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Raoul P, Maccauro V, Cintoni M, Scarpellini E, Ianiro G, Gasbarrini A, Mele MC, Rinninella E. Microbiota-Gastric Cancer Interactions and the Potential Influence of Nutritional Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1679. [PMID: 38338956 PMCID: PMC10855965 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25031679] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most common causes of cancer deaths, and GC treatments represent a large area of research. Although initially regarded as a sterile organ and unsuitable for microbial communities, the discovery of Helicobacter pylori made us realize that some microbes can colonize the stomach. In recent years, growing interest in gastric bacteria has expanded to the gut microbiota and, more recently, to the oral microbiota. Indeed, the oral-gastric-gut microbiota axis may play a crucial role in maintaining homeostasis, while changes in microbiota composition in GC patients can influence clinical outcomes. On the one hand, the microbiota and its metabolites may significantly influence the progression of GC, while anti-GC treatments such as gastrectomy and chemotherapy may significantly impact the oral-gastric-gut microbiota axis of GC patients. In this context, the role of nutritional therapies, including diet, prebiotics, and probiotics, in treating GC should not be underestimated. Wit this review, we aim to highlight the main role of the gastric, oral, and gut microbiota in GC onset and progression, representing potential future biomarkers for early GC detection and a target for efficient nutritional therapies during the course of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pauline Raoul
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, Department of Medical and Abdominal Surgery and Endocrine-Metabolic Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (P.R.); (M.C.); (M.C.M.)
| | - Valeria Maccauro
- School of Specialization in Internal Medicine, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Marco Cintoni
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, Department of Medical and Abdominal Surgery and Endocrine-Metabolic Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (P.R.); (M.C.); (M.C.M.)
- Research and Training Center in Human Nutrition, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy;
| | - Emidio Scarpellini
- Translationeel Onderzoek van Gastro-Enterologische Aandoeningen (T.A.R.G.I.D.), Gasthuisberg University 11 Hospital, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, 3000 Leuven, Belgium;
| | - Gianluca Ianiro
- Digestive Disease Center (CEMAD), Department of Medical and Abdominal Surgery and Endocrine-Metabolic Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Gasbarrini
- Research and Training Center in Human Nutrition, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy;
- Digestive Disease Center (CEMAD), Department of Medical and Abdominal Surgery and Endocrine-Metabolic Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy;
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Cristina Mele
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, Department of Medical and Abdominal Surgery and Endocrine-Metabolic Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (P.R.); (M.C.); (M.C.M.)
- Research and Training Center in Human Nutrition, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy;
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Emanuele Rinninella
- Clinical Nutrition Unit, Department of Medical and Abdominal Surgery and Endocrine-Metabolic Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Universitario Agostino Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy; (P.R.); (M.C.); (M.C.M.)
- Research and Training Center in Human Nutrition, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy;
- Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery, Catholic University of the Sacred Heart, 00168 Rome, Italy
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Rohan P, dos Santos EC, Abdelhay E, Binato R. High Expression of THY1 in Intestinal Gastric Cancer as a Key Factor in Tumor Biology: A Poor Prognosis-Independent Marker Related to the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition Profile. Genes (Basel) 2023; 15:28. [PMID: 38254918 PMCID: PMC10815053 DOI: 10.3390/genes15010028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2023] [Revised: 12/15/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is an important cancer-related death worldwide. Among its histological subtypes, intestinal gastric cancer (IGC) is the most common. A previous work showed that increased expression of the THY1 gene was associated with poor overall survival in IGC. Furthermore, it was shown that IGC tumor cells with high expression of THY1 have a greater capacity for tumorigenesis and metastasis in vitro. This study aimed to identify molecular differences between IGC with high and low expression of THY1. Using a feature selection method, a group of 35 genes were found to be the most informative gene set for THY1high IGC tumors. Through a classification model, these genes differentiate THY1high from THY1low tumors with 100% of accuracy both in the test subset and the independent test set. Additionally, this group of 35 genes correctly clustered 100% of the samples. An extensive validation of this potential molecular signature in multiple cohorts successfully segregated between THY1high and THY1low IGC tumors (>95%), proving to be independent of the gene expression quantification methodology. These genes are involved in central processes to tumor biology, such as the epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and remodeling of the tumor tissue composition. Moreover, patients with THY1high IGC demonstrated poor survival and a more advanced clinicopathological staging. Our findings revealed a molecular signature for IGC with high THY1 expression. This signature showed EMT and remodeling of the tumor tissue composition potentially related to the biology of IGC. Altogether, our results indicate that THY1high IGC tumors are a particular subset of tumors with a specific molecular and prognosis profile.