. Types of CAFs and activation states were identified by immunocytochemical and immunofluorescent staining. Cell co-culture and gastric CAF conditioned medium transfer models were established to investigate the paracrine effects of activated CAFs on the migration and invasion of gastric cell lines. The half maximal inhibitory concentration of 5-fluorouracil and levels of cell apoptosis were examined using cell viability assay and flow cytometry, respectively. Protein expression levels of associated molecules were measured by Western blotting. Results Kaplan–Meier survival curves showed that activated gastric CAFs identified via fibroblast activation protein were significantly related to poorer cumulative survival in gastric cancer patients. Five strains of CAFs were successfully cultured via the modified culture method, and three gastric CAFs strains were identified as activated gastric CAFs. The migration and invasion abilities of gastric cells were significantly enhanced in both the co-culture group and the conditioned medium group. The half maximal inhibitory concentration for 5-fluorouracil in BGC-823 cells was elevated after treatment with conditioned medium, and early apoptosis was inhibited. Additionally, an obvious elevation of epithelial–mesenchymal transition level was observed in the conditioned medium group. Conclusions Activated gastric CAFs correlate with a poor prognosis of cancer patients and may contribute to the malignant phenotype and the development of resistance to 5-fluorouracil via paracrine action in gastric cancer. Gastric CAFs with a specific activation state might be used as a tumor biomarker within the microenvironment for prognosis and as a new therapeutic target for chemoresistant gastric cancer. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12935-018-0599-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongchen Ma
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034 People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034 People's Republic of China
| | - Shanwen Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034 People's Republic of China
| | - Tengyu Li
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034 People's Republic of China
| | - Ju Ma
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034 People's Republic of China
| | - Shihao Guo
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034 People's Republic of China
| | - Jianwen Hu
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034 People's Republic of China
| | - Taohua Yue
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034 People's Republic of China
| | - Junling Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034 People's Republic of China
| | - Pengyuan Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034 People's Republic of China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034 People's Republic of China
| | - Guowei Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034 People's Republic of China
| | - Yucun Liu
- Department of General Surgery, Peking University First Hospital, Beijing, 100034 People's Republic of China
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