The long non-coding RNA SNHG14 inhibits cell proliferation and invasion and promotes apoptosis by sponging miR-92a-3p in glioma

The role of lncRNA SNHG14 in gastric cancer: enhancing tumor cell proliferation and migration, and mechanisms of CDH2 expression

LncRNAs are a class of non-coding RNAs that play an important role in regulating gene expression. However, their specific molecular mechanisms in gastric carcinogenesis and metastasis need further exploration. TCGA data showed that the expression of MFGE8, which was closely related to survival, was significantly positively correlated with lncRNA SNHG14. And moreover, the results of high-throughput sequencing and qRT-PCR showed that lncRNA SNHG14 was significantly elevated in gastric cancer. Further, in vitro functional realization showed that lncRNA SNHG14 overexpression significantly increased gastric cancer's proliferation, invasion and migration. Animal experiments also showed that lncRNA SNHG14 overexpression promoted tumorigenesis and metastasis in vivo. Mechanistically, MFGE8 activates the expression of lncRNA SNHG14, which activates the cellular EMT by stabilizing CDH2. Our study suggests that lncRNA SNHG14 could be a potential target for gastric cancer therapy.

Effect of mir-92a-3p on hydroquinone induced changes in human lymphoblastoid cell cycle and apoptosis

Hydroquinone (HQ), one of the metabolites of benzene in humans, has significant hepatotoxic properties. Chronic exposure to HQ can lead to leukemia. In a previous study by this group, we constructed a model of malignant transformation of human lymphoblastoid cells (TK6) induced by chronic exposure to HQ with significant subcutaneous tumorigenic capacity in nude mice. miR-92a-3p is a tumor factor whose role in HQ-induced malignant transformation is not yet clear. In the present study, raw signal analysis and dual-luciferase reporter gene results suggested that miR-92a-3p could target and regulate TOB1, and the expression level of miR-92a-3p was significantly upregulated in the long-term HQ-induced TK6 malignant transformation model, while the anti-proliferative factor TOB1 was significantly downregulated. To investigate the mechanism behind this, we inhibited miR-92a-3p in a malignant transformation model and found a decrease in cell viability, a decrease in MMP-9 protein levels, a G2/M phase block in the cell cycle, and an upregulation of the expression of G2/M phase-related proteins cyclinB1 and CDK1. Inhibition of miR-92a-3p in combination with si-TOB1 restored cell viability, inhibited cyclin B1 and CDK1 protein levels, and attenuated the G2/M phase block. Taken together, miR-92a-3p reduced the cell proliferation rate of HQ19 and caused cell cycle arrest by targeting TOB1, which in turn contributed to the altered malignant phenotype of the cells. This study suggests that miR-92a-3p is likely to be a biomarker for long-term HQ-induced malignant transformation of TK6 and could be a potential therapeutic target for leukemia caused by long-term exposure to HQ.

DNA methylation and miR-92a-3p-mediated repression of HIP1R promotes pancreatic cancer progression by activating the PI3K/AKT pathway

Pancreatic cancer (PAAD) is a highly malignant tumour characterized of high mortality and poor prognosis. Huntingtin-interacting protein 1-related (HIP1R) has been recognized as a tumour suppressor in gastric cancer, while its biological function in PAAD remains to be elucidated. In this study, we reported the downregulation of HIP1R in PAAD tissues and cell lines, and the overexpression of HIP1R suppressed the proliferation, migration and invasion of PAAD cells, while silencing HIP1R showed the opposite effects. DNA methylation analysis revealed that the promoter region of HIP1R was heavily methylated in PAAD cell lines when compared to the normal pancreatic duct epithelial cells. A DNA methylation inhibitor 5-AZA increased the expression of HIP1R in PAAD cells. 5-AZA treatment also inhibited the proliferation, migration and invasion, and induced apoptosis in PAAD cell lines, which could be attenuated by HIP1R silencing. We further demonstrated that HIP1R was negatively regulated by miR-92a-3p, which modulates the malignant phenotype of PAAD cells in vitro and the tumorigenesis in vivo. The miR-92a-3p/HIP1R axis could regulate PI3K/AKT pathway in PAAD cells. Taken together, our data suggest that targeting DNA methylation and miR-92a-3p-mediated repression of HIP1R could serve as novel therapeutic strategies for PAAD treatment.

Competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) networks in Parkinson's disease: A systematic review

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a distinctive clinical syndrome with several causes and clinical manifestations. Aside from an infectious cause, PD is a rapidly developing neurological disorder with a global rise in frequency. Notably, improved knowledge of molecular pathways and the developing novel diagnostic methods may result in better therapy for PD patients. In this regard, the amount of research on ceRNA axes is rising, highlighting the importance of these axes in PD. CeRNAs are transcripts that cross-regulate one another via competition for shared microRNAs (miRNAs). These transcripts may be either coding RNAs (mRNAs) or non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). This research used a systematic review to assess validated loops of ceRNA in PD. The Prisma guideline was used to conduct this systematic review, which entailed systematically examining the articles of seven databases. Out of 309 entries, forty articles met all criteria for inclusion and were summarized in the appropriate table. CeRNA axes have been described through one of the shared vital components of the axes, including lncRNAs such as NEAT1, SNHG family, HOTAIR, MALAT1, XIST, circRNAs, and lincRNAs. Understanding the multiple aspects of this regulatory structure may aid in elucidating the unknown causal causes of PD and providing innovative molecular therapeutic targets and medical fields.

Epigenetic regulation of gastrointestinal cancers mediated by long non-coding RNAs

Long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs), as well-known modulator of the epigenetic processes, have been shown to contribute to normal cellular physiological and pathological conditions such as cancer. Through the interaction with epigenetic regulators, an aberrant regulation of gene expression can be resulted due to their dysregulation, which in turn, can be involved in tumorigenesis. In the present study, we reviewed the lncRNAs' function and mechanisms that contributed to aberrant epigenetic regulation, which is directly related to gastrointestinal cancer (GI) development and progression. Findings indicated that epigenetic alterations may involve in tumorigenesis and are valuable biomarkers in case of diagnosing, assessing of risk factors, and predicting of GI cancers. This review summarized the accumulated evidence for biological and clinical application to use lncRNAs in GI cancers, including colorectal, gastric, oral, liver, pancreatic and oesophageal cancer.

Overexpression of LncRNA SNHG14 as a biomarker of clinicopathological and prognosis value in human cancers: A meta-analysis and bioinformatics analysis

Background: SNGH14 is a newly discovered long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) highly associated with tumorigenesis. However, whether the level of SNHG14 is related to the prognosis of patients with different cancer types is unclear.

Methods: PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and Embase were searched to identify eligible studies from inception to November 2021. The odds ratio (OR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) were utilized to analyze dichotomous variables, while the hazard ratio (HR) and 95% CI were used for survival outcomes. We also included trial sequential analysis (TSA) to assess whether the current evidence was sufficiently conclusive. Stata 15.0 and TSA 0.9 software were used for data analyses.

Results: A total of 21 studies involving 1,080 patients, mainly from China, were included. Our results revealed that high SNHG14 expression was associated significantly with poor overall survival (OS) [HR = 1.39; 95% CI: (1.06–1.83); p = 0.017]. In addition, elevated SNHG14 expression was related to tumor size (> 3.5 cm) [OR = 1.60; 95% CI: (1.20–2.14); p = 0.001], TNM staging [OR = 0.54; 95% CI: (0.40–0.71); p < 0.001], lymph node metastasis [OR = 1.86; 95% CI: (1.35–2.55); p < 0.001], differentiation grade [OR = 1.95; 95% CI: (1.36–2.80); p < 0.001], and distant metastasis [OR = 2.44; 95% CI: (1.30–4.58); p = 0.005]. However, no significant difference was observed between age [OR = 0.98; 95% CI: (0.72–1.35); p = 0.915] and gender [OR = 0.98; 95% CI: (0.72–1.35); p = 0.915] from the enhanced expression of SNHG14.

Conclusion: The current study revealed that overexpression of SNGH14 is associated with low OS rate and clinicopathological characteristics. SNGH14 can be a novel tumor marker that aids in tumor diagnosis, thereby improving patient prognosis.

Integrative analysis of expression profile indicates the ECM receptor and LTP dysfunction in the glioma-related epilepsy

Background

Seizures are a common symptom in glioma patients, and they can cause brain dysfunction. However, the mechanism by which glioma-related epilepsy (GRE) causes alterations in brain networks remains elusive.

Objective

To investigate the potential pathogenic mechanism of GRE by analyzing the dynamic expression profiles of microRNA/ mRNA/ lncRNA in brain tissues of glioma patients.