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Renata Binato
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +55-21-3207-1874; Fax: +55-21-2509-2121
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3
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Majewski M, Mertowska P, Mertowski S, Torres K, Grywalska E. How Toll-like Receptor 9 Plays a Key Role in the Development of Gastric Cancer and Is Linked to Epstein-Barr Virus Infection. Cancers (Basel) 2023; 15:5104. [PMID: 37894471 PMCID: PMC10605881 DOI: 10.3390/cancers15205104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 10/05/2023] [Accepted: 10/16/2023] [Indexed: 10/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The relationship between Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR-9) signaling and its involvement with Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) in gastric cancer (GC) is complex and currently under study. This research intended to understand TLR-9's role in certain T and B lymphocytes and the serum levels of TLR-9 in GC patients versus healthy subjects. The team explored links between these immune markers and various GC traits, such as histological grade, tumor progression stages, cancer types, and survival rates. Additionally, the research sought to find if EBV genetic material influences these immune reactions. Using flow cytometry, TLR-9 levels in different immune cells were analyzed. At the same time, the amount of TLR-9 in the serum was determined. The results showed GC patients had varied TLR-9 levels compared to healthy subjects, with specific cells showing noticeable changes. When grouped by GC attributes, key relationships emerged between TLR-9 amounts, the histological grade, progression stages, and cancer types. A notable finding was the connection between TLR-9 levels and EBV genetic presence, suggesting possible interactions between TLR-9 responses and EBV-related GC processes. Survival data also hinted at TLR-9's potential as a predictor linked to clinical traits. Overall, this research emphasizes TLR-9's complex role in GC's immune responses, pinpointing its interactions with particular cells, clinical features, and EBV. The study unveils a complex web affecting GC and paves the way for new treatment avenues targeting TLR-9 pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marek Majewski
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Microsurgery, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland
| | - Paulina Mertowska
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (S.M.)
| | - Sebastian Mertowski
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (S.M.)
| | - Kamil Torres
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery and Microsurgery, Medical University of Lublin, 20-059 Lublin, Poland
| | - Ewelina Grywalska
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (S.M.)
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4
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Iroquois Family Genes in Gastric Carcinogenesis: A Comprehensive Review. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:genes14030621. [PMID: 36980893 PMCID: PMC10048635 DOI: 10.3390/genes14030621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/26/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is the fifth leading cause of cancer-associated death worldwide, accounting for 768,793 related deaths and 1,089,103 new cases in 2020. Despite diagnostic advances, GC is often detected in late stages. Through a systematic literature search, this study focuses on the associations between the Iroquois gene family and GC. Accumulating evidence indicates that Iroquois genes are involved in the regulation of various physiological and pathological processes, including cancer. To date, information about Iroquois genes in GC is very limited. In recent years, the expression and function of Iroquois genes examined in different models have suggested that they play important roles in cell and cancer biology, since they were identified to be related to important signaling pathways, such as wingless, hedgehog, mitogen-activated proteins, fibroblast growth factor, TGFβ, and the PI3K/Akt and NF-kB pathways. In cancer, depending on the tumor, Iroquois genes can act as oncogenes or tumor suppressor genes. However, in GC, they seem to mostly act as tumor suppressor genes and can be regulated by several mechanisms, including methylation, microRNAs and important GC-related pathogens. In this review, we provide an up-to-date review of the current knowledge regarding Iroquois family genes in GC.
