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Rani M, Nath A, Kumer A. In-silico investigations on the anticancer activity of selected 2-aryloxazoline derivatives against breast cancer. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2023; 41:8392-8401. [PMID: 36245134 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2022.2134208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
As the in-silico study has become an important tool to search for new drugs in the concurrent era with towering acceptance and accuracy, it has been employed in our research to unearth effective cancer drugs. Breast cancer has accounted for the most serious diseases for both men and women. Although few research outputs have been obtained on breast cancer, these are not an adequate amount to ascertain new drugs. Due to this gap, virtual screening, in-silico study, and computational techniques have been used to provide the ability to design and select anticancer compounds with desirable drug-like properties of breast cancer protein, which is commonly known as fatty acid synthase. A total of nine derivatives of 2-aryloxazoline compounds were chosen, and In-silico was studied to evaluate as a potential anticancer agent with the comparison of seven Food and Drug Administration(FDA) approved breast cancer drugs. These compounds were subjected to computational studies for quantum calculations, ADME and Lipinski analysis, as well as molecular docking and MD simulations against a variety of therapeutic targets involved in cell proliferation of fatty acid synthase (PDB ID:3TJM, 3ERT, 4OAR, 2J6M). An in-silico docking study reveals that ligands Hit-4, Hit-6, and Hit-8 had the highest docking scores at -10.3 kcal/mol, -10.3 kcal/mol, and -10.2 kcal/mol towards the protein of fatty acid synthase. The ligands had docking scores better than the standard anti-breast cancer drug gefitinib (-5.3 kcal/mole). Our findings demonstrate how crucial it is for pharmaceutical researchers to develop novel drugs for the treatment of breast cancer.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moly Rani
- Department of Chemistry, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Dhaka, Bangladesh
| | - Ashutosh Nath
- Department of Chemistry, Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology (BUET), Dhaka, Bangladesh
- Department of Chemistry, University of Massachusetts Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ajoy Kumer
- Laboratory of Computational Research for Drug Design and Material Science, Department of Chemistry, European University of Bangladesh, Dhaka, Bangladesh
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2
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Metabolomic and Mitochondrial Fingerprinting of the Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition (EMT) in Non-Tumorigenic and Tumorigenic Human Breast Cells. Cancers (Basel) 2022; 14:cancers14246214. [PMID: 36551699 PMCID: PMC9776482 DOI: 10.3390/cancers14246214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2022] [Revised: 12/07/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is key to tumor aggressiveness, therapy resistance, and immune escape in breast cancer. Because metabolic traits might be involved along the EMT continuum, we investigated whether human breast epithelial cells engineered to stably acquire a mesenchymal phenotype in non-tumorigenic and H-RasV12-driven tumorigenic backgrounds possess unique metabolic fingerprints. We profiled mitochondrial-cytosolic bioenergetic and one-carbon (1C) metabolites by metabolomic analysis, and then questioned the utilization of different mitochondrial substrates by EMT mitochondria and their sensitivity to mitochondria-centered inhibitors. "Upper" and "lower" glycolysis were the preferred glucose fluxes activated by EMT in non-tumorigenic and tumorigenic backgrounds, respectively. EMT in non-tumorigenic and tumorigenic backgrounds could be distinguished by the differential contribution of the homocysteine-methionine 1C cycle to the transsulfuration pathway. Both non-tumorigenic and tumorigenic EMT-activated cells showed elevated mitochondrial utilization of glycolysis end-products such as lactic acid, β-oxidation substrates including palmitoyl-carnitine, and tricarboxylic acid pathway substrates such as succinic acid. Notably, mitochondria in tumorigenic EMT cells distinctively exhibited a significant alteration in the electron flow intensity from succinate to mitochondrial complex III as they were highly refractory to the inhibitory effects of antimycin A and myxothiazol. Our results show that the bioenergetic/1C metabolic signature, the utilization rates of preferred mitochondrial substrates, and sensitivity to mitochondrial drugs significantly differs upon execution of EMT in non-tumorigenic and tumorigenic backgrounds, which could help to resolve the relationship between EMT, malignancy, and therapeutic resistance in breast cancer.
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Llop-Hernández À, Verdura S, Cuyàs E, Menendez JA. Nutritional Niches of Cancer Therapy-Induced Senescent Cells. Nutrients 2022; 14:nu14173636. [PMID: 36079891 PMCID: PMC9460569 DOI: 10.3390/nu14173636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapy-induced senescence (TIS) is a state of stable proliferative arrest of both normal and neoplastic cells that is triggered by exposure to anticancer treatments. TIS cells acquire a senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP), which is pro-inflammatory and actively promotes tumor relapse and adverse side-effects in patients. Here, we hypothesized that TIS cells adapt their scavenging and catabolic ability to overcome the nutritional constraints in their microenvironmental niches. We used a panel of mechanistically-diverse TIS triggers (i.e., bleomycin, doxorubicin, alisertib, and palbociclib) and Biolog Phenotype MicroArrays to identify (among 190 different carbon and nitrogen sources) candidate metabolites that support the survival of TIS cells in limiting nutrient conditions. We provide evidence of distinguishable TIS-associated nutrient consumption profiles involving a core set of shared (e.g., glutamine) and unique (e.g., glucose-1-phosphate, inosine, and uridine) nutritional sources after diverse senescence-inducing interventions. We also observed a trend for an inverse correlation between the intensity of the pro-inflammatory SASP provoked by different TIS agents and diversity of compensatory nutritional niches utilizable by senescent cells. These findings support the detailed exploration of the nutritional niche as a new metabolic dimension to understand and target TIS in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Verdura
- Metabolism and Cancer Group, Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE), Catalan Institute of Oncology, 17005 Girona, Spain
| | - Elisabet Cuyàs
- Girona Biomedical Research Institute, 17190 Girona, Spain
- Metabolism and Cancer Group, Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE), Catalan Institute of Oncology, 17005 Girona, Spain
- Correspondence: (E.C.); or (J.A.M.)
| | - Javier A. Menendez
- Girona Biomedical Research Institute, 17190 Girona, Spain
- Metabolism and Cancer Group, Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE), Catalan Institute of Oncology, 17005 Girona, Spain
- Correspondence: (E.C.); or (J.A.M.)
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Alderweireldt E, Grootaert C, De Wever O, Van Camp J. A two-front nutritional environment fuels colorectal cancer: perspectives for dietary intervention. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2022; 33:105-119. [PMID: 34887164 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2021.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) develops and progresses in a nutritional environment comprising a continuously changing luminal cocktail of external dietary and microbial factors on the apical side, and a dynamic host-related pool of systemic factors on the serosal side. In this review, we highlight how this two-front environment influences the bioenergetic status of colonocytes throughout CRC development from (cancer) stem cells to cancer cells in nutrient-rich and nutrient-poor conditions, and eventually to metastatic cells, which, upon entry to the circulation and during metastatic seeding, are forced to metabolically adapt. Furthermore, given the influence of diet on the two-front nutritional environment, we discuss dietary strategies that target the specific metabolic preferences of these cells, with a possible impact on colon cancer cell bioenergetics and CRC outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elien Alderweireldt
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Grootaert
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Olivier De Wever
- Laboratory of Experimental Cancer Research, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
| | - John Van Camp
- Laboratory of Food Chemistry and Human Nutrition, Faculty of Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium.
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Metabolic Reprogramming of Glioblastoma Cells during HCMV Infection Induces Secretome-Mediated Paracrine Effects in the Microenvironment. Viruses 2022; 14:v14010103. [PMID: 35062307 PMCID: PMC8777757 DOI: 10.3390/v14010103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2021] [Revised: 12/22/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) is an aggressive primary central nervous system neoplasia with limited therapeutic options and poor prognosis. Following reports of cytomegalovirus (HCMV) in GBM tumors, the anti-viral drug Valganciclovir was administered and found to significantly increase the longevity of GBM patients. While these findings suggest a role for HCMV in GBM, the relationship between them is not clear and remains controversial. Treatment with anti-viral drugs may prove clinically useful; however, their results do not explain the underlying mechanism between HCMV infection and GBM progression. We hypothesized that HCMV infection would metabolically reprogram GBM cells and that these changes would allow for increased tumor progression. We infected LN-18 GBM cells and employed a Seahorse Bioanalyzer to characterize cellular metabolism. Increased mitochondrial respiration and glycolytic rates were observed following infection. These changes were accompanied by elevated production of reactive oxygen species and lactate. Due to lactate’s numerous tumor-promoting effects, we examined the impact of paracrine signaling of HCMV-infected GBM cells on uninfected stromal cells. Our results indicated that, independent of viral transmission, the secretome of HCMV-infected GBM cells was able to alter the expression of key metabolic proteins and epigenetic markers. This suggests a mechanism of action where reprogramming of GBM cells alters the surrounding tumor microenvironment to be permissive to tumor progression in a manner akin to the Reverse-Warburg Effect. Overall, this suggests a potential oncomodulatory role for HCMV in the context of GBM.
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Kaur J, Bhattacharyya S. Cancer Stem Cells: Metabolic Characterization for Targeted Cancer Therapy. Front Oncol 2021; 11:756888. [PMID: 34804950 PMCID: PMC8602811 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.756888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The subpopulation of cancer stem cells (CSCs) within tumor bulk are known for tumor recurrence and metastasis. CSCs show intrinsic resistance to conventional therapies and phenotypic plasticity within the tumor, which make these a difficult target for conventional therapies. CSCs have different metabolic phenotypes based on their needs as compared to the bulk cancer cells. CSCs show metabolic plasticity and constantly alter their metabolic state between glycolysis and oxidative metabolism (OXPHOS) to adapt to scarcity of nutrients and therapeutic stress. The metabolic characteristics of CSCs are distinct compared to non-CSCs and thus provide an opportunity to devise more effective strategies to target CSCs. Mechanism for metabolic switch in CSCs is still unravelled, however existing evidence suggests that tumor microenvironment affects the metabolic phenotype of cancer cells. Understanding CSCs metabolism may help in discovering new and effective clinical targets to prevent cancer relapse and metastasis. This review summarises the current knowledge of CSCs metabolism and highlights the potential targeted treatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jasmeet Kaur
- Department of Biophysics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
| | - Shalmoli Bhattacharyya
- Department of Biophysics, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research (PGIMER), Chandigarh, India
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Zahan T, Das PK, Akter SF, Habib R, Rahman MH, Karim MR, Islam F. Therapy Resistance in Cancers: Phenotypic, Metabolic, Epigenetic and Tumour Microenvironmental Perspectives. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 20:2190-2206. [PMID: 32748758 DOI: 10.2174/1871520620999200730161829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemoresistance is a vital problem in cancer therapy where cancer cells develop mechanisms to encounter the effect of chemotherapeutics, resulting in cancer recurrence. In addition, chemotherapy- resistant leads to the formation of a more aggressive form of cancer cells, which, in turn, contributes to the poor survival of patients with cancer. OBJECTIVE In this review, we aimed to provide an overview of how the therapy resistance property evolves in cancer cells, contributing factors and their role in cancer chemoresistance, and exemplified the problems of some available therapies. METHODS The published literature on various electronic databases including, Pubmed, Scopus, Google scholar containing keywords cancer therapy resistance, phenotypic, metabolic and epigenetic factors, were vigorously searched, retrieved and analyzed. RESULTS Cancer cells have developed a range of cellular processes, including uncontrolled activation of Epithelial- Mesenchymal Transition (EMT), metabolic reprogramming and epigenetic alterations. These cellular processes play significant roles in the generation of therapy resistance. Furthermore, the microenvironment where cancer cells evolve effectively contributes to the process of chemoresistance. In tumour microenvironment immune cells, Mesenchymal Stem Cells (MSCs), endothelial cells and cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) contribute to the maintenance of therapy-resistant phenotype via the secretion of factors that promote resistance to chemotherapy. CONCLUSION To conclude, as these factors hinder successful cancer therapies, therapeutic resistance property of cancer cells is a subject of intense research, which in turn could open a new horizon to aim for developing efficient therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tasnim Zahan
- Molecular Mechanisms of Disease, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Plabon K Das
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh
| | - Syeda F Akter
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh
| | - Rowshanul Habib
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh
| | - Md Habibur Rahman
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh
| | - Md Rezaul Karim
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh
| | - Farhadul Islam
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Rajshahi, Rajshahi-6205, Bangladesh,Institute for Glycomics, Griffith University, Queensland, Australia
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8
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Ward MP, E Kane L, A Norris L, Mohamed BM, Kelly T, Bates M, Clarke A, Brady N, Martin CM, Brooks RD, Brooks DA, Selemidis S, Hanniffy S, Dixon EP, A O'Toole S, J O'Leary J. Platelets, immune cells and the coagulation cascade; friend or foe of the circulating tumour cell? Mol Cancer 2021; 20:59. [PMID: 33789677 PMCID: PMC8011144 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-021-01347-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2020] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells that transit from primary tumours into the circulatory system are known as circulating tumour cells (CTCs). These cancer cells have unique phenotypic and genotypic characteristics which allow them to survive within the circulation, subsequently extravasate and metastasise. CTCs have emerged as a useful diagnostic tool using "liquid biopsies" to report on the metastatic potential of cancers. However, CTCs by their nature interact with components of the blood circulatory system on a constant basis, influencing both their physical and morphological characteristics as well as metastatic capabilities. These properties and the associated molecular profile may provide critical diagnostic and prognostic capabilities in the clinic. Platelets interact with CTCs within minutes of their dissemination and are crucial in the formation of the initial metastatic niche. Platelets and coagulation proteins also alter the fate of a CTC by influencing EMT, promoting pro-survival signalling and aiding in evading immune cell destruction. CTCs have the capacity to directly hijack immune cells and utilise them to aid in CTC metastatic seeding processes. The disruption of CTC clusters may also offer a strategy for the treatment of advance staged cancers. Therapeutic disruption of these heterotypical interactions as well as direct CTC targeting hold great promise, especially with the advent of new immunotherapies and personalised medicines. Understanding the molecular role that platelets, immune cells and the coagulation cascade play in CTC biology will allow us to identify and characterise the most clinically relevant CTCs from patients. This will subsequently advance the clinical utility of CTCs in cancer diagnosis/prognosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark P Ward
- Department of Histopathology and Morbid Anatomy, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland.