Methods

Brain tissues of 16 patients with GRE and 9 patients with glioma without epilepsy (GNE) were collected. The total RNA was dephosphorylated, labeled, and hybridized to the Agilent Human miRNA Microarray, Release 19.0, 8 × 60 K. The cDNA was labeled and hybridized to the Agilent LncRNA + mRNA Human Gene Expression Microarray V3.0, 4 × 180 K. The raw data was extracted from hybridized images using Agilent Feature Extraction, and quantile normalization was performed using the Agilent GeneSpring. P-value < 0.05 and absolute fold change > 2 were considered the threshold of differential expression data. Data analyses were performed using R and Bioconductor.

Results

We found that 3 differentially expressed miRNAs (miR-10a-5p, miR-10b-5p, miR-629-3p), 6 differentially expressed lncRNAs (TTN-AS1, LINC00641, SNHG14, LINC00894, SNHG1, OIP5-AS1), and 49 differentially expressed mRNAs play a vitally critical role in developing GRE. The expression of GABARAPL1, GRAMD1B, and IQSEC3 were validated more than twofold higher in the GRE group than in the GNE group in the validation cohort. Pathways including ECM receptor interaction and long-term potentiation (LTP) may contribute to the disease’s progression. Meanwhile, We built a lncRNA-microRNA-Gene regulatory network with structural and functional significance.

Conclusion

These findings can offer a fresh perspective on GRE-induced brain network changes.

Supplementary Information

The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12864-022-08665-8.

Role of extracellular LncRNA-SNHG14/miRNA-3940-5p/NAP12 mRNA in colorectal cancer

BACKGROUND

We aim to identify and analyze the expression of dyregulated RNAs in colorectal cancer (CRC).

METHODS

We selected a panel of RNAs specific to CRC composed of Nucleosome Assembly Protein 1 Like 2 (NAP1L2) mRNA, LNCRNA SNHG14 small nucleolar RNA host gene 14 (LNCRNA SNHG14) and homo sapiens microRNA-3940-5p(hsa-miRNA-3940-5p) from genetic and epigenetic databases. Validation of the chosen RNAs was achieved by real time quantitative PCR in sera of patients with CRC, versus controls groups (benign lesions and healthy individual).

RESULTS

We found that LLNCRNA SNHG14, hsa-miRNA-3940-5p and NAP1L2 mRNA had an excellent performance characteristics and more superior than CEA, and CA19.9 for differentiating CRC from controls. Combined expression of lncRNA SNHG14- hsa-miR-3940-5p and NAP1L2 mRNA had reached 100% sensitivity with accuracy 93%. Interestingly, serum hsa-miRNA-3940-5p could be an independent prognostic factor in CRC.

CONCLUSION

The extracellular lncRNA SNHG14- hsa-miR-3940-5p - NAP1L2 mRNA may aid in CRC management.KEY MESSAGESThe extracellular RNAs provide a potential class of noninvasive biomarkers with high specificity, accuracy and stability for detection of CRC.We used insilico data analysis followed by qPCR for detection of differential NAP1L2 gene expression with the selected epigenetic regulators.Our data presented interesting biomarker panel (NAP1L2 gene, lncRNA-SNHG14 and hsa-miR-3940-5p) that may be potential for CRC diagnosis and prognosis.

Long Non-coding RNA Small Nucleolar RNA Host Gene 14, a Promising Biomarker and Therapeutic Target in Malignancy

Small nucleolar RNA host gene 14 (SNHG14) is a long non-coding RNA found to be overexpressed in various types of cancers. Moreover, the expression level of SNHG14 was closely associated with multiple clinicopathological characteristics such as prognosis, tumor differentiation, TNM stage, and lymph node metastasis. Functionally, gain- and loss-of-function of SNHG14 revealed that overexpressed SNHG14 promoted cancer cell viability, invasion, and migration, whereas its down-regulation produced the opposite effect. Mechanistically, regulating its target gene expression by sponging distinct miRNAs might be the major mechanism underlying the oncogenic functions of SNHG14. Thus, SNHG14 might be a promising prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target for cancers. In this review, we discuss the expression profile, biological function, and molecular mechanisms of SNHG14 in cancers to provide a molecular basis for the clinical utility of SNHG14 in the future.