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de Lanna CA, da Silva BNM, de Melo AC, Bonamino MH, Alves LDB, Pinto LFR, Cardoso AS, Antunes HS, Boroni M, Cohen Goldemberg D. Oral Lichen Planus and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma share key oncogenic signatures. Sci Rep 2022; 12:20645. [PMID: 36450755 PMCID: PMC9712651 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-022-24801-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
To investigate similarities in the gene profile of Oral Lichen Planus and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma that may justify a carcinogenic potential, we analyzed the gene expression signatures of Oral Lichen Planus and Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma in early and advanced stages. Based on gene expression data from public databases, we used a bioinformatics approach to compare expression profiles, estimate immune infiltrate composition, identify differentially and co-expressed genes, and propose putative therapeutic targets and associated drugs. Our results revealed gene expression patterns related to processes of keratinization, keratinocyte differentiation, cell proliferation and immune response in common between Oral Lichen Planus and early and advanced Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma, with the cornified envelope formation and antigen processing cross-presentation pathways in common between Oral Lichen Planus and early Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Together, these results reveal that key tumor suppressors and oncogenes such as PI3, SPRR1B and KRT17, as well as genes associated with different immune processes such as CXCL13, HIF1A and IL1B are dysregulated in OLP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristóvão Antunes de Lanna
- grid.419166.dLaboratory of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Division of Experimental and Translational Research, Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, 20231-050 Brazil
| | - Beatriz Nascimento Monteiro da Silva
- grid.419166.dDivision of Clinical Research and Technological Development of the National Cancer Institute José Alencar Gomes da Silva (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
| | - Andreia Cristina de Melo
- grid.419166.dDivision of Clinical Research and Technological Development of the National Cancer Institute José Alencar Gomes da Silva (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
| | - Martín H. Bonamino
- grid.419166.dImmunology and Tumor Biology Program-Research Coordination, Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil ,grid.418068.30000 0001 0723 0931Presidency of Research and Biological Collections (VPPCB), Oswaldo Cruz Foundation (FIOCRUZ), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lísia Daltro Borges Alves
- grid.419166.dDivision of Clinical Research and Technological Development of the National Cancer Institute José Alencar Gomes da Silva (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
| | - Luis Felipe Ribeiro Pinto
- grid.419166.dMolecular Carcinogenesis Program, Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Abel Silveira Cardoso
- grid.8536.80000 0001 2294 473XDepartment of Oral Pathology and Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Héliton Spíndola Antunes
- grid.419166.dDivision of Clinical Research and Technological Development of the National Cancer Institute José Alencar Gomes da Silva (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil
| | - Mariana Boroni
- grid.419166.dLaboratory of Bioinformatics and Computational Biology, Division of Experimental and Translational Research, Brazilian National Cancer Institute (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, 20231-050 Brazil ,grid.411087.b0000 0001 0723 2494Experimental Medicine Research Cluster (EMRC), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, 13083-970 Brazil
| | - Daniel Cohen Goldemberg
- grid.419166.dDivision of Clinical Research and Technological Development of the National Cancer Institute José Alencar Gomes da Silva (INCA), Rio de Janeiro, RJ Brazil ,grid.83440.3b0000000121901201Latin American Cooperative Oncology Group (LACOG)-Head and Neck, University College London (UCL), London, UK
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6
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Xie A, Wang P, Chen D, Zhang H. Aberrant ARMCX1 Expression Is an Independent Predictor of Poor Prognosis in Gastric Cancer. JOURNAL OF ONCOLOGY 2022; 2022:9348917. [PMID: 35571487 PMCID: PMC9098325 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9348917] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2022] [Accepted: 04/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
ARMCX1 (Armadillo repeat containing X-linked 1) is identified to be the novel tumor suppressor gene related to multiple tumor types. Nonetheless, its effect on gastric cancer (GC) is still poorly understood. The present work determined ARMCX1 level within GC and the relation with clinicopathological characteristics. This work also collected relevant information in The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database for investigating associations of ARMCX1 with clinicopathologic variables and then validated in our GC cohort. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were plotted for assessing whether ARMCX1 expression was significant in diagnosing GC. Kaplan-Meier (KM) and Cox regression analyses were conducted for assessing clinicopathological characteristics associated with overall survival (OS) of GC cases. The data from the Human Protein Atlas (HPA) and Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) databases was also analyzed for further validation, and biological processes (BPs) were identified by gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA). GC tissues showed markedly decreased ARMCX1 level relative to healthy counterparts (P < 0.001). Interestingly, ARMCX1 upregulation predicted low differentiation, poor OS, increased invasion, and late tumor stage. In addition, the area under ROC curve (AUC) and P value were 0.747 and <0.001, separately. Cases showing ARMCX1 upregulation showed significantly poor prognostic outcome compared with patients showing downregulation (P = 0.007). Furthermore, multivariate analysis showed that ARMCX1 upregulation independently predicted the risk of OS (P = 0.0017, hazard ratio, 1.089). GSEA analysis identified that several cancer-related pathways, such as focal adhesion, ECM receptor interaction, JAK/STAT, melanoma, WNT, and cancer, were enriched in GCs. We conclude that ARMCX1 serves as the possibly independent biomarker to diagnose and predict GC prognostic outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aosi Xie