- Emer Casey Molecular Pathology Research Laboratory, Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.
- Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland.
| | - Laura E Kane
- Department of Histopathology and Morbid Anatomy, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
- Emer Casey Molecular Pathology Research Laboratory, Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
- Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Lucy A Norris
- Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Bashir M Mohamed
- Department of Histopathology and Morbid Anatomy, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
- Emer Casey Molecular Pathology Research Laboratory, Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
- Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Tanya Kelly
- Department of Histopathology and Morbid Anatomy, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
- Emer Casey Molecular Pathology Research Laboratory, Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
- Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Mark Bates
- Department of Histopathology and Morbid Anatomy, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
- Emer Casey Molecular Pathology Research Laboratory, Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
- Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Andres Clarke
- Department of Histopathology and Morbid Anatomy, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
- Emer Casey Molecular Pathology Research Laboratory, Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
- Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Nathan Brady
- Department of Histopathology and Morbid Anatomy, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
- Emer Casey Molecular Pathology Research Laboratory, Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
- Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Cara M Martin
- Department of Histopathology and Morbid Anatomy, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
- Emer Casey Molecular Pathology Research Laboratory, Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
- Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - Robert D Brooks
- Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, 5001, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Doug A Brooks
- Cancer Research Institute, University of South Australia, 5001, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Stavros Selemidis
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Victoria, 3083, Bundoora, Australia
| | | | - Eric P Dixon
- BD Technologies and Innovation, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Sharon A O'Toole
- Department of Histopathology and Morbid Anatomy, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
- Emer Casey Molecular Pathology Research Laboratory, Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
- Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
| | - John J O'Leary
- Department of Histopathology and Morbid Anatomy, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 8, Ireland
- Emer Casey Molecular Pathology Research Laboratory, Coombe Women and Infants University Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
- Trinity St. James's Cancer Institute, St James's Hospital, Dublin 8, Ireland
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Virtuoso A, Giovannoni R, De Luca C, Gargano F, Cerasuolo M, Maggio N, Lavitrano M, Papa M. The Glioblastoma Microenvironment: Morphology, Metabolism, and Molecular Signature of Glial Dynamics to Discover Metabolic Rewiring Sequence. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:3301. [PMID: 33804873 PMCID: PMC8036663 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22073301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2021] [Revised: 03/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Different functional states determine glioblastoma (GBM) heterogeneity. Brain cancer cells coexist with the glial cells in a functional syncytium based on a continuous metabolic rewiring. However, standard glioma therapies do not account for the effects of the glial cells within the tumor microenvironment. This may be a possible reason for the lack of improvements in patients with high-grade gliomas therapies. Cell metabolism and bioenergetic fitness depend on the availability of nutrients and interactions in the microenvironment. It is strictly related to the cell location in the tumor mass, proximity to blood vessels, biochemical gradients, and tumor evolution, underlying the influence of the context and the timeline in anti-tumor therapeutic approaches. Besides the cancer metabolic strategies, here we review the modifications found in the GBM-associated glia, focusing on morphological, molecular, and metabolic features. We propose to analyze the GBM metabolic rewiring processes from a systems biology perspective. We aim at defining the crosstalk between GBM and the glial cells as modules. The complex networking may be expressed by metabolic modules corresponding to the GBM growth and spreading phases. Variation in the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) rate and regulation appears to be the most important part of the metabolic and functional heterogeneity, correlating with glycolysis and response to hypoxia. Integrated metabolic modules along with molecular and morphological features could allow the identification of key factors for controlling the GBM-stroma metabolism in multi-targeted, time-dependent therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assunta Virtuoso
- Laboratory of Neuronal Networks, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania ‘‘Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.V.); (F.G.); (M.C.); (M.P.)
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy;
| | | | - Ciro De Luca
- Laboratory of Neuronal Networks, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania ‘‘Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.V.); (F.G.); (M.C.); (M.P.)
| | - Francesca Gargano
- Laboratory of Neuronal Networks, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania ‘‘Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.V.); (F.G.); (M.C.); (M.P.)
| | - Michele Cerasuolo
- Laboratory of Neuronal Networks, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania ‘‘Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.V.); (F.G.); (M.C.); (M.P.)
| | - Nicola Maggio
- Department of Neurology, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 6997801, Israel;
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Ramat Gan 5211401, Israel
| | - Marialuisa Lavitrano
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy;
| | - Michele Papa
- Laboratory of Neuronal Networks, Department of Mental and Physical Health and Preventive Medicine, University of Campania ‘‘Luigi Vanvitelli”, 80138 Naples, Italy; (A.V.); (F.G.); (M.C.); (M.P.)
- SYSBIO Centre of Systems Biology ISBE-IT, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milan, Italy
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Xu S, Chen T, Dong L, Li T, Xue H, Gao B, Ding X, Wang H, Li H. Fatty acid synthase promotes breast cancer metastasis by mediating changes in fatty acid metabolism. Oncol Lett 2020; 21:27. [PMID: 33240433 PMCID: PMC7681230 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2020.12288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Fatty acid metabolism is closely associated with the occurrence and development of tumors. The aim of the present study was to investigate whether the key enzyme involved in fatty acid synthesis, fatty acid synthase (FASN), mediates fatty acid changes that affect the activity and migration of breast cancer cells, and whether specific fatty acids play a role in tumor metastasis. The difference in serum fatty acid profiles between patients with invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) and healthy controls was evaluated by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) fatty acid profile analysis, and it was revealed that five types of fatty acids may be potential tumor markers in IDC. Immunohistochemistry and GC-MS analysis revealed that FASN expression affected the serum fatty acid profiles of patients with IDC. Following FASN knockdown, the migration of SK-Br-3 breast cancer cells was inhibited, and the contents of various fatty acids both inside and outside the cell decreased, while the contents of various fatty acids inside and outside the cell increased following FASN overexpression. The results of the present study revealed that the expression level of FASN affected the content of fatty acids in IDC tissues and breast cancer cell lines, and that FASN-mediated changes in specific fatty acids promoted tumor cell migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuo Xu
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Chen
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Lihua Dong
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Tao Li
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Hui Xue
- West China School of Medicine/West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
| | - Bo Gao
- Analytical and Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P.R. China
| | - Xiaodong Ding
- Analytical and Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P.R. China
| | - Hui Wang
- Analytical and Testing Center, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610065, P.R. China
| | - Hua Li
- West China School of Basic Medical Sciences and Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, P.R. China
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11
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Ghahremani H, Nabati S, Tahmori H, Peirouvi T, Sirati-Sabet M, Salami S. Long-Term Glucose Restriction with or without β-Hydroxybutyrate Enrichment Distinctively Alters Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition-Related Signalings in Ovarian Cancer Cells. Nutr Cancer 2020; 73:1708-1726. [PMID: 32799692 DOI: 10.1080/01635581.2020.1804947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The beneficial impacts of the ketogenic diet and metabolic reprograming were recently reported for ovarian cancer patients. In this study, the effects of glucose restriction with or without beta-hydroxybutyrate (bHB) enrichment were studied in drug-resistant CD133high A2780CP and CD133low SK-OV-3 ovarian cancer cells to scrutinize the impact of experimental ketosis on ATP production, epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), and related signaling pathways including Wnt, Hippo, and Hedgehog. Cells were adapted and maintained for a month with restricted levels of glucose (250 mg/l) with or without the therapeutic concentration of bHB (5 mM). Quantitative PCR, Western blot analysis, flow cytometry, chemiluminescence, and wound healing assay were used in this study. Glucose restriction and bHB enrichment reduced the stemness marker and diminished In Vitro migration in both cell lines. Glucose restriction significantly reduced ATP levels in both cells, but bHB enrichment was partially compensated for the ATP levels solely in SK-OV-3 cells. Glucose restriction mainly inhibited the Wnt pathway in the CD133high A2780CP cells, but the Hedgehog pathway was the main target in CD133low SK-OV-3 cells. In Conclusion, Prior targeted evaluations of key genes' expression would help to predict the distinctive impacts of metabolic fuels and to optimize the efficacy of ketogenic diets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hossein Ghahremani
- Cell Death and Differentiation Signaling Research Lab, Clinical Biochemistry Department, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Saeedeh Nabati
- Cell Death and Differentiation Signaling Research Lab, Clinical Biochemistry Department, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hanieh Tahmori
- Cell Death and Differentiation Signaling Research Lab, Clinical Biochemistry Department, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Tahmineh Peirouvi
- Departments of Histology, School of Medicine, Urmia University of Medical Sciences, Urmia, Iran
| | - Majid Sirati-Sabet
- Cell Death and Differentiation Signaling Research Lab, Clinical Biochemistry Department, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Siamak Salami
- Cell Death and Differentiation Signaling Research Lab, Clinical Biochemistry Department, School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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12
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Tumor Cell-Intrinsic Immunometabolism and Precision Nutrition in Cancer Immunotherapy. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12071757. [PMID: 32630618 PMCID: PMC7409312 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2020] [Revised: 06/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the greatest challenges in the cancer immunotherapy field is the need to biologically rationalize and broaden the clinical utility of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs). The balance between metabolism and immune response has critical implications for overcoming the major weaknesses of ICIs, including their lack of universality and durability. The last decade has seen tremendous advances in understanding how the immune system's ability to kill tumor cells requires the conspicuous metabolic specialization of T-cells. We have learned that cancer cell-associated metabolic activities trigger shifts in the abundance of some metabolites with immunosuppressory roles in the tumor microenvironment. Yet very little is known about the tumor cell-intrinsic metabolic traits that control the immune checkpoint contexture in cancer cells. Likewise, we lack a comprehensive understanding of how systemic metabolic perturbations in response to dietary interventions can reprogram the immune checkpoint landscape of tumor cells. We here review state-of-the-art molecular- and functional-level interrogation approaches to uncover how cell-autonomous metabolic traits and diet-mediated changes in nutrient availability and utilization might delineate new cancer cell-intrinsic metabolic dependencies of tumor immunogenicity. We propose that clinical monitoring and in-depth molecular evaluation of the cancer cell-intrinsic metabolic traits involved in primary, adaptive, and acquired resistance to cancer immunotherapy can provide the basis for improvements in therapeutic responses to ICIs. Overall, these approaches might guide the use of metabolic therapeutics and dietary approaches as novel strategies to broaden the spectrum of cancer patients and indications that can be effectively treated with ICI-based cancer immunotherapy.