Long non-coding RNA SNHG14 aggravates LPS-induced acute kidney injury through regulating miR-495-3p/HIPK1

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a complex syndrome with an abrupt decrease of kidney function, which is associated with high morbidity and mortality. Sepsis is the common cause of AKI. Mounting evidence has demonstrated that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) play critical roles in the development and progression of sepsis-induced AKI. In this study, we aimed to illustrate the function and mechanism of lncRNA SNHG14 in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced AKI. We found that SNHG14 was highly expressed in the plasma of sepsis patients with AKI. SNHG14 inhibited cell proliferation and autophagy and promoted cell apoptosis and inflammatory cytokine production in LPS-stimulated HK-2 cells. Functionally, SNHG14 acted as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) to negatively regulate miR-495-3p expression in HK-2 cells. Furthermore, we identified that HIPK1 is a direct target of miR-495-3p in HK-2 cells. We also revealed that the SNHG14/miR-495-3p/HIPK1 interaction network regulated HK-2 cell proliferation, apoptosis, autophagy, and inflammatory cytokine production upon LPS stimulation. In addition, we demonstrated that the SNHG14/miR-495-3p/HIPK1 interaction network regulated the production of inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-1β) via modulating NF-κB/p65 signaling in LPS-challenged HK-2 cells. In conclusion, our findings suggested a novel therapeutic axis of SNHG14/miR-495-3p/HIPK1 to treat sepsis-induced AKI.

MicroRNA-92a-3p enhances functional recovery and suppresses apoptosis after spinal cord injury via targeting phosphatase and tensin homolog

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a neurological disease commonly caused by traumatic events on spinal cords. MiRNA-92a-3p is reported to be down-regulated after SCI. Our study investigated the effects of up-regulated miR-92a-3p on SCI and the underlying mechanisms. SCI mice model was established to evaluate the functional recovery of hindlimbs of mice through open-field locomotion and scored by Basso, Beattie, and Bresnahan (BBB) locomotion scale. Apoptosis of spinal cord cells was determined by flow cytometry. The effects of miR-92a-3p on SCI were detected by intrathecally injecting miR-92a-3p agomiR (agomiR-92) into the mice prior to the establishment of SCI. Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) was predicted as a target of miR-29a-3p by TargetScan. We further assessed the effects of agomiR-92 or/and overexpressed PTEN on apoptosis rates and apoptotic protein expressions in SCI mice. Moreover, the activation of protein kinase B (AKT)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) signaling was determined by Western blot. The results showed that compared with the sham-operated mice, SCI mice had much lower BBB scores, and theapoptosis rate of spinal cord cells was significantly increased. After SCI, the expression of miR-92a-3p was down-regulated, and increased expression of miR-92a-3p induced by agomiR-92 further significantly increased the BBB score and decreased apoptosis. PTEN was specifically targeted by miR-92a-3p. In addition, the phosphorylation levels of Akt and mTOR were up-regulated under the treatment of agomiR-92. Our data demonstrated that the neuroprotective effects of miR-92a-3p on spinal cord safter SCI were highly associated with the activation of the PTEN/AKT/mTOR pathway.

Knockdown of lncRNA SNHG14 alleviates LPS-induced inflammation and apoptosis of PC12 cells by regulating miR-181b-5p

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a traumatic central nervous system disorder that leads to permanent functional loss, and unavailable treatment of this disease results in poor quality of life. However, the specific role of long non-coding RNA small nucleolar RNA host gene 14 (lncRNA SNHG14) in SCI has not been fully studied. The aim of the current study was to investigate the role of SNHG14 and its regulatory mechanism in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced PC-12 cells. LPS was used to stimulate PC-12 cells to simulate inflammatory injury following SCI in vitro. Cell viability and apoptosis were respectively assessed by Cell Counting Kit-8 assay and TUNEL assay. Western blotting was performed to detect the expressions of apoptosis-related proteins. The mRNA levels of SNHG14 and microRNA (miR)-181b-5p were detected by reverse transcription-quantitative PCR. The target of SNGH14 was predicted by bioinformatics analysis and subsequently validated by a luciferase reporter assay. ELISA was then used to detect the levels of inflammatory factors. The results indicated that LPS induced inflammation, decreased cell viability and increased the apoptosis of PC-12 cells. Interference of SNHG14 alleviated this type of injury of PC-12 cells. Bioinformatics prediction and luciferase reporter assay demonstrated that miR-181b-5p could directly bind to SNHG14. Moreover, mechanistic investigations revealed that the miR-181b-5p inhibitor could reverse the inhibitory effects