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515043, China
| | - Puyu Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515043, China
| | - Diqun Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515043, China
| | - Hongxia Zhang
- Health Care Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou 515043, China
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7
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Mirbagheri SZ, Bakhtiari R, Fakhre Yaseri H, Rahimi Foroushani A, Eshraghi SS, Alebouyeh M. Transcriptional alteration of genes linked to gastritis concerning Helicobacter pylori infection status and its virulence factors. Mol Biol Rep 2021; 48:6481-6489. [PMID: 34427890 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-021-06654-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicobacter pylori infection and heterogeneity in its pathogenesis could describe diversity in the expression of inflammatory genes in the gastric tissue. We aimed to investigate transcriptional alteration of genes linked to gastritis concerning the H. pylori infection status and its virulence factors. METHODS AND RESULTS Biopsy samples of 12 infected and 12 non-infected patients with H. pylori that showed moderate chronic gastritis were selected for transcriptional analysis. Genotyping of H. pylori strains was done using PCR and relative expression of inflammatory genes was compared between the infected and non-infected patients using relative quantitative real-time PCR. Positive correlations between transcriptional changes of IL8 with TNF-α and Noxo1 in the infected and TNF-α with Noxo1, MMP7, and Atp4A in the non-infected patients were detected. Six distinct genotypes of H. pylori were detected that showed no correlation with gender, ethnicity, age, endoscopic findings, and transcriptional levels of host genes. Irrespective of the characterized genotypes, our results showed overexpression of TNF-α, MMP7, Noxo1, and ATP4A in the infected and IL-8, Noxo1, and ATP4A in the non-infected patients. CONCLUSIONS A complexity in transcription of genes respective to the characterized H. pylori genotypes in the infected patients was detected in our study. The observed difference in co-regulation of genes linked to gastritis in the infected and non-infected patients proposed involvement of different regulatory pathways in the inflammation of the gastric tissue in the studied groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seyedeh Zohre Mirbagheri
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health and Institute Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ronak Bakhtiari
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health and Institute Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Hashem Fakhre Yaseri
- Gastrointestinal and Liver Diseases Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.,Gastroenterology, Firoozgar Hospital, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abbas Rahimi Foroushani
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health and Institute Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Seyyed Saeed Eshraghi
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Public Health and Institute Health Research, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Masoud Alebouyeh
- Pediatric Infections Research Centre, Research Institute for Children's Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran.
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8
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Santos EC, Gomes RB, Fernandes PV, Ferreira MA, Abdelhay ESFW. The protein-protein interaction network of intestinal gastric cancer patients reveals hub proteins with potential prognostic value. Cancer Biomark 2021; 33:83-96. [PMID: 34366321 DOI: 10.3233/cbm-203225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gastric cancer (GC) is the third leading cause of cancer worldwide. According to the Lauren classification, gastric adenocarcinoma is divided into two subtypes: diffuse and intestinal. The development of intestinal gastric cancer (IGC) can take years and involves multiple factors. OBJECTIVE To investigate the protein profile of tumor samples from patients with IGC in comparison with adjacent nontumor tissue samples. METHODS We used label-free nano-LC-MS/MS to identify proteins from the tissues samples. The results were analyzed using MetaCore™ software to access functional enrichment information. Protein-protein interactions (PPI) were predicted using STRING analysis. Hub proteins were determined using the Cytoscape plugin, CytoHubba. Survival analysis was performed using KM plotter. We identified 429 differentially expressed proteins whose pathways and processes were related to protein folding, apoptosis, and immune response. RESULTS The PPI network of these proteins showed enrichment modules related to the regulation of cell death, immune system, neutrophil degranulation, metabolism of RNA and chromatin DNA binding. From the PPI network, we identified 20 differentially expressed hub proteins, and assessed the prognostic value of the expression of genes that encode them. Among them, the expression of four hub genes was significantly associated with the overall survival of IGC patients. CONCLUSIONS This study reveals important findings that affect IGC development based on specific biological alterations in IGC patients. Bioinformatics analysis showed that the pathogenesis of IGC patients is complex and involves different interconnected biological processes. These findings may be useful in research on new targets to develop novel therapies to improve the overall survival of patients with IGC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Everton Cruz Santos