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13
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Zhu X, Chen HH, Gao CY, Zhang XX, Jiang JX, Zhang Y, Fang J, Zhao F, Chen ZG. Energy metabolism in cancer stem cells. World J Stem Cells 2020; 12:448-461. [PMID: 32742562 PMCID: PMC7360992 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i6.448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Normal cells mainly rely on oxidative phosphorylation as an effective energy source in the presence of oxygen. In contrast, most cancer cells use less efficient glycolysis to produce ATP and essential biomolecules. Cancer cells gain the characteristics of metabolic adaptation by reprogramming their metabolic mechanisms to meet the needs of rapid tumor growth. A subset of cancer cells with stem characteristics and the ability to regenerate exist throughout the tumor and are therefore called cancer stem cells (CSCs). New evidence indicates that CSCs have different metabolic phenotypes compared with differentiated cancer cells. CSCs can dynamically transform their metabolic state to favor glycolysis or oxidative metabolism. The mechanism of the metabolic plasticity of CSCs has not been fully elucidated, and existing evidence indicates that the metabolic phenotype of cancer cells is closely related to the tumor microenvironment. Targeting CSC metabolism may provide new and effective methods for the treatment of tumors. In this review, we summarize the metabolic characteristics of cancer cells and CSCs and the mechanisms of the metabolic interplay between the tumor microenvironment and CSCs, and discuss the clinical implications of targeting CSC metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Zhu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Hui-Hui Chen
- The Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Intervention, China National Ministry of Education, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang Province, China
- Department of Breast Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Chen-Yi Gao
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang Province, China
- Department of Breast Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Xin-Xin Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang Province, China
- Department of Breast Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jing-Xin Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang Province, China
- Department of Breast Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang Province, China
- Department of Breast Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jun Fang
- Institute of Cancer and Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Cancer Hospital of the University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Zhejiang Cancer Hospital, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Feng Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, the First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tumor Microenvironment and Immune Therapy of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang Province, China
- Department of Breast Surgery, the Second Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310000, Zhejiang Province, China
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14
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Banerjee A, Birts CN, Darley M, Parker R, Mirnezami AH, West J, Cutress RI, Beers SA, Rose-Zerilli MJJ, Blaydes JP. Stem cell-like breast cancer cells with acquired resistance to metformin are sensitive to inhibitors of NADH-dependent CtBP dimerization. Carcinogenesis 2020; 40:871-882. [PMID: 30668646 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgy174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered flux through major metabolic pathways is a hallmark of cancer cells and provides opportunities for therapy. Stem cell-like cancer (SCLC) cells can cause metastasis and therapy resistance. They possess metabolic plasticity, theoretically enabling resistance to therapies targeting a specific metabolic state. The C-terminal binding protein (CtBP) transcriptional regulators are potential therapeutic targets in highly glycolytic cancer cells, as they are activated by the glycolytic coenzyme nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH). However, SCLC cells commonly exist in an oxidative state with low rates of glycolysis. Metformin inhibits complex I of the mitochondrial electron transport chain; it can kill oxidative SCLC cells and has anti-cancer activity in patients. SCLC cells can acquire resistance to metformin through increased glycolysis. Given the potential for long-term metformin therapy, we have studied acquired metformin resistance in cells from the claudin-low subtype of breast cancer. Cells cultured for 8 weeks in sub-IC50 metformin concentration proliferated comparably to untreated cells and exhibited higher rates of glucose uptake. SCLC cells were enriched in metformin-adapted cultures. These SCLC cells acquired sensitivity to multiple methods of inhibition of CtBP function, including a cyclic peptide inhibitor of NADH-induced CtBP dimerization. Single-cell mRNA sequencing identified a reprogramming of epithelial-mesenchymal and stem cell gene expression in the metformin-adapted SCLC cells. These SCLC cells demonstrated an acquired dependency on one of these genes, Tenascin C. Thus, in addition to acquisition of sensitivity to glycolysis-targeting therapeutic strategies, the reprograming of gene expression in the metformin-adapted SCLC cells renders them sensitive to potential therapeutic approaches not directly linked to cell metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arindam Banerjee
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Charles N Birts
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Matthew Darley
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Rachel Parker
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Alex H Mirnezami
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,University Hospital Southampton, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Jonathan West
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Ramsey I Cutress
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,University Hospital Southampton, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Stephen A Beers
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Antibody and Vaccine Group, Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Matthew J J Rose-Zerilli
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Jeremy P Blaydes
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK.,Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
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15
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Impact of the Monocarboxylate Transporter-1 (MCT1)-Mediated Cellular Import of Lactate on Stemness Properties of Human Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma Cells †. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12030581. [PMID: 32138176 PMCID: PMC7139999 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12030581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolite exchange between stromal and tumor cells or among tumor cells themselves accompanies metabolic reprogramming in cancer including pancreatic adenocarcinoma (PDAC). Some tumor cells import and utilize lactate for oxidative energy production (reverse Warburg-metabolism) and the presence of these “reverse Warburg“ cells associates with a more aggressive phenotype and worse prognosis, though the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. We now show that PDAC cells (BxPc3, A818-6, T3M4) expressing the lactate-importer monocarboxylate transporter-1 (MCT1) are protected by lactate against gemcitabine-induced apoptosis in a MCT1-dependent fashion, contrary to MCT1-negative PDAC cells (Panc1, Capan2). Moreover, lactate administration under glucose starvation, resembling reverse Warburg co a phenotype of BxPc3 and T3M4 cells that confers greater potential of clonal growth upon re-exposure to glucose, along with drug resistance and elevated expression of the stemness marker Nestin and reprogramming factors (Oct4, KLF4, Nanog). These lactate dependent effects on stemness properties are abrogated by the MCT1/lactate-uptake inhibitor 7ACC2 or MCT1 knock-down. Furthermore, the clinical relevance of these observations was supported by detecting co-expression of MCT1 and reprogramming factors in human PDAC tissues. In conclusion, the MCT1-dependent import of lactate supplies “reverse Warburg “PDAC cells with an efficient driver of metabostemness. This condition may essentially contribute to malignant traits including therapy resistance.
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16
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Shen YA, Pan SC, Chu I, Lai RY, Wei YH. Targeting cancer stem cells from a metabolic perspective. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2020; 245:465-476. [PMID: 32102562 PMCID: PMC7082881 DOI: 10.1177/1535370220909309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The process of cancer development and progression is driven by distinct subsets of cancer stem cells (CSCs) that contribute the self-renewal capacity as the major impetus to the metastatic dissemination and main impediments in cancer treatment. Given that CSCs are so scarce in the tumor mass, there are debatable points on the metabolic signatures of CSCs. As opposed to differentiated tumor progenies, CSCs display exquisite patterns of metabolism that, depending on the type of cancer, predominately rely on glycolysis, oxidative metabolism of glutamine, fatty acids, or amino acids for ATP production. Metabolic heterogeneity of CSCs, which attributes to differences in type and microenvironment of tumors, confers CSCs to have the plasticity to cope with the endogenous mitochondrial stress and exogenous microenvironment. In essence, CSCs and normal stem cells are like mirror images of each other in terms of metabolism. To achieve reprogramming, CSCs not only need to upregulate their metabolic engine for self-renewal and defense mechanism, but also expedite the antioxidant defense to sustain the redox homeostasis. In the context of these pathways, this review portrays the connection between the metabolic features of CSCs and cancer stemness. Identification of the metabolic features in conferring resistance to anticancer treatment dictated by CSCs can enhance the opportunity to open up a new therapeutic dimension, which might not only improve the effectiveness of cancer therapies but also annihilate the whole tumor without recurrence. Henceforth, we highlight current findings of potential therapeutic targets for the design of alternative strategies to compromise the growth, drug resistance, and metastasis of CSCs by altering their metabolic phenotypes. Perturbing the versatile skills of CSCs by barricading metabolic signaling might bring about plentiful approaches to discover novel therapeutic targets for clinical application in cancer treatments.Impact statementThis minireview highlights the current evidence on the mechanisms of pivotal metabolic pathways that attribute to cancer stem cells (CSCs) with a special focus on developing metabolic strategies of anticancer treatment that can be exploited in preclinical and clinical settings. Specific metabolic inhibitors that can overwhelm the properties of CSCs may impede tumor recurrence and metastasis, and potentially achieve a permanent cure of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao-An Shen
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Siao-Cian Pan
- Center for Mitochondrial Medicine and Free Radical Research, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua City 500, Taiwan
| | - I Chu
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Ruo-Yun Lai
- Department of Pathology, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| | - Yau-Huei Wei
- Center for Mitochondrial Medicine and Free Radical Research, Changhua Christian Hospital, Changhua City 500, Taiwan
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17
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Mazurek M, Litak J, Kamieniak P, Kulesza B, Jonak K, Baj J, Grochowski C. Metformin as Potential Therapy for High-Grade Glioma. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E210. [PMID: 31952173 PMCID: PMC7016983 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12010210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2019] [Revised: 01/09/2020] [Accepted: 01/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Metformin (MET), 1,1-dimethylbiguanide hydrochloride, is a biguanide drug used as the first-line medication in the treatment of type 2 diabetes. The recent years have brought many observations showing metformin in its new role. The drug, commonly used in the therapy of diabetes, may also find application in the therapy of a vast variety of tumors. Its effectiveness has been demonstrated in colon, breast, prostate, pancreatic cancer, leukemia, melanoma, lung and endometrial carcinoma, as well as in gliomas. This is especially important in light of the poor options offered to patients in the case of high-grade gliomas, which include glioblastoma (GBM). A thorough understanding of the mechanism of action of metformin can make it possible to discover new drugs that could be used in neoplasm therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Mazurek
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954 Lublin, Poland; (M.M.); (J.L.); (P.K.); (B.K.)
| | - Jakub Litak
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954 Lublin, Poland; (M.M.); (J.L.); (P.K.); (B.K.)
- Department of Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954 Lublin, Poland
| | - Piotr Kamieniak
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954 Lublin, Poland; (M.M.); (J.L.); (P.K.); (B.K.)
| | - Bartłomiej Kulesza
- Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954 Lublin, Poland; (M.M.); (J.L.); (P.K.); (B.K.)
| | - Katarzyna Jonak
- Department of Foregin Languages, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Jacek Baj
- Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
| | - Cezary Grochowski
- Department of Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, Jaczewskiego 4, 20-090 Lublin, Poland;
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18
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Garnier D, Renoult O, Alves-Guerra MC, Paris F, Pecqueur C. Glioblastoma Stem- Like Cells, Metabolic Strategy to Kill a Challenging Target. Front Oncol 2019; 9:118. [PMID: 30895167 PMCID: PMC6415584 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the years, substantial evidence has definitively confirmed the existence of cancer stem-like cells within tumors such as Glioblastoma (GBM). The importance of Glioblastoma stem-like cells (GSCs) in tumor progression and relapse clearly highlights that cancer eradication requires killing of GSCs that are intrinsically resistant to conventional therapies as well as eradication of the non-GSCs cells since GSCs emergence relies on a dynamic process. The past decade of research highlights that metabolism is a significant player in tumor progression and actually might orchestrate it. The growing interest in cancer metabolism reprogrammation can lead to innovative approaches exploiting metabolic vulnerabilities of cancer cells. These approaches are challenging since they require overcoming the compensatory and adaptive responses of GSCs. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge on GSCs with a particular focus on their metabolic complexity. We will also discuss potential approaches targeting GSCs metabolism to potentially improve clinical care.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - François Paris
- CRCINA, INSERM CNRS, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest - René Gauducheau, St Herblain, France
| | - Claire Pecqueur
- CRCINA, INSERM CNRS, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France.,LabEx IGO "Immunotherapy, Graft, Oncology", Nantes, France
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19
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A promising new approach to cancer therapy: Targeting iron metabolism in cancer stem cells. Semin Cancer Biol 2018; 53:125-138. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2018.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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20
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Chen J, Cao S, Situ B, Zhong J, Hu Y, Li S, Huang J, Xu J, Wu S, Lin J, Zhao Q, Cai Z, Zheng L, Wang Q. Metabolic reprogramming-based characterization of circulating tumor cells in prostate cancer. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2018; 37:127. [PMID: 29954422 PMCID: PMC6025832 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-018-0789-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Circulating tumor cells (CTCs), an advantageous target of liquid biopsy, is an important biomarker for the prognosis and monitoring of cancer. Currently, detection techniques for CTCs are mainly based on the physical and/or epithelial characteristics of tumor cells. However, biofunctional activity markers that can indicate the high metastatic capacity of CTCs are lacking. METHODS Functional microarray, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, and Western blot were used on five prostate cancer cell lines with different metastatic capacities to identify the metastasis-related metabolic genes. The identified genes were detected in the CTCs of 64 clinical samples using the RNA in situ hybridization. A multi-criteria weighted model was used to determine the optimal metabolic markers for the CTCs test. Based on five fluorescent signals targeting DAPI, CD45, metabolic, epithelial (EpCAM/CKs), and mesenchymal (Vimentin/Twist) markers, the filtration-enriched CTCs were classified as GM+CTCs/GM-CTCs (metabolic types) or E-CTCs/H-CTCs/M-CTCs (EMT types). Correlation analysis and ROC curve were conducted on 54 prostate cancer samples to evaluate the clinical significance of CTCs subtypes. RESULTS Eight metastasis-related metabolic genes were identified, including HK2, PDP2, G6PD, PGK1, PHKA1, PYGL, PDK1, and PKM2. Among them, PGK1 and G6PD were determined as optimal glucose metabolic (GM) markers for CTCs. GM+CTCs (marked by PGK1/G6PD) were detectable in 64.8% (35/54) of prostate cancer patients, accounting for 46.5% (134/288) of total CTCs. An increased GM+CTCs level was associated with advanced tumor stage and metastasis (P < 0.05). In the discrimination of cancer metastasis from non-metastasis, GM+CTCs presented a higher AUC of the ROC curve (0.780) compared with the EMT CTCs subtypes (E-CTCs 0.729, H-CTCs 0.741, and M-CTCs 0.648). A triple tPSA-Gleason-GM+CTCs marker increased the AUC to 0.904, which was better than that of the tPSA-Gleason-H-CTCs marker (0.874). CONCLUSIONS The metabolic marker (PGK1/G6PD) is determined as the indicator for the biofunctional activity analysis of CTCs, compared with the existing morphological (EMT) classification on CTCs. The metabolic characterization of CTCs demonstrates that hypermetabolic GM+CTCs are promising biomarkers for prostate cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Chen
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 North of Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China.,Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Rapid Diagnostic Biosensors, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shunwang Cao
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 North of Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Bo Situ
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 North of Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Juan Zhong
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, The First People's Hospital of Nanning, Nanning, Guangxi, China
| | - Yanwei Hu
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 North of Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Shufen Li
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 North of Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinlan Huang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian, China
| | - Jiasen Xu
- SurExam Bio-Tech, Guangzhou Technology Innovation Base, Science City, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shiyang Wu
- SurExam Bio-Tech, Guangzhou Technology Innovation Base, Science City, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Jinduan Lin
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 North of Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Qianwen Zhao
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 North of Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhen Cai
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 North of Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China.
