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Liu P, Ding P, Sun C, Chen S, Lowe S, Meng L, Zhao Q. Lymphangiogenesis in gastric cancer: function and mechanism. Eur J Med Res 2023; 28:405. [PMID: 37803421 PMCID: PMC10559534 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-023-01298-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased lymphangiogenesis and lymph node (LN) metastasis are thought to be important steps in cancer metastasis, and are associated with patient's poor prognosis. There is increasing evidence that the lymphatic system may play a crucial role in regulating tumor immune response and limiting tumor metastasis, since tumor lymphangiogenesis is more prominent in tumor metastasis and diffusion. Lymphangiogenesis takes place in embryonic development, wound healing, and a variety of pathological conditions, including tumors. Tumor cells and tumor microenvironment cells generate growth factors (such as lymphangiogenesis factor VEGF-C/D), which can promote lymphangiogenesis, thereby inducing the metastasis and diffusion of tumor cells. Nevertheless, the current research on lymphangiogenesis in gastric cancer is relatively scattered and lacks a comprehensive understanding. Therefore, in this review, we aim to provide a detailed perspective on molecules and signal transduction pathways that regulate gastric cancer lymphogenesis, which may provide new insights for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengpeng Liu
- The Third Department of Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050011, Hebei, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Comprehensive Treatment of Gastric Cancer, Shijiazhuang, 050011, China
| | - Ping'an Ding
- The Third Department of Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050011, Hebei, China
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Comprehensive Treatment of Gastric Cancer, Shijiazhuang, 050011, China
| | - Chenyu Sun
- AMITA Health Saint Joseph Hospital Chicago, 2900 N. Lake Shore Drive, Chicago, IL, 60657, USA
| | - Shuya Chen
- Newham University Hospital, Glen Road, Plaistow, London, E13 8SL, England, UK
| | - Scott Lowe
- College of Osteopathic Medicine, Kansas City University, 1750 Independence Ave, Kansas City, MO, 64106, USA
| | - Lingjiao Meng
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Comprehensive Treatment of Gastric Cancer, Shijiazhuang, 050011, China.
- Research Center of the Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050011, China.
| | - Qun Zhao
- The Third Department of Surgery, The Fourth Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050011, Hebei, China.
- Hebei Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Comprehensive Treatment of Gastric Cancer, Shijiazhuang, 050011, China.
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Martin SG, Rakha E, Storr SJ. Quantifying Lymphatic Vessel Density in Human Tissue Samples. METHODS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY (CLIFTON, N.J.) 2022; 2441:183-189. [PMID: 35099737 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2059-5_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The development of new blood and lymphatic vessels, through the process of angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis, respectively, is critical to the development and growth of tumors, and integral to the process of metastasis. Lymphatic vessel density can be assessed as a surrogate measure of lymphangiogenesis in human tissue samples. Lymphatic vessel density has been shown to be associated with lymph node metastasis and patient survival in various solid tumor types. Here we describe a method for quantifying the number of lymphatic vessels within tumor tissue that can also be used to assess lymphatic vessel invasion, and compare with blood vessel density and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stewart G Martin
- Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, Biodiscovery Institute, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Emad Rakha
- Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, Biodiscovery Institute, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Sarah J Storr
- Nottingham Breast Cancer Research Centre, Biodiscovery Institute, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK.
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de Vilhena AF, das Neves Pereira JC, Parra ER, Balancin ML, Ab Saber A, Martins V, Farhat C, Abrantes MM, de Campos JRM, Tedde ML, Takagaki T, Capelozzi VL. Histomorphometric evaluation of the Ki-67 proliferation rate and CD34 microvascular and D2-40 lymphovascular densities drives the pulmonary typical carcinoid outcome. Hum Pathol 2018; 81:201-210. [PMID: 30031097 DOI: 10.1016/j.humpath.2018.07.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Ki-67 has shown promise as a prognostic factor in pulmonary carcinoids. In this study, we sought to validate the importance of Ki-67 and study the relationships between Ki-67 and other stromal biomarkers of vascular density. We examined Ki-67, CD34, and D2-40 in tumor tissues from 128 patients with surgically excised typical carcinoid of the lung. We used immunohistochemistry and morphometry to evaluate the amount of tumor staining for cellular proliferation (Ki-67), microvascular density (CD34-MVD), and D2-40 lymphovascular density. The main outcome was overall survival, considered as life expectancy until death from metastasis. Specimens from patients with central tumors showed high CD34-MVD (P = .01), which was also significantly associated with a compromised surgical margin, lymph node metastasis, and clinical stage Ib. Equally significant was high D2-40 lymphovascular density in central specimens with a compromised surgical margin and lymph node metastasis. A high Ki-67 proliferation rate was significantly associated with tumors from patients with clinical stage IIb, IIIa, and IV disease. Multivariate Cox model analysis demonstrated that tumor location and stage, surgical margin, tumor size, and N stage were significantly related to survival time (P < .05). Quantitative staining of the tumor for Ki-67 and CD34-MVD served as prognostic factors (P < .05), which were more relevant than the surgical and pathological stage. Ki-67 greater than 5% and CD34-MVD greater than 7% staining comprise a subset of patients with higher death hazard; this outcome may harbor evidence for further prospective studies of target therapy after surgical resection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Edwin Roger Parra
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Marcelo Luiz Balancin
- Laboratory of Genomic and Histomorphometry, Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Alexandre Ab Saber
- Laboratory of Genomic and Histomorphometry, Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Vanessa Martins
- Laboratory of Genomic and Histomorphometry, Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo 01246-903, Brazil
| | - Cecilia Farhat
- Laboratory of Genomic and Histomorphometry, Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo 01246-903, Brazil
| | | | | | - Miguel Lia Tedde
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Heart Institute (Incor), São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Teresa Takagaki
- Division of Pneumology, Heart Institute (Incor), Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, Brazil
| | - Vera Luiza Capelozzi
- Laboratory of Genomic and Histomorphometry, Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo 01246-903, Brazil.
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Blei F. Update April 2018. Lymphat Res Biol 2018. [DOI: 10.1089/lrb.2018.29040.fb] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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