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Para o Controle do Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | - Renata Binato Gomes
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Para o Controle do Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | - Eliana Saul Furquim Werneck Abdelhay
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Bone Marrow Transplantation Unit, Instituto Nacional de Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.,Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia Para o Controle do Câncer, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil
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9
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Aalami AH, Pouresmaeil V, Amirabadi A, Mojahed FH, Rad MQ, Sahebkar A. Evaluation of the Diagnostic Properties of Serum hsa-miR-223-5p in the Detection of Gastric Cancer: A Case-Control Study. Anticancer Agents Med Chem 2021; 20:800-808. [PMID: 32013852 DOI: 10.2174/1871520620666200204100602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 01/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MicroRNAs (miRs) are a group of small non-coding and single-stranded RNAs of 18 to 25 nucleotides. The study of microRNAs is one of the new ways to detect cancer. In this study, the serum expression of miR-223 in patients with GC was measured and compared with the control group. METHODS This case-control study was conducted on 39 patients with GC and 39 control subjects who visited the Reza Radiotherapy and Oncology Center, Mashhad, Iran, due to gastrointestinal complaints. The demographic information was collected, and the serum levels of miR-223 were measured using the real-time PCR technique in all study subjects. The association between the GC of miR-223 and tumor staging and cancer progression was assessed. RESULTS The miR-223 expression in GC patients was 3.10-fold higher than that of the control group (p<0.0001). The miR-223 expression was significantly higher in the GC stages and grades compared to the control group (p<0.0001 each). However, there was no significant effect for age, smoking, and gender on miR- 223 expression in GC and controls. At the optimal cutoff value of 0.7436, the maximal sensitivity of 89.74% and specificity of 84.62% were achieved for miR-223 (p<0.001). The sensitivity and specificity for miR-223 for differentiating low grades from high grade were 92.31% and 73.08% (p=0.0003), and for differentiating low stages from the high stage was 81.82% and 39.29% respectively (p=0.696). CONCLUSION This study revealed that miR-223 could be considered as a non-invasive diagnostic marker in the early diagnosis of GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir H Aalami
- Department of Biology, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Vahid Pouresmaeil
- Department of Biochemistry, Mashhad Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Amirabadi
- Solid Tumors Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Reza Radiation Oncology Center, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Fatemeh H Mojahed
- Department of Medical Sciences, Mashhad Medical Sciences Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahdi Q Rad
- Department of Biology, Mashhad Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Halal Research Center of IRI, FDA, Tehran, Iran,Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran,Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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10
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Jafari N, Abediankenari S, Hossein-Nataj H. miR-34a mimic or pre-mir-34a, which is the better option for cancer therapy? KatoIII as a model to study miRNA action in human gastric cancer cells. Cancer Cell Int 2021; 21:178. [PMID: 33740991 PMCID: PMC7980621 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-021-01872-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aberrantly expressed microRNAs play important roles in gastric tumorigenesis. However, use of miRNAs as a therapeutic option in gastric cancer still remains as a challenging problem. Methods We performed transient transfection of miR-34a-5p mimic and stable transfection of pre-mir-34a into KatoIII cells. Then, we evaluated the effect of transfected miRNAs on numerous cellular and molecular processes. Results Following transient transfection of miR-34a-5p mimic at 25 nM—a commonly used concentration—into KatoIII cells, inhibition of two target genes expression, namely Notch1 and β-catenin, was not observed, but a non-significant marginal increase of these genes was detected. No changes were detected in the percentage of apoptotic cells as well as in CD44 + and EpCAM + cells after 25 nM miR-34a-5p mimic transfection. Interestingly, stable transfection of pre-mir-34a into KatoIII cells (named as KatoIII-pGFPC1-34a cells) caused a significant repression in β-catenin protein and Notch1 mRNA levels (p < 0.05 and p < 0.01, respectively) relative to equivalent control (KatoIII- pGFPC1-empty cells). The percentage of CD44 + cells in the KatoIII-pGFPC1-34a cells (< 40%) was significantly lower than that in control cells (~ 95%) (p < 0.05). An increase of ~ 3.5% in apoptotic cells and a slower proliferation rate were detected in KatoIII-pGFPC1-34a cells. Conclusions Our study revealed that the effect of miR mimic in target gene repression can be dependent to its concentration as well as to the cell type. Meanwhile, our findings further support a regulatory function for pre-miRNAs in target repression and will help to develop effective therapeutic strategies in cancer treatment. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12935-021-01872-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narjes Jafari
- Immunogenetics Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Saeid Abediankenari
- Immunogenetics Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran. .,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Iran.