| | - Lei Zheng
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 North of Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China. .,Guangdong Engineering and Technology Research Center for Rapid Diagnostic Biosensors, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
| | - Qian Wang
- Laboratory Medicine Center, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, 1838 North of Guangzhou Avenue, Guangzhou, 510515, Guangdong, China. .,Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China.
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21
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Snyder V, Reed-Newman TC, Arnold L, Thomas SM, Anant S. Cancer Stem Cell Metabolism and Potential Therapeutic Targets. Front Oncol 2018; 8:203. [PMID: 29922594 PMCID: PMC5996058 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Malignant tumors contain heterogeneous populations of cells in various states of proliferation and differentiation. The presence of cancer stem or initiating cells is a well-established concept wherein quiescent and poorly differentiated cells within a tumor mass contribute to drug resistance, and under permissive conditions, are responsible for tumor recurrence and metastasis. A number of studies have identified molecular markers that are characteristic of tissue-specific cancer stem cells (CSCs). Isolation of CSCs has enabled studies on the metabolic status of CSCs. As metabolic plasticity is a hallmark of cancer cell adaptation, the intricacies of CSC metabolism and their phenotypic behavior are critical areas of research. Unlike normal stem cells, which rely heavily on oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) as their primary source of energy, or cancer cells, which are primarily glycolytic, CSCs demonstrate a unique metabolic flexibility. CSCs can switch between OXPHOS and glycolysis in the presence of oxygen to maintain homeostasis and, thereby, promote tumor growth. Here, we review key factors that impact CSC metabolic phenotype including heterogeneity of CSCs across different histologic tumor types, tissue-specific variations, tumor microenvironment, and CSC niche. Furthermore, we discuss how targeting key players of glycolytic and mitochondrial pathways has shown promising results in cancer eradication and attenuation of disease recurrence in preclinical models. In addition, we highlight studies on other potential therapeutic targets including complex interactions within the microenvironment and cellular communications in the CSC niche to interfere with CSC growth, resistance, and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vusala Snyder
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Tamika C Reed-Newman
- Department of General Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Levi Arnold
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Sufi Mary Thomas
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States.,Anatomy and Cell Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States.,Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Shrikant Anant
- Department of General Surgery, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States.,Cancer Biology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
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22
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Banerjee A, Arvinrad P, Darley M, Laversin SA, Parker R, Rose-Zerilli MJ, Townsend PA, Cutress RI, Beers SA, Houghton FD, Birts CN, Blaydes JP. The effects of restricted glycolysis on stem-cell like characteristics of breast cancer cells. Oncotarget 2018; 9:23274-23288. [PMID: 29796188 PMCID: PMC5955399 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.25299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Altered glycolysis is a characteristic of many cancers, and can also be associated with changes in stem cell-like cancer (SCLC) cell populations. We therefore set out to directly examine the effect of glycolysis on SCLC cell phenotype, using a model where glycolysis is stably reduced by adapting the cells to a sugar source other than glucose. Restricting glycolysis using this approach consistently resulted in cells with increased oncogenic potential; including an increase in SCLC cells, proliferation in 3D matrigel, invasiveness, chemoresistance, and altered global gene expression. Tumorigenicity in vivo was also markedly increased. SCLC cells exhibited increased dependence upon alternate metabolic pathways. They also became c-KIT dependent, indicating that their apparent state of maturation is regulated by glycolysis. Single-cell mRNA sequencing identified altered networks of metabolic-, stem- and signaling- gene expression within SCLC-enriched populations in response to glycolytic restriction. Therefore, reduced glycolysis, which may occur in niches within tumors where glucose availability is limiting, can promote tumor aggressiveness by increasing SCLC cell populations, but can also introduce novel, potentially exploitable, vulnerabilities in SCLC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arindam Banerjee
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Pardis Arvinrad
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
- Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells & Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Matthew Darley
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Stéphanie A. Laversin
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Rachel Parker
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Matthew J.J. Rose-Zerilli
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Paul A. Townsend
- Division of Molecular and Clinical Cancer Sciences, Manchester Cancer Research Centre, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, University of Manchester, Manchester, M20 4QL, UK
| | - Ramsey I. Cutress
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
- University Hospital Southampton, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Stephen A. Beers
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
- Antibody & Vaccine Group, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Franchesca D. Houghton
- Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells & Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Charles N. Birts
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
| | - Jeremy P. Blaydes
- Cancer Sciences Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
- Institute for Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO17 1BJ, UK
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23
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Candido S, Abrams SL, Steelman L, Lertpiriyapong K, Martelli AM, Cocco L, Ratti S, Follo MY, Murata RM, Rosalen PL, Lombardi P, Montalto G, Cervello M, Gizak A, Rakus D, Suh PG, Libra M, McCubrey JA. Metformin influences drug sensitivity in pancreatic cancer cells. Adv Biol Regul 2018; 68:13-30. [PMID: 29482945 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an aggressive, highly metastatic malignancy and accounts for 85% of pancreatic cancers. PDAC patients have poor prognosis with a five-year survival of only 5-10% after diagnosis and treatment. Pancreatic cancer has been associated with type II diabetes as the frequency of recently diagnosed diabetics that develop pancreatic cancer within a 10-year period of initial diagnosis of diabetes in increased in comparison to non-diabetic patients. Metformin is a very frequently prescribed drug used to treat type II diabetes. Metformin acts in part by stimulating AMP-kinase (AMPK) and results in the suppression of mTORC1 activity and the induction of autophagy. In the following studies, we have examined the effects of metformin in the presence of various chemotherapeutic drugs, signal transduction inhibitors and natural products on the growth of three different PDAC lines. Metformin, by itself, was not effective at suppressing growth of the pancreatic cancer cell lines at concentration less than 1000 nM, however, in certain PDAC lines, a suboptimal dose of metformin (250 nM) potentiated the effects of various chemotherapeutic drugs used to treat pancreatic cancer (e.g., gemcitabine, cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil) and other cancer types (e.g., doxorubicin, docetaxel). Furthermore, metformin could increase anti-proliferative effects of mTORC1 and PI3K/mTOR inhibitors as well as natural products such as berberine and the anti-malarial drug chloroquine in certain PDAC lines. Thus, metformin can enhance the effects of certain drugs and signal transduction inhibitors which are used to treat pancreatic and various other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saverio Candido
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences - Pathology & Oncology Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Stephen L Abrams
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Linda Steelman
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA
| | - Kvin Lertpiriyapong
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, USA
| | - Alberto M Martelli
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Lucio Cocco
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Stefano Ratti
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Matilde Y Follo
- Department of Biomedical and Neuromotor Sciences, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Ramiro M Murata
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA; Department of Foundational Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, East Carolina University, USA
| | - Pedro L Rosalen
- Department of Physiological Sciences, Piracicaba Dental School, State University of Campinas, Piracicaba, Brazil
| | - Paolo Lombardi
- Naxospharma, Via Giuseppe Di Vittorio 70, Novate Milanese 20026, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Montalto
- Biomedical Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare "Alberto Monroy", Palermo, Italy
| | - Melchiorre Cervello
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare "Alberto Monroy", Palermo, Italy
| | - Agnieszka Gizak
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Neurobiology, Wroclaw University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Dariusz Rakus
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Neurobiology, Wroclaw University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Pann-Gill Suh
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan, Republic of Korea
| | - Massimo Libra
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences - Pathology & Oncology Section, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - James A McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Brody School of Medicine, East Carolina University, Greenville, NC 27834, USA.
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24
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Cuyàs E, Corominas-Faja B, Martín MMS, Martin-Castillo B, Lupu R, Brunet J, Bosch-Barrera J, Menendez JA. BRCA1 haploinsufficiency cell-autonomously activates RANKL expression and generates denosumab-responsive breast cancer-initiating cells. Oncotarget 2018; 8:35019-35032. [PMID: 28388533 PMCID: PMC5471031 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.16558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Denosumab, a monoclonal antibody to the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL), might be a novel preventative therapy for BRCA1-mutation carriers at high risk of developing breast cancer. Beyond its well-recognized bone-targeted activity impeding osteoclastogenesis, denosumab has been proposed to interfere with the cross-talk between RANKL-producing sensor cells and cancer-initiating RANK+ responder cells that reside within premalignant tissues of BRCA1-mutation carriers. We herein tested the alternative but not mutually exclusive hypothesis that BRCA1 deficiency might cell-autonomously activate RANKL expression to generate cellular states with cancer stem cell (CSC)-like properties. Using isogenic pairs of normal-like human breast epithelial cells in which the inactivation of a single BRCA1 allele results in genomic instability, we assessed the impact of BRCA1 haploinsufficiency on the expression status of RANK and RANKL. RANK expression remained unaltered but RANKL was dramatically up-regulated in BRCA1mut/+ haploinsufficient cells relative to isogenic BRCA1+/+ parental cells. Neutralizing RANKL with denosumab significantly abrogated the ability of BRCA1 haploinsufficient cells to survive and proliferate as floating microtumors or "mammospheres" under non-adherent/non-differentiating conditions, an accepted surrogate of the relative proportion and survival of CSCs. Intriguingly, CSC-like states driven by epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition or HER2 overexpression traits responded to some extent to denosumab. We propose that breast epithelium-specific mono-allelic inactivation of BRCA1 might suffice to cell-autonomously generate RANKL-addicted, denosumab-responsive CSC-like states. The convergent addiction to a hyperactive RANKL/RANK axis of CSC-like states from genetically diverse breast cancer subtypes might inaugurate a new era of cancer prevention and treatment based on denosumab as a CSC-targeted agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Cuyàs
- Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE), Metabolism and Cancer Group, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Girona, Catalonia, Spain.,Molecular Oncology Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain
| | - Bruna Corominas-Faja
- Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE), Metabolism and Cancer Group, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Girona, Catalonia, Spain.,Molecular Oncology Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain
| | - María Muñoz-San Martín
- Neuroimmunology and Multiple Sclerosis Unit, Dr. Josep Trueta University Hospital, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain
| | - Begoña Martin-Castillo
- Molecular Oncology Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain.,Unit of Clinical Research, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Ruth Lupu
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Division of Experimental Pathology, Rochester, MN, USA.,Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Joan Brunet
- Deparment of Medical Oncology, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Girona, Catalonia, Spain.,Department of Medical Sciences, Medical School, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Bosch-Barrera
- Deparment of Medical Oncology, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Girona, Catalonia, Spain.,Department of Medical Sciences, Medical School, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Javier A Menendez
- Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance (ProCURE), Metabolism and Cancer Group, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Girona, Catalonia, Spain.,Molecular Oncology Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain
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25
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Targeting of stress response pathways in the prevention and treatment of cancer. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 36:583-602. [PMID: 29339119 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Revised: 01/08/2018] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The hallmarks of tumor tissue are not only genetic aberrations but also the presence of metabolic and oxidative stress as a result of hypoxia and lactic acidosis. The stress activates several prosurvival pathways including metabolic remodeling, autophagy, antioxidant response, mitohormesis, and glutaminolysis, whose upregulation in tumors is associated with a poor survival of patients, while their activation in healthy tissue with statins, metformin, physical activity, and natural compounds prevents carcinogenesis. This review emphasizes the dual role of stress response pathways in cancer and suggests the integrative understanding as a basis for the development of rational therapy targeting the stress response.