| | - Hadi Hossein-Nataj
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Science, Sari, Iran
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11
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Díaz Del Arco C, Ortega Medina L, Estrada Muñoz L, García Gómez de Las Heras S, Fernández Aceñero MJ. Is there still a place for conventional histopathology in the age of molecular medicine? Laurén classification, inflammatory infiltration and other current topics in gastric cancer diagnosis and prognosis. Histol Histopathol 2021; 36:587-613. [PMID: 33565601 DOI: 10.14670/hh-18-309] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is the fifth most common cancer and the third cause of cancer-related deaths worldwide. In western countries, more than half of GC patients are diagnosed at advanced stages and 5-year survival rates range between 20-30%. The only curative treatment is surgery, and despite recent advances in oncological therapies, GC prognosis is still poor. The main prognostic tool for patient categorization and treatment selection is the TNM classification, but its limitations are being increasingly recognized. Early recurrences may occur in early-stage disease, and patients at the same stage show heterogeneous outcomes. Thus, there is a need to improve GC stratification and to identify new prognostic factors, which may allow us to select drug-susceptible populations, refine patient grouping for clinical trials and discover new therapeutic targets. Molecular classifications have been developed, but they have not been translated to the clinical practice. On the other hand, histological assessment is cheap and widely available, and it is still a mainstay in the era of molecular medicine. Furthermore, histological features are acquiring new roles as reflectors of the genotype-phenotype correlation, and their potential impact on patient management is currently being analyzed. The aim of this literature review is to provide a modern overview of the histological assessment of GC. In this study, we discuss recent topics on the histological diagnosis of GC, focusing on the current role of Laurén classification and the potential value of new histological features in GC, such as inflammatory infiltration and tumor budding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Díaz Del Arco
- Department of Surgical Pathology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain. .,Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Luis Ortega Medina
- Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Surgical Pathology, Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Mª Jesús Fernández Aceñero
- Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain.,Department of Surgical Pathology, Hospital General Universitario Gregorio Marañón, Madrid, Spain
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Chen D, Zhang R, Zhang H. High expression of LUM independently predicts poor prognosis in gastric cancer: a bioinformatics study combining TCGA and GEO datasets. ALL LIFE 2021; 14:1063-1072. [DOI: 10.1080/26895293.2021.2000894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Diqun Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, People’s Republic of China
| | - Rouxin Zhang
- College of Science and Technology of China Three Gorges University, Yichang, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongxia Zhang
- Health Care Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, People’s Republic of China
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Expression patterns of seven key genes, including β-catenin, Notch1, GATA6, CDX2, miR-34a, miR-181a and miR-93 in gastric cancer. Sci Rep 2020; 10:12342. [PMID: 32704077 PMCID: PMC7378835 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69308-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 06/01/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is one of the most prevalent cancers and a major cause of cancer related mortality worldwide. Incidence of GC is affected by various factors, including genetic and environmental factors. Despite extensive research has been done for molecular characterization of GC, it remains largely unknown. Therefore, further studies specially conducted among various ethnicities in different geographic locations, are required to know the precise molecular mechanisms leading to tumorigenesis and progression of GC. The expression patterns of seven candidate genes, including β-catenin, Notch1, GATA6, CDX2, miR-34a, miR-181a, and miR-93 were determined in 24 paired GC tissues and corresponding non-cancerous tissues by quantitative Real-Time PCR. The association between the expression of these genes and clinicopathologic factors were also investigated. Our results demonstrated that overall mRNA levels of GATA6 were significantly decreased in the tumor samples in comparison with the non-cancerous tissues (median fold change (FC) = 0.3143; P = 0.0003). Overall miR-93 levels were significantly increased in the tumor samples relative to the non-cancerous gastric tissues (FC = 2.441; P = 0.0002). β-catenin mRNA expression showed a strong positive correlation with miR-34a (r = 0.5784; P = 0.0031), and miR-181a (r = 0.5652; P = 0.004) expression. miR-34a and miR-181a expression showed a significant positive correlation (r = 0.4862; P = 0.016). Moreover, lower expression of Notch1 was related to distant metastasis in GC patients with a borderline statistical significance (p = 0.0549). These data may advance our understanding of the molecular biology that drives GC as well as provide potential targets for defining novel therapeutic strategies for GC treatment.
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Abstract
Background Intestinal and diffuse gastric adenocarcinomas differ in clinical, epidemiological and molecular features. However, most of the concepts related to the intestinal-type are translated to gastric adenocarcinoma in general; thus, the peculiarities of the diffuse-type are underappreciated. Results Besides its growing importance, there are many gaps about the diffuse-type carcinogenesis and, as a result, its epidemiologic and pathogenetic features remain poorly understood. Conclusions Alternative hypotheses to explain these features are discussed, including the role of the gastric microbiota, medical therapies, and modifications in the stomach’s microenvironment.
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Chen X, Li X, Hu X, Jiang F, Shen Y, Xu R, Wu L, Wei P, Shen X. LUM Expression and Its Prognostic Significance in Gastric Cancer. Front Oncol 2020; 10:605. [PMID: 32500021 PMCID: PMC7242722 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.00605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Lumican (LUM) is a member of the small leucine-rich proteoglycan family and plays dual roles as an oncogene and a tumor suppressor gene. The effect of LUM on tumors is still controversial. Methods: Gene expression profiles and clinical data of gastric cancer (GC) were downloaded from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database. The expression difference of LUM in GC tissues and adjacent nontumor tissues was analyzed by R software and verified by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and comprehensive meta-analysis. The relationship between LUM expression and clinicopathological parameters was assessed by chi-square test and logistic regression. Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and Cox proportional hazards regression model were chosen to assess the effect of LUM expression on survival. Gene set enrichment analysis (GSEA) was used to screen the signaling pathways involved in GC between the low and the high LUM expression datasets. Results: The expression of LUM in GC tissues was significantly higher than that in adjacent nontumor tissues (P < 0.001) from the TCGA database. qRT-PCR (P = 0.022) and comprehensive meta-analysis (standard mean difference = 0.90, 95% CI: 0.34-1.46) demonstrated that LUM was upregulated in GC. The chi-square test showed that the high expression of LUM was correlated with tumor differentiation (P = 0.024) and T stage (P = 0.004). Logistic regression analysis showed that high LUM expression was significantly correlated with tumor differentiation (OR = 1.543 for poor vs. well or moderate, P = 0.043), pathological stage (OR = 3.149 for stage II vs. stage I, P = 0.001; OR = 2.505 for stage III vs. stage I, P = 0.007), and T classification (OR = 13.304 for T2 vs. T1, P = 0.014; OR = 18.434 for T3 vs. T1, P = 0.005; OR = 30.649 for T4 vs. T1, P = 0.001). The Kaplan-Meier curves suggested that patients with high LUM expression had a poor prognosis. Multivariate analysis showed that a high expression of LUM was an important independent predictor of poor overall survival (HR, 1.189; 95% CI, 1.011-1.400; P = 0.037). GSEA indicated that 14 signaling pathways were evidently enriched in samples with the high-LUM expression phenotype. Conclusions: LUM might act as an oncogene in the progression of GC and could be regarded as a potential prognostic indicator and therapeutic target for GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Chen
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xin Li
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xueju Hu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Fei Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yan Shen
- Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Rui Xu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Leilei Wu
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Pingmin Wei
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
| | - Xiaobing Shen
- Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine Engineering, Ministry of Education, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China.,Department of Epidemiology and Health Statistics, School of Public Health, Southeast University, Nanjing, China
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Lindoso RS, Lopes JA, Binato R, Abdelhay E, Takiya CM, Miranda KRD, Lara LS, Viola A, Bussolati B, Vieyra A, Collino F. Adipose Mesenchymal Cells-Derived EVs Alleviate DOCA-Salt-Induced Hypertension by Promoting Cardio-Renal Protection. Mol Ther Methods Clin Dev 2020; 16:63-77. [PMID: 31871958 PMCID: PMC6909095 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2019.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Hypertension is a long-term condition that can increase organ susceptibility to insults and lead to severe complications such as chronic kidney disease (CKD). Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are cell-derived membrane structures that participate in cell-cell communication by exporting encapsulated molecules to target cells, regulating physiological and pathological processes. We here demonstrate that multiple administration of EVs from adipose-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (ASC-EVs) in deoxycorticosterone acetate (DOCA)-salt hypertensive model can protect renal tissue by maintaining its filtration capacity. Indeed, ASC-EVs downregulated the pro-inflammatory molecules monocyte chemoattracting protein-1 (MCP-1) and plasminogen activating inhibitor-1 (PAI1) and reduced recruitment of macrophages in the kidney. Moreover, ASC-EVs prevented cardiac tissue fibrosis and maintained blood pressure within normal levels, thus demonstrating their multiple favorable effects in different organs. By applying microRNA (miRNA) microarray profile of the kidney of DOCA-salt rats, we identified a selective miRNA signature associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). One of the key pathways found was the axis miR-200-TGF-β, that was significantly altered by EV administration, thereby affecting the EMT signaling and preventing renal inflammatory response and fibrosis development. Our results indicate that EVs can be a potent therapeutic tool for the treatment of hypertension-induced CKD in cardio-renal syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Soares Lindoso
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Center for Structural Biology and Bioimaging/CENABIO, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine-REGENERA, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Jarlene Alécia Lopes
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Center for Structural Biology and Bioimaging/CENABIO, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Renata Binato
- Brazilian National Institute of Cancer, 20230-130 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Eliana Abdelhay
- Brazilian National Institute of Cancer, 20230-130 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Christina Maeda Takiya
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Kildare Rocha de Miranda
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Center for Structural Biology and Bioimaging/CENABIO, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Lucienne Silva Lara
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-590 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
| | - Antonella Viola
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pediatric Research Institute “Citta della Speranza,” University of Padova, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Benedetta Bussolati
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, University of Torino, 10126 Turin, Italy
| | - Adalberto Vieyra
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Center for Structural Biology and Bioimaging/CENABIO, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine-REGENERA, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Graduate Program of Translational Biomedicine/BIOTRANS, Grande Rio University, 25071-202 Duque de Caxias, Brazil
| | - Federica Collino
- Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- National Institute of Science and Technology for Regenerative Medicine-REGENERA, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 21941-902 Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Pediatric Research Institute “Citta della Speranza,” University of Padova, 35131 Padua, Italy
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Small Leucine Rich Proteoglycans (decorin, biglycan and lumican) in cancer. Clin Chim Acta 2019; 491:1-7. [PMID: 30629950 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2019.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2018] [Revised: 01/02/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The extracellular matrix (ECM) prevents invasion of tumour cells and possesses an intrinsic mechanism to down-regulate signalling processes that promote cancer proliferation. Small Leucine Rich Proteoglycans (SLRPs) are ubiquitous ECM components involved in matrix structural organization and as such can potentially regulate cancer cell multiplication, angiogenesis and migration. Decorin, a class I SLRP that modulates collagen fibrillogenesis, also functions as a natural pan-tyrosine kinase inhibitor to reduce tumour growth. In fact, decreased decorin expression has been associated with tumour aggressiveness and lower survival. In contrast, biglycan, another class I SLRP, was highly expressed in cancer and was associated with metastatic activity and lower survival. Tissue expression of lumican, a class II SLRP, was associated with clinical outcome and appears tumour specific. Recently, decorin, biglycan and lumican were found to be potential biomarkers in bladder cancer. This review updates our current understanding on the molecular interplay and significance of decorin, biglycan and lumican expression in cancer.
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Gastric Cancer Cell Lines Have Different MYC-Regulated Expression Patterns but Share a Common Core of Altered Genes. Can J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018; 2018:5804376. [PMID: 30410872 PMCID: PMC6206580 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5804376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 09/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
MYC is an oncogene responsible for excessive cell growth in cancer, enabling transcriptional activation of genes involved in cell cycle regulation, metabolism, and apoptosis, and is usually overexpressed in gastric cancer (GC). By using siRNA and Next-Generation Sequencing (NGS), we identified MYC-regulated differentially expressed Genes (DEGs) in three Brazilian gastric cancer cell lines representing the histological subtypes of GC (diffuse, intestinal, and metastasis). The DEGs were picked using Sailfish software, followed by Gene Set Enrichment Analysis (GSEA) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Gene and Genome (KEGG) pathway analysis using KEGG. We found 11 significantly enriched gene sets by using enrichment score (ES), False Discovery Rate (FDR), and nominal P-values. We identified a total of 5.471 DEGs with correlation over (80%). In diffuse-type and in metastatic GC cell lines, MYC-silencing caused DEGs downregulation, while the intestinal-type GC cells presented overall DEGs upregulation after MYC siRNA depletion. We were able to detect 11 significant gene sets when comparing our samples to the hallmark collection of gene expression, enriched mostly for the following hallmarks: proliferation, pathway, signaling, metabolic, and DNA damage response. When we analyzed our DEGs considering KEGG metabolic pathways, we found 12 common branches covering a wide range of biological functions, and three of them were common to all three cell lines: ubiquitin-mediated proteolysis, ribosomes, and system and epithelial cell signaling in Helicobacter pylori infection. The GC cell lines used in this study share 14 MYC-regulated genes, but their gene expression profile is different for each histological subtype of GC. Our results present a computational analysis of MYC-related signatures in GC, and we present evidence that GC cell lines representing distinct histological subtypes of this disease have different MYC-regulated expression profiles but share a common core of altered genes. This is an important step towards the understanding of MYC's role in gastric carcinogenesis and an indication of probable new drug targets in stomach cancer.
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