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26
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Thomas TM, Yu JS. Metabolic regulation of glioma stem-like cells in the tumor micro-environment. Cancer Lett 2017; 408:174-181. [PMID: 28743531 PMCID: PMC5790120 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.07.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2017] [Revised: 07/11/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Cancer metabolism has emerged as one of the most interesting old ideas being revisited from a new perspective. In the early 20th century Otto Warburg declared metabolism the prime cause in a disease of many secondary causes, and this statement seems more prescient in view of modern expositions into the true nature of tumor evolution. As the complexity of tumor heterogeneity becomes more clear from a genetic perspective, it is important to consider the inevitably heterogeneous metabolic components of the tumor and the tumor microenvironment. High grade gliomas remain one of the most difficult to treat solid tumors, due in part to the highly vascularized nature of the tumor and the maintenance of more resistant stem-like subpopulations within the tumor. Maintenance of glioma stem cells (GSCs) requires specific alterations within the cells and the greater tumor microenvironment with regards to signaling and metabolism. Specific niches within gliomas help foster the survival of stem-like sub-populations of cells with high tumorigenicity and high metabolic plasticity. Understanding these maintenance pathways and the metabolic dependencies within the niche may highlight potential avenues of addressing tumor resistance and recurrence in glioma patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tom M Thomas
- Maxine-Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA; Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA.
| | - John S Yu
- Maxine-Dunitz Neurosurgical Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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27
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Metformin regulates global DNA methylation via mitochondrial one-carbon metabolism. Oncogene 2017; 37:963-970. [PMID: 29059169 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2016] [Revised: 08/15/2017] [Accepted: 08/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The anti-diabetic biguanide metformin may exert health-promoting effects via metabolic regulation of the epigenome. Here we show that metformin promotes global DNA methylation in non-cancerous, cancer-prone and metastatic cancer cells by decreasing S-adenosylhomocysteine (SAH), a strong feedback inhibitor of S-adenosylmethionine (SAM)-dependent DNA methyltransferases, while promoting the accumulation of SAM, the universal methyl donor for cellular methylation. Using metformin and a mitochondria/complex I (mCI)-targeted analog of metformin (norMitoMet) in experimental pairs of wild-type and AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)-, serine hydroxymethyltransferase 2 (SHMT2)- and mCI-null cells, we provide evidence that metformin increases the SAM:SAH ratio-related methylation capacity by targeting the coupling between serine mitochondrial one-carbon flux and CI activity. By increasing the contribution of one-carbon units to the SAM from folate stores while decreasing SAH in response to AMPK-sensed energetic crisis, metformin can operate as a metabolo-epigenetic regulator capable of reprogramming one of the key conduits linking cellular metabolism to the DNA methylation machinery.
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28
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Cuyàs E, Verdura S, Fernández-Arroyo S, Bosch-Barrera J, Martin-Castillo B, Joven J, Menendez JA. Metabolomic mapping of cancer stem cells for reducing and exploiting tumor heterogeneity. Oncotarget 2017; 8:99223-99236. [PMID: 29245896 PMCID: PMC5725087 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.21834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Personalized cancer medicine based on the analysis of tumors en masse is limited by tumor heterogeneity, which has become a major obstacle to effective cancer treatment. Cancer stem cells (CSC) are emerging as key drivers of inter- and intratumoral heterogeneity. CSC have unique metabolic dependencies that are required not only for specific bioenergetic/biosynthetic demands but also for sustaining their operational epigenetic traits, i.e. self-renewal, tumor-initiation, and plasticity. Given that the metabolome is the final downstream product of all the –omic layers and, therefore, most representative of the biological phenotype, we here propose that a novel approach to better understand the complexity of tumor heterogeneity is by mapping and cataloging small numbers of CSC metabolomic phenotypes. The narrower metabolomic diversity of CSC states could be employed to reduce multidimensional tumor heterogeneity into dynamic models of fewer actionable sub-phenotypes. The identification of the driver nodes that are used differentially by CSC states to metabolically regulate self-renewal and tumor initation and escape chemotherapy might open new preventive and therapeutic avenues. The mapping of CSC metabolomic states could become a pioneering strategy to reduce the dimensionality of tumor heterogeneity and improve our ability to examine changes in tumor cell populations for cancer detection, prognosis, prediction/monitoring of therapy response, and detection of therapy resistance and recurrent disease. The identification of driver metabolites and metabolic nodes accounting for a large amount of variance within the CSC metabolomic sub-phenotypes might offer new unforeseen opportunities for reducing and exploiting tumor heterogeneity via metabolic targeting of CSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Cuyàs
- Metabolism and Cancer Group, Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Girona, Spain.,Molecular Oncology Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain
| | - Sara Verdura
- Metabolism and Cancer Group, Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Girona, Spain.,Molecular Oncology Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain
| | - Salvador Fernández-Arroyo
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Catalonia, Spain.,Campus of International Excellence Southern Catalonia, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | | | | | - Jorge Joven
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica, Hospital Universitari de Sant Joan, Institut d'Investigació Sanitària Pere Virgili, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Catalonia, Spain.,Campus of International Excellence Southern Catalonia, Tarragona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Javier A Menendez
- Metabolism and Cancer Group, Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Girona, Spain.,Molecular Oncology Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain
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29
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Geng F, Jiang Z, Song X, Zhou H, Zhao H. Mdig suppresses epithelial-mesenchymal transition and inhibits the invasion and metastasis of non-small cell lung cancer via regulating GSK-3β/β-catenin signaling. Int J Oncol 2017; 51:1898-1908. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2017.4154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Accepted: 10/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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30
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Bonuccelli G, De Francesco EM, de Boer R, Tanowitz HB, Lisanti MP. NADH autofluorescence, a new metabolic biomarker for cancer stem cells: Identification of Vitamin C and CAPE as natural products targeting "stemness". Oncotarget 2017; 8:20667-20678. [PMID: 28223550 PMCID: PMC5400535 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2017] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Here, we assembled a broad molecular “tool-kit” to interrogate the role of metabolic heterogeneity in the propagation of cancer stem-like cells (CSCs). First, we subjected MCF7 cells to “metabolic fractionation” by flow cytometry, using fluorescent mitochondrial probes to detect PCG1α activity, as well ROS and hydrogen-peroxide (H2O2) production; NADH levels were also monitored by auto-fluorescence. Then, the various cell populations were functionally assessed for “stem cell activity”, using the mammosphere assay (3D-spheroids). Our results indicate that a sub-population of MCF7 cells, with increased PGC1α activity, high mitochondrial ROS/H2O2 production and high NADH levels, all form mammospheres with a higher efficiency. Thus, it appears that mitochondrial oxidative stress and the anti-oxidant response both contribute to the promotion of mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative metabolism in CSCs. Further validation was provided by using specific inhibitors to target metabolic processes (the NAD+ salvage pathway, glycolysis, mitochondrial protein synthesis and OXPHOS), significantly reducing CSC propagation. As a consequence, we have now identified a variety of clinically-approved drugs (stiripentol), natural products (caffeic acid phenyl ester (CAPE), ascorbic acid, silibinin) and experimental pharmaceuticals (actinonin, FK866, 2-DG), that can be used to effectively inhibit CSC activity. We discuss the use of CAPE (derived from honey-bee propolis) and Vitamin C, as potential natural therapeutic modalities. In this context, Vitamin C was ∼10 times more potent than 2-DG for the targeting of CSCs. Similarly, stiripentol was between 50 to 100 times more potent than 2-DG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gloria Bonuccelli
- The Paterson Building, University of Manchester, Withington, M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Ernestina Marianna De Francesco
- The Paterson Building, University of Manchester, Withington, M20 4BX, United Kingdom.,Department of Pharmacy, Health and Nutritional Sciences, University of Calabria, Rende, 87036, Italy
| | - Rianne de Boer
- The Paterson Building, University of Manchester, Withington, M20 4BX, United Kingdom
| | - Herbert B Tanowitz
- Departments of Pathology and Medicine, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, 10461, USA
| | - Michael P Lisanti
- Translational Medicine, School of Environment and Life Sciences, Biomedical Research Centre, University of Salford, Greater Manchester, M5 4WT, United Kingdom
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31
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Zhang K, Xu P, Sowers JL, Machuca DF, Mirfattah B, Herring J, Tang H, Chen Y, Tian B, Brasier AR, Sowers LC. Proteome Analysis of Hypoxic Glioblastoma Cells Reveals Sequential Metabolic Adaptation of One-Carbon Metabolic Pathways. Mol Cell Proteomics 2017; 16:1906-1921. [PMID: 28874504 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.ra117.000154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Rapidly proliferating tumors are exposed to a hypoxic microenvironment because of their density, high metabolic consumption, and interruptions in blood flow because of immature angiogenesis. Cellular responses to hypoxia promote highly malignant and metastatic behavior, as well as a chemotherapy-resistant state. To better understand the complex relationships between hypoxic adaptations and cancer progression, we studied the dynamic proteome responses of glioblastoma cells exposed to hypoxia via an innovative approach: quantification of newly synthesized proteins using heavy stable-isotope arginine labeling combined with accurate assessment of cell replication by quantification of the light/heavy arginine ratio of peptides in histone H4. We found that hypoxia affects cancer cells in multiple intertwined ways: inflammation, typically with over-expressed glucose transporter (GLUT1), DUSP4/MKP2, and RelA proteins; a metabolic adaptation with overexpression of all glycolytic pathway enzymes for pyruvate/lactate synthesis; and the EMT (epithelial-mesenchymal transition) and cancer stem cell (CSC) renewal with characteristic morphological changes and mesenchymal/CSC protein expression profiles. For the first time, we identified the vitamin B12 transporter protein TCN2, which is essential for one-carbon metabolism, as being significantly downregulated. Further, we found, by knockdown and overexpression experiments, that TCN2 plays an important role in controlling cancer cell transformation toward the highly aggressive mesenchymal/CSC stage; low expression of TCN2 has an effect similar to hypoxia, whereas high expression of TCN2 can reverse it. We conclude that hypoxia induces sequential metabolic responses of one-carbon metabolism in tumor cells. Our mass spectrometry data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifiers PXD005487 (TMT-labeling) and PXD007280 (label-free).
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Affiliation(s)
- Kangling Zhang
- From the ‡Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (UTMB), Texas, 77555; .,¶Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, UTMB, Galveston, Texas, 77555
| | - Pei Xu
- ‖Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, UTMB, Galveston, Texas, 77555
| | - James L Sowers
- ‖Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, UTMB, Galveston, Texas, 77555
| | - Daniel F Machuca
- From the ‡Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (UTMB), Texas, 77555
| | - Barsam Mirfattah
- From the ‡Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (UTMB), Texas, 77555
| | - Jason Herring
- From the ‡Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (UTMB), Texas, 77555
| | - Hui Tang
- From the ‡Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (UTMB), Texas, 77555
| | - Yan Chen
- ‖Department of Neuroscience and Cell Biology, UTMB, Galveston, Texas, 77555
| | - Bing Tian
- §Institute for Translational Sciences, UTMB, Galveston, Texas, 77555.,¶Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, UTMB, Galveston, Texas, 77555
| | - Allan R Brasier
- §Institute for Translational Sciences, UTMB, Galveston, Texas, 77555.,¶Sealy Center for Molecular Medicine, UTMB, Galveston, Texas, 77555
| | - Lawrence C Sowers
- From the ‡Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston (UTMB), Texas, 77555.,§Institute for Translational Sciences, UTMB, Galveston, Texas, 77555
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32
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Dong BW, Qin GM, Luo Y, Mao JS. Metabolic enzymes: key modulators of functionality in cancer stem-like cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:14251-14267. [PMID: 28009990 PMCID: PMC5355174 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer Stem-like Cells (CSCs) are a subpopulation of cancer cells with self-renewal capacity and are important for the initiation, progression and recurrence of cancer diseases. The metabolic profile of CSCs is consistent with their stem-like properties. Studies have indicated that enzymes, the main regulators of cellular metabolism, dictate functionalities of CSCs in both catalysis-dependent and catalysis-independent manners. This paper reviews diverse studies of metabolic enzymes, and describes the effects of these enzymes on metabolic adaptation, gene transcription and signal transduction, in CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Wen Dong
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guang-Ming Qin
- Department of Clinical Laboratory Medicine, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan Luo
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian-Shan Mao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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33
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Abstract
The Nobel prized discovery of nuclear reprogramming is swiftly providing mechanistic evidence of a role for metabolism in the generation of cancer stem cells (CSC). Traditionally, the metabolic demands of tumors have been viewed as drivers of the genetic programming detected in cancer tissues. Beyond the energetic requirements of specific cancer cell states, it is increasingly recognized that metabolism per se controls epi-transcriptional networks to dictate cancer cell fate, i.e., metabolism can define CSC. Here I review the CSC-related metabolic features found in induced pluripotent stem (iPS) cells to provide an easily understandable framework in which the infrastructure and functioning of cellular metabolism might control the efficiency and kinetics of reprogramming in the re-routing of non-CSC to CSC-like cellular states. I suggest exploring how metabolism-dependent regulation of epigenetics can play a role in directing CSC states beyond conventional energetic demands of stage-specific cancer cell states, opening a new dimension of cancer in which the "physiological state" of CSC might be governed not only by cell-autonomous cues but also by local micro-environmental and systemic metabolo-epigenetic interactions. Forthcoming studies should decipher how specific metabolites integrate and mediate the overlap between the CSC-intrinsic "micro-epigenetics" and the "upstream" local and systemic "macro-epigenetics," thus paving the way for targeted epigenetic regulation of CSCs through metabolic modulation including "smart foods" or systemic "metabolic nichotherapies."
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier A Menendez
- a Metabolism & Cancer Group; Translational Research Laboratory ; Catalan Institute of Oncology ; Girona , Spain.,b Molecular Oncology Group ; Girona Biomedical Research Institute ; Girona , Spain
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Menendez JA, Vellon L, Espinoza I, Lupu R. The metastasis inducer CCN1 (CYR61) activates the fatty acid synthase (FASN)-driven lipogenic phenotype in breast cancer cells. Oncoscience 2016; 3:242-257. [PMID: 27713913 PMCID: PMC5043073 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.314] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The angiogenic inducer CCN1 (Cysteine-rich 61, CYR61) is differentially activated in metastatic breast carcinomas. However, little is known about the precise mechanisms that underlie the pro-metastatic actions of CCN1. Here, we investigated the impact of CCN1 expression on fatty acid synthase (FASN), a metabolic oncogene thought to provide cancer cells with proliferative and survival advantages. Forced expression of CCN1 in MCF-7 cells robustly up-regulated FASN protein expression and also significantly increased FASN gene promoter activity 2- to 3-fold, whereas deletion of the sterol response element-binding protein (SREBP) binding site in the FASN promoter completely abrogated CCN1-driven transcriptional activation. Pharmacological blockade of MAPK or PI-3'K activation similarly prevented the ability of CCN1 to induce FASN gene activation. Pharmacological inhibition of FASN activity with the mycotoxin cerulenin or the small compound C75 reversed CCN1-induced acquisition of estrogen independence and resistance to hormone therapies such as tamoxifen and fulvestrant in anchorage-independent growth assays. This study uncovers FASNdependent endogenous lipogenesis as a new mechanism controlling the metastatic phenotype promoted by CCN1. Because estrogen independence and progression to a metastatic phenotype are hallmarks of therapeutic resistance and mortality in breast cancer, this previously unrecognized CCN1-driven lipogenic phenotype represents a novel metabolic target to clinically manage metastatic disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Javier A Menendez
- ProCURE (Program Against Cancer Therapeutic Resistance), Metabolism and Cancer Group, Catalan Institute of Oncology, Girona, Catalonia, Spain; Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Girona, Spain
| | - Luciano Vellon
- IBYME, CONICET-Laboratorio de Immunohematología, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Ingrid Espinoza
- Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi, Jackson, MS, USA; Department of Preventive Medicine, University of Mississippi, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Ruth Lupu
- Mayo Clinic, Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Division of Experimental Pathology, Rochester, MN, USA; Mayo Clinic Cancer Center, Rochester, MN, USA
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35
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Farris JC, Pifer PM, Zheng L, Gottlieb E, Denvir J, Frisch SM. Grainyhead-like 2 Reverses the Metabolic Changes Induced by the Oncogenic Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition: Effects on Anoikis. Mol Cancer Res 2016; 14:528-38. [PMID: 27084311 PMCID: PMC4912396 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-16-0050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Resistance to anoikis is a prerequisite for tumor metastasis. The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) allows tumor cells to evade anoikis. The wound-healing regulatory transcription factor Grainyhead-like 2 (GRHL2) suppresses/reverses EMT, accompanied by suppression of the cancer stem cell (CSC) phenotype and by resensitization to anoikis. Here, the effects of GRHL2 upon intracellular metabolism in the context of reversion of the EMT/CSC phenotype, with a view toward understanding how these effects promote anoikis sensitivity, were investigated. EMT enhanced mitochondrial oxidative metabolism. Although this was accompanied by higher accumulation of superoxide, the overall level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) declined, due to decreased hydrogen peroxide. Glutamate dehydrogenase 1 (GLUD1) expression increased in EMT, and this increase, via the product α-ketoglutarate (α-KG), was important for suppressing hydrogen peroxide and protecting against anoikis. GRHL2 suppressed GLUD1 gene expression, decreased α-KG, increased ROS, and sensitized cells to anoikis. IMPLICATIONS These results demonstrate a mechanistic role for GRHL2 in promoting anoikis through metabolic alterations. Mol Cancer Res; 14(6); 528-38. ©2016 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua C Farris
- Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Phillip M Pifer
- Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Liang Zheng
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Switchback Road, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - Eyal Gottlieb
- Beatson Institute for Cancer Research, Switchback Road, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | - James Denvir
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, Marshall University, Huntington, West Virginia
| | - Steven M Frisch
- Mary Babb Randolph Cancer Center, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia. Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia.
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36
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Cuyàs E, Fernández-Arroyo S, Corominas-Faja B, Rodríguez-Gallego E, Bosch-Barrera J, Martin-Castillo B, De Llorens R, Joven J, Menendez JA. Oncometabolic mutation IDH1 R132H confers a metformin-hypersensitive phenotype. Oncotarget 2016; 6:12279-96. [PMID: 25980580 PMCID: PMC4494938 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic flexibility might be particularly constrained in tumors bearing mutations in isocitrate dehydrogenase 1 (IDH1) leading to the production of the oncometabolite 2-hydroxygluratate (2HG). To test the hypothesis that IDH1 mutations could generate metabolic vulnerabilities for therapeutic intervention, we utilized an MCF10A cell line engineered with an arginine-to-histidine conversion at position 132 (R132H) in the catalytic site of IDH1, which equips the enzyme with a neomorphic α-ketoglutarate to 2HG reducing activity in an otherwise isogenic background. IDH1 R132H/+ and isogenic IDH1 +/+ parental cells were screened for their ability to generate energy-rich NADH when cultured in a standardized high-throughput Phenotype MicroArrayplatform comprising >300 nutrients. A radical remodeling of the metabotype occurred in cells carrying the R132H mutation since they presented a markedly altered ability to utilize numerous carbon catabolic fuels. A mitochondria toxicity-screening modality confirmed a severe inability of IDH1-mutated cells to use various carbon substrates that are fed into the electron transport chain at different points. The mitochondrial biguanide poisons, metformin and phenformin, further impaired the intrinsic weakness of IDH1-mutant cells to use certain carbon-energy sources. Additionally, metabolic reprogramming of IDH1-mutant cells increased their sensitivity to metformin in assays of cell proliferation, clonogenic potential, and mammosphere formation. Targeted metabolomics studies revealed that the ability of metformin to interfere with the anaplerotic entry of glutamine into the tricarboxylic acid cycle could explain the hypersensitivity of IDH1-mutant cells to biguanides. Moreover, synergistic interactions occurred when metformin treatment was combined with the selective R132H-IDH1 inhibitor AGI-5198. Together, these results suggest that therapy involving the simultaneous targeting of metabolic vulnerabilities with metformin, and 2HG overproduction with mutant-selective inhibitors (AGI-5198-related AG-120 [Agios]), might represent a worthwhile avenue of exploration in the treatment of IDH1-mutated tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisabet Cuyàs
- Metabolism and Cancer Group, Translational Research Laboratory, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Girona, Catalonia, Spain.,Molecular Oncology Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Salvador Fernández-Arroyo
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica (URB-CRB), Institut d'Investigació Sanitaria Pere i Virgili (IISPV), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Catalonia. Spain
| | - Bruna Corominas-Faja
- Metabolism and Cancer Group, Translational Research Laboratory, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Girona, Catalonia, Spain.,Molecular Oncology Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Esther Rodríguez-Gallego
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica (URB-CRB), Institut d'Investigació Sanitaria Pere i Virgili (IISPV), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Catalonia. Spain
| | - Joaquim Bosch-Barrera
- Molecular Oncology Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Girona, Catalonia, Spain.,Medical Oncology, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Begoña Martin-Castillo
- Molecular Oncology Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Girona, Catalonia, Spain.,Clinical Research Unit, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Rafael De Llorens
- Biochemistry and Molecular Biology Unit, Department of Biology, University of Girona, Girona, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Jorge Joven
- Unitat de Recerca Biomèdica (URB-CRB), Institut d'Investigació Sanitaria Pere i Virgili (IISPV), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Reus, Catalonia. Spain
| | - Javier A Menendez
- Metabolism and Cancer Group, Translational Research Laboratory, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO), Girona, Catalonia, Spain.,Molecular Oncology Group, Girona Biomedical Research Institute (IDIBGI), Girona, Catalonia, Spain
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37
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Mitra A, Mishra L, Li S. EMT, CTCs and CSCs in tumor relapse and drug-resistance. Oncotarget 2016; 6:10697-711. [PMID: 25986923 PMCID: PMC4484413 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 375] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor relapse and metastasis are the primary causes of poor survival rates in patients with advanced cancer despite successful resection or chemotherapeutic treatment. A primary cause of relapse and metastasis is the persistence of cancer stem cells (CSCs), which are highly resistant to chemotherapy. Although highly efficacious drugs suppressing several subpopulations of CSCs in various tissue-specific cancers are available, recurrence is still common in patients. To find more suitable therapy for relapse, the mechanisms underlying metastasis and drug-resistance associated with relapse-initiating CSCs need to be identified. Recent studies in circulating tumor cells (CTCs) of some cancer patients manifest phenotypes of both CSCs and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). These patients are unresponsive to standard chemotherapies and have low progression free survival, suggesting that EMT-positive CTCs are related to co-occur with or transform into relapse-initiating CSCs. Furthermore, EMT programming in cancer cells enables in the remodeling of extracellular matrix to break the dormancy of relapse-initiating CSCs. In this review, we extensively discuss the association of the EMT program with CTCs and CSCs to characterize a subpopulation of patients prone to relapses. Identifying the mechanisms by which EMT-transformed CTCs and CSCs initiate relapse could facilitate the development of new or enhanced personalized therapeutic regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhisek Mitra
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Lopa Mishra
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Nutrition, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shulin Li
- Department of Pediatrics, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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38
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Zhu P, Zhao N, Sheng D, Hou J, Hao C, Yang X, Zhu B, Zhang S, Han Z, Wei L, Zhang L. Inhibition of Growth and Metastasis of Colon Cancer by Delivering 5-Fluorouracil-loaded Pluronic P85 Copolymer Micelles. Sci Rep 2016; 6:20896. [PMID: 26864651 PMCID: PMC4750032 DOI: 10.1038/srep20896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatic metastasis is the leading cause of mortality of colon cancer, which is still lack of an effective therapy. A new delivery system, pluronic P85 block copolymers, conveying chemotherapeutic agent 5-fluorouracil (5-Fu) for inhibiting growth and metastasis of colon cancer was designed and developed. In this study, we demonstrated that 5-Fu produce strong pesticide effect at lower doses in the present of pluronic P85 compared with control groups. The migration and invasion of HCT116 cells and RKO cells were examined and the results showed that migration and invasion capacities of HCT116 cells and RKO cells were reduced by administering 5-Fu/P85 copolymer micelles in vitro and in vivo which indicating an effectively activity. Interestingly, the content of CD133 + CXCR4+ cells in HCT116 cancer cells and RKO cells treated by 5-Fu/P85 copolymer micelles was decreased. Importantly, the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) of CD133 + CXCR4+ cells, which was strongly associated with liver metastasis of colon cancer, was also suppressed by giving 5-Fu/P85 copolymer micelles. The results indicated that 5-Fu/P85 copolymer micelles could inhibit the growth and metastasis of colon cancer, which could be attributed to the decrease of the content of CD133 + CXCR4+ cells and suppression of EMT of CD133 + CXCR4+ cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengxi Zhu
- Department of Phamacy, Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Naping Zhao
- Department of Phamacy, Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Dandan Sheng
- Department of Phamacy, Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Jing Hou
- Department of Phamacy, Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Chong Hao
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Xue Yang
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Bing Zhu
- Department of Phamacy, Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Shanshan Zhang
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Zhipeng Han
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Lixin Wei
- Tumor Immunology and Gene Therapy Center, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Phamacy, Changhai Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, 200433, China
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39
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Anterior gradient protein 2 expression in high grade head and neck squamous cell carcinoma correlated with cancer stem cell and epithelial mesenchymal transition. Oncotarget 2016; 6:8807-21. [PMID: 25871396 PMCID: PMC4496185 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Anterior gradient protein 2 (AGR2) is a novel biomarker with potential oncogenic role. We sought to investigate the diagnostic and prognostic role of AGR2 on head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) with an emphasis on its correlation of cancer stemloid cells (CSC) and epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT). We found that AGR2 protein levels were higher in HNSCC than in normal oral mucosa. High levels of AGR2 were associated with the T category, pathological grade and lymph node metastasis of HNSCC. Expression of AGR2 increased in recurring HNSCC after radiotherapy and in post cisplatin-based chemotherapeutic tissues. In HNSCC cell lines, knock-down of AGR2 induced apoptosis, reduced sphere formation, and down-regulated Survivin, Cyclin D1, Bcl2, Bcl2l1, Slug, Snail, Nanog and Oct4. In addition, over-expressed AGR2 in transgenic mice with spontaneous HNSCC was associated with lost function of Tgfbr1 and/or lost function of Pten. In vitro knockdown TGFBR1 in HNSCC cell lines increased AGR2 expression. These results suggest that AGR2 is involved in EMT and self-renewal of CSC and may present a potential therapeutic target (oncotarget) for HNSCC.
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40
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Aguilar E, Marin de Mas I, Zodda E, Marin S, Morrish F, Selivanov V, Meca-Cortés Ó, Delowar H, Pons M, Izquierdo I, Celià-Terrassa T, de Atauri P, Centelles JJ, Hockenbery D, Thomson TM, Cascante M. Metabolic Reprogramming and Dependencies Associated with Epithelial Cancer Stem Cells Independent of the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Program. Stem Cells 2016; 34:1163-76. [PMID: 27146024 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In solid tumors, cancer stem cells (CSCs) can arise independently of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). In spite of recent efforts, the metabolic reprogramming associated with CSC phenotypes uncoupled from EMT is poorly understood. Here, by using metabolomic and fluxomic approaches, we identify major metabolic profiles that differentiate metastatic prostate epithelial CSCs (e-CSCs) from non-CSCs expressing a stable EMT. We have found that the e-CSC program in our cellular model is characterized by a high plasticity in energy substrate metabolism, including an enhanced Warburg effect, a greater carbon and energy source flexibility driven by fatty acids and amino acid metabolism and an essential reliance on the proton buffering capacity conferred by glutamine metabolism. An analysis of transcriptomic data yielded a metabolic gene signature for our e-CSCs consistent with the metabolomics and fluxomics analyses that correlated with tumor progression and metastasis in prostate cancer and in 11 additional cancer types. Interestingly, an integrated metabolomics, fluxomics, and transcriptomics analysis allowed us to identify key metabolic players regulated at the post-transcriptional level, suggesting potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets to effectively forestall metastasis. Stem Cells 2016;34:1163-1176.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther Aguilar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Igor Marin de Mas
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Erika Zodda
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, Barcelona, Spain.,Department of Cell Biology, Molecular Biology Institute, National Research Council (IBMB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Silvia Marin
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Vitaly Selivanov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Óscar Meca-Cortés
- Department of Cell Biology, Molecular Biology Institute, National Research Council (IBMB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Hossain Delowar
- Department of Cell Biology, Molecular Biology Institute, National Research Council (IBMB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mònica Pons
- Department of Cell Biology, Molecular Biology Institute, National Research Council (IBMB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Inés Izquierdo
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Toni Celià-Terrassa
- Department of Cell Biology, Molecular Biology Institute, National Research Council (IBMB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pedro de Atauri
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep J Centelles
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, Barcelona, Spain
| | - David Hockenbery
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Timothy M Thomson
- Department of Cell Biology, Molecular Biology Institute, National Research Council (IBMB-CSIC), Barcelona, Spain
| | - Marta Cascante
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Diagonal 643, Barcelona, Spain
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41
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Whom to blame for metastasis, the epithelial-mesenchymal transition or the tumor microenvironment? Cancer Lett 2016; 380:359-68. [PMID: 26791236 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.12.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 12/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Changes in the tumor microenvironment (TME) can trigger the activation of otherwise non-malignant cells to become highly aggressive and motile. This is evident during initial tumor growth when the poor vascularization in tumors generates hypoxic regions that trigger the latent embryonic program, epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), in epithelial carcinoma cells (e-cars) leading to highly motile mesenchymal-like carcinoma cells (m-cars), which also acquire cancer stem cell properties. After that, specific bidirectional interactions take place between m-cars and the cellular components of TME at different stages of metastasis. These interactions include several vicious positive feedback loops in which m-cars trigger a phenotypic switch, causing normal stromal cells to become pro-tumorigenic, which then further promote the survival, motility, and proliferation of m-cars. Accordingly, there is not a single culprit accounting for metastasis. Instead both m-cars and the TME dynamically interact, evolve and promote metastasis. In this review, we discuss the current status of the known interactions between m-cars and the TME during different stages of metastasis and how these interactions promote the metastatic activity of highly malignant m-cars by promoting their invasive mesenchymal phenotype and CSC properties.
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42
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Ma X, Deng J, Cao N, Guo Z, Zheng Y, Geng S, Meng M, Lin H, Duan Y, Du G. Lasting glycolytic stress governs susceptibility to urethane-induced lung carcinogenesis in vivo and in vitro. Toxicol Lett 2015; 240:130-9. [PMID: 26524634 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2015.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Revised: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 10/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Urethane is a recognized genotoxic carcinogen in fermented foods and beverages. This study is to compare susceptibility of ICR mice, BALB/c mice and C57BL/6 mice to urethane-induced lung carcinogenesis. The mice were injected intraperitoneally with 600 mg/kg of urethane for three times or ten times at 7-day intervals. At week 26, lung carcinogenic incidence was found in 40% ICR mice, 20% BALB/c mice and 10% C57BL/6 mice of the 3× injection group, respectively, whereas 100% lung tumor incidence took place in three mouse strains of the 10× injection group. In the 10× injection group, urethane induced lasting glycolytic stress of lung with an increase in lactate, monocarboxylate transporter 1 (MCT-1), reactive oxygen species(ROS) and 7,8-dihydro-8-oxo-29-deoxyguanosine (8-OHdG) and a decrease in pyruvate dehydrogenase (PDH) and cytochrome C oxidase (COX). In the 3× injection group, urethane also promoted lung glycolytic stress at the end of urethane injection but it lasted no more than 7 days besides in lung tumor-bearing mice. Metformin as a glycolytic enhancer promoted urethane carcinogenic efficacy in the 3× injection group, whereas 2-deoxy-glucose (2-DG) as a glycolytic inhibitor decreased urethane carcinogenic efficacy in the 10× injection group. Further, urethane promoted tumor survival in A549 cells by inducing cancer stem-like cellular state. These data suggest that lasting glycolytic stress is sufficient for urethane-induced lung tumorigenesis, and that urethane 10× injection-induced lung cancer can serve as a valuable model for lung tumor biology and tumor prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Ma
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacy College of Henan University, Jinming District, Kaifeng, Henan Province 475004, China
| | - Jiaxiu Deng
- Department of Oncology, The First Hospital Affiliated to Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province 475001, China
| | - Ning Cao
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacy College of Henan University, Jinming District, Kaifeng, Henan Province 475004, China
| | - Zhenzhen Guo
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacy College of Henan University, Jinming District, Kaifeng, Henan Province 475004, China
| | - Yaqiu Zheng
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacy College of Henan University, Jinming District, Kaifeng, Henan Province 475004, China
| | - Shengnan Geng
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacy College of Henan University, Jinming District, Kaifeng, Henan Province 475004, China
| | - Mingjing Meng
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacy College of Henan University, Jinming District, Kaifeng, Henan Province 475004, China
| | - Haihong Lin
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacy College of Henan University, Jinming District, Kaifeng, Henan Province 475004, China
| | - Yongjian Duan
- Department of Oncology, The First Hospital Affiliated to Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province 475001, China.
| | - Gangjun Du
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacy College of Henan University, Jinming District, Kaifeng, Henan Province 475004, China.
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43
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Tumorigenic hybrids between mesenchymal stem cells and gastric cancer cells enhanced cancer proliferation, migration and stemness. BMC Cancer 2015; 15:793. [PMID: 26498753 PMCID: PMC4620013 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-015-1780-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Emerging evidence indicates that inappropriate cell-cell fusion might contribute to cancer progression. Similarly, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can also fuse with other cells spontaneously and capable of adopting the phenotype of other cells. The aim of our study was to investigate the role of MSCs participated cell fusion in the tumorigenesis of gastric cancer. METHODS We fused human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (hucMSCs) with gastric cancer cells in vitro by polyethylene glycol (PEG), the hybrid cells were sorted by flow cytometer. The growth and migration of hybrids were assessed by cell counting, cell colony formation and transwell assays. The proteins and genes related to epithelial- mesenchymal transition and stemness were tested by western blot, immunocytochemistry and real-time RT-PCR. The expression of CD44 and CD133 was examined by immunocytochemistry and flow cytometry. The xenograft assay was used to evaluation the tumorigenesis of the hybrids. RESULTS The obtained hybrids exhibited epithelial- mesenchymal transition (EMT) change with down-regulation of E-cadherin and up-regulation of Vimentin, N-cadherin, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), and fibroblast activation protein (FAP). The hybrids also increased expression of stemness factors Oct4, Nanog, Sox2 and Lin28. The expression of CD44 and CD133 on hybrid cells was stronger than parental gastric cancer cells. Moreover, the migration and proliferation of heterotypic hybrids were enhanced. In addition, the heterotypic hybrids promoted the growth abilities of gastric xenograft tumor in vivo. CONCLUSIONS Taken together, our results suggest that cell fusion between hucMSCs and gastric cancer cells could contribute to tumorigenic hybrids with EMT and stem cell-like properties, which may provide a flexible tool for investigating the roles of MSCs in gastric cancer.
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44
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Li H, Li G, Liu L, Guo Z, Ma X, Cao N, Lin H, Han G, Duan Y, Du G. Tumor interstitial fluid promotes malignant phenotypes of lung cancer independently of angiogenesis. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2015; 8:1120-9. [PMID: 26342025 DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-15-0242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2015] [Accepted: 08/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is necessary for cancer progression, but antiangiogenic therapy actually promotes tumor recurrence, progression, and metastasis. This study focused on the contribution of the tumor interstitial fluid (TIF) to lung cancer progression. TIF was isolated and quantified for 10 μg protein/mL. Malignant driver characteristics of TIF were examined by tumor-initiating cells (TIC), self-renewal, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), autophagy, and apoptosis in vitro. In vivo tumor model was used to investigate the mechanistic roles of TIF in lung cancer progression. In vitro, TIF exhibited distinct malignant driver characteristics, which led to increased numbers of TICs, increased self-renewal and EMT, as well as to decreased autophagy and apoptosis under cell starvation conditions. In vivo, the contribution of TIF was similar, as judged by increased TICs indicated by the cancer stem cell marker Nanog, the proliferation marker proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and the EMT marker N-cadherin; TIF also increased the formation of pulmonary tumors. Interestingly, the blockers of inflammation, Na-K-ATPase, and aldosterone receptor decreased TIF-induced tumor progression but increased angiogenesis. Further, we found that the water content of the tissue was positively correlated with the levels of plasma 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid or tissue aquaporin-1 but not with CD31. However, vadimezan reduced angiogenesis but promoted TIF-induced tumor progression. Our results suggested that TIF could provide better nutrition to the tumor than angiogenesis and that it could promote the development of malignant phenotypes of lung cancer independently of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hong Li
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacy College of Henan University, Jinming District, Kaifeng, Henan Province, China
| | - Ganggang Li
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacy College of Henan University, Jinming District, Kaifeng, Henan Province, China
| | - Linxin Liu
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacy College of Henan University, Jinming District, Kaifeng, Henan Province, China
| | - Zhenzhen Guo
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacy College of Henan University, Jinming District, Kaifeng, Henan Province, China
| | - Xiaofang Ma
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacy College of Henan University, Jinming District, Kaifeng, Henan Province, China
| | - Ning Cao
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacy College of Henan University, Jinming District, Kaifeng, Henan Province, China
| | - Haihong Lin
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacy College of Henan University, Jinming District, Kaifeng, Henan Province, China
| | - Guang Han
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacy College of Henan University, Jinming District, Kaifeng, Henan Province, China
| | - Yongjian Duan
- Department of Oncology, The First Hospital Affiliated to Henan University, Kaifeng, Henan Province, China.
| | - Gangjun Du
- Institute of Pharmacy, Pharmacy College of Henan University, Jinming District, Kaifeng, Henan Province, China.
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Guo W, Zhang S, Chen Y, Zhang D, Yuan L, Cong H, Liu S. An important role of the hepcidin-ferroportin signaling in affecting tumor growth and metastasis. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2015. [PMID: 26201356 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmv063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Epidemiological and experimental studies have suggested that deregulated hepcidin-ferroportin (FPN) signaling is associated with the increased risk of cancers. However, the effects of deregulated hepcidin-FPN signaling on tumor behaviors such as metastasis and epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) have not been closely investigated. In this study, LL/2 cancer cells were found to exhibit an impaired propensity to home into lungs, and a reduced ability to develop tumors was also demonstrated in lungs of Hamp1(-/-) mice. Moreover, hepatic hepcidin deficiency was found to considerably favor tumor-free survival in Hamp1(-/-) mice, compared with wild-type mice. These data thus underscored a contributive role of hepatic hepcidin in promoting lung cancer cell homing and fostering tumor progression. To explore the role of FPN in regulating tumor progression, we genetically engineered 4T1 cells with FPN over-expression upon induction by doxycycline. With this cell line, it was discovered that increased FPN expression reduced cell division and colony formation in vitro, without eliciting significant cell death. Analogously, FPN over-expression impeded tumor growth and metastasis to lung and liver in mice. At the molecular level, FPN over-expression was identified to undermine DNA synthesis and cell cycle progression. Importantly, FPN over-expression inhibited EMT, as reflected by the significant decrease of representative EMT markers, such as Snail1, Twist1, ZEB2, and vimentin. Additionally, there was also a reduction of lactate production in cells upon induction of FPN over-expression. Together, our results highlighted a crucial role of the hepcidin-FPN signaling in modulating tumor growth and metastasis, providing new evidence to understand the contribution of this signaling in cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenli Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Shuping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China Institute for Medical Engineering and Science, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Yue Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China Department of Urology, The Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin Institute of Urology, Tianjin 300211, China
| | - Daoqiang Zhang
- Weifang Medical College, Wendeng Central Hospital, Weihai 264400, China
| | - Lin Yuan
- Weifang Medical College, Wendeng Central Hospital, Weihai 264400, China
| | - Haibo Cong
- Weifang Medical College, Wendeng Central Hospital, Weihai 264400, China
| | - Sijin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
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Mitochondria as new therapeutic targets for eradicating cancer stem cells: Quantitative proteomics and functional validation via MCT1/2 inhibition. Oncotarget 2015; 5:11029-37. [PMID: 25415228 PMCID: PMC4294326 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Here, we used quantitative proteomics analysis to identify novel therapeutic targets in cancer stem cells and/or progenitor cells. For this purpose, mammospheres from two ER-positive breast cancer cell lines (MCF7 and T47D) were grown in suspension using low-attachment plates and directly compared to attached monolayer cells grown in parallel. This allowed us to identify a subset of proteins that were selectively over-expressed in mammospheres, relative to epithelial monolayers. We focused on mitochondrial proteins, as they appeared to be highly upregulated in both MCF7 and T47D mammospheres. Key mitochondrial-related enzymes involved in beta-oxidation and ketone metabolism were significantly upregulated in mammospheres, as well as proteins involved in mitochondrial biogenesis, and specific protein inhibitors of autophagy/mitophagy. Overall, we identified >40 “metabolic targets” that were commonly upregulated in both MCF7 and T47D mammospheres. Most of these “metabolic targets” were also transcriptionally upregulated in human breast cancer cells in vivo, validating their clinical relevance. Based on this analysis, we propose that increased mitochondrial biogenesis and decreased mitochondrial degradation could provide a novel mechanism for the accumulation of mitochondrial mass in cancer stem cells. To functionally validate our observations, we utilized a specific MCT1/2 inhibitor (AR-C155858), which blocks the cellular uptake of two types of mitochondrial fuels, namely ketone bodies and L-lactate. Our results indicate that inhibition of MCT1/2 function effectively reduces mammosphere formation, with an IC-50 of ~1 μM, in both ER-positive and ER-negative breast cancer cell lines. Very similar results were obtained with oligomycin A, an inhibitor of the mitochondrial ATP synthase. Thus, the proliferative clonal expansion of cancer stem cells appears to require oxidative mitochondrial metabolism, related to the re-use of monocarboxylic acids, such as ketones or L-lactate. Our findings have important clinical implications for exploiting mitochondrial metabolism to eradicate cancer stem cells and to prevent recurrence, metastasis and drug resistance in cancer patients. Importantly, a related MCT1/2 inhibitor (AZD3965) is currently in phase I clinical trials in patients with advanced cancers: http://clinicaltrials.gov/show/NCT01791595.
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Fitzgerald TL, Lertpiriyapong K, Cocco L, Martelli AM, Libra M, Candido S, Montalto G, Cervello M, Steelman L, Abrams SL, McCubrey JA. Roles of EGFR and KRAS and their downstream signaling pathways in pancreatic cancer and pancreatic cancer stem cells. Adv Biol Regul 2015; 59:65-81. [PMID: 26257206 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbior.2015.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is currently the fourth most common cancer, is increasing in incidence and soon will be the second leading cause of cancer death in the USA. This is a deadly malignancy with an incidence that approximates the mortality with 44,000 new cases and 36,000 deaths each year. Surgery, although only modestly successful, is the only curative option. However, due the locally aggressive nature and early metastasis, surgery can be performed on less than 20% of patients. Cytotoxic chemotherapy is palliative, has significant toxicity and improves survival very little. Thus new treatment paradigms are needed desperately. Due to the extremely high frequency of KRAS gene mutations (>90%) detected in pancreatic cancer patients, the roles of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), Ras/Raf/MEK/ERK and PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTORC1/GSK-3 pathways have been investigated in pancreatic cancer for many years. Constitutively active Ras can activate both of these pathways and there is cross talk between Ras and EGFR which is believed to be important in driving metastasis. Mutant KRAS may also drive the expression of GSK-3 through Raf/MEK/ERK-mediated effects on GSK-3 transcription. GSK-3 can then regulate the expression of NF-kappaB which is important in modulating pancreatic cancer chemoresistance. While the receptors and many downstream signaling molecules have been identified and characterized, there is still much to learn about these pathways and how their deregulation can lead to cancer. Multiple inhibitors to EGFR, PI3K, mTOR, GSK-3, Raf, MEK and hedgehog (HH) have been developed and are being evaluated in various cancers. Current research often focuses on the role of these pathways in cancer stem cells (CSC), with the goal to identify sites where therapeutic resistance may develop. Relatively novel fields of investigation such as microRNAs and drugs used for other diseases e.g., diabetes, (metformin) and malaria (chloroquine) have provided new information about therapeutic resistance and CSCs. This review will focus on recent advances in the field and how they affect pancreatic cancer research and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy L Fitzgerald
- Department of Surgery, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Kvin Lertpiriyapong
- Department of Comparative Medicine, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Lucio Cocco
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Alberto M Martelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze Biomediche e Neuromotorie, Università di Bologna, Bologna, Italy
| | - Massimo Libra
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Laboratory of Translational Oncology & Functional Genomics, Section of Pathology & Oncology, Via Androne, Catania, Italy, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Saverio Candido
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, Laboratory of Translational Oncology & Functional Genomics, Section of Pathology & Oncology, Via Androne, Catania, Italy, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Montalto
- Biomedical Department of Internal Medicine and Specialties, University of Palermo, Palermo, Italy; Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare "Alberto Monroy", Palermo, Italy
| | - Melchiorre Cervello
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Istituto di Biomedicina e Immunologia Molecolare "Alberto Monroy", Palermo, Italy
| | - Linda Steelman
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - Stephen L Abrams
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA
| | - James A McCubrey
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University, Greenville, NC, USA.
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48
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Epithelial–mesenchymal transition in human cancer: Comprehensive reprogramming of metabolism, epigenetics, and differentiation. Pharmacol Ther 2015; 150:33-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2015.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Saeki K, Watanabe M, Tsuboi M, Sugano S, Yoshitake R, Tanaka Y, Ong SM, Saito T, Matsumoto K, Fujita N, Nishimura R, Nakagawa T. Anti-tumour effect of metformin in canine mammary gland tumour cells. Vet J 2015; 205:297-304. [PMID: 25981932 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 04/07/2015] [Accepted: 04/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Metformin is an oral hypoglycaemic drug used in type 2 diabetes. Its pharmacological activity reportedly involves mitochondrial respiratory complex I, and mitochondrial respiratory complex inhibitors have a strong inhibitory effect on the growth of metastatic canine mammary gland tumour (CMGT) cell lines. It is hypothesised that metformin has selective anti-tumour effects on metastatic CMGT cells. The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro effect of metformin on cell growth, production of ATP and reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway in two CMGT clonal cell lines with different metastatic potential. In addition, transcriptome analysis was used to determine cellular processes disrupted by metformin and in vivo anti-tumour effects were examined in a mouse xenograft model. Metformin inhibited CMGT cell growth in vitro, with the metastatic clone (CHMp-5b) displaying greater sensitivity. ATP depletion and ROS elevation were observed to a similar extent in the metastatic and non-metastatic (CHMp-13a) cell lines after metformin exposure. However, subsequent AMPK activation and mTOR pathway inhibition were prominent only in metformin-insensitive non-metastatic cells. Microarray analysis revealed inhibition of cell cycle progression by metformin treatment in CHMp-5b cells, which was further confirmed by Western blotting and cell cycle analysis. Additionally, metformin significantly suppressed tumour growth in xenografted metastatic CMGT cells. In conclusion, metformin exhibited an anti-tumour effect in metastatic CMGT cells through AMPK-independent cell cycle arrest. Its mechanism of action differed in the non-metastatic clone, where AMPK activation and mTOR inhibition were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Saeki
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - M Watanabe
- Department of Medical Genome Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8561, Japan
| | - M Tsuboi
- Laboratory of Veterinary Pathology, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - S Sugano
- Department of Medical Genome Science, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Kashiwa 277-8561, Japan
| | - R Yoshitake
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Y Tanaka
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - S M Ong
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - T Saito
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - K Matsumoto
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - N Fujita
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - R Nishimura
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - T Nakagawa
- Laboratory of Veterinary Surgery, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, 1-1-1, Yayoi, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan.
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50
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Cheong H. Integrating autophagy and metabolism in cancer. Arch Pharm Res 2015; 38:358-71. [PMID: 25614051 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-015-0562-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic process mediated by lysosomal degradation and is a key player in regulating cellular metabolism during cancer progression. Autophagy maintains cellular homeostasis by degrading unnecessary cellular molecules, which also prevents tumorigenesis. Conversely, autophagy also provides nutrients that support malignant tumor growth in advanced tumors. Multiple novel mechanisms have been proposed to explain the tumor-facilitating role of autophagy. Autophagy regulates diverse metabolic pathways that promote tumor proliferation and survival, which are closely associated with oncogenic activators and tumor suppressors. Autophagy has been implicated in cancer cell invasion and metastasis. Accordingly, autophagy has emerged as a tumor-promoting mechanism that facilitates cancer cell growth and survival. Mechanistic studies of autophagy during tumor progression may identify potential targets that can be utilized to disrupt cancer development. Understanding the molecular networks integrating metabolic changes and autophagy in cancer cells could provide novel insights to enhance targeted cancer therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heesun Cheong
- Comparative Biomedicine Research Branch, Division of Cancer Biology, National Cancer Center, 323 Ilsan-ro, Ilsandong-gu, Goyang, Gyeonggi-do, 410-769, Republic of Korea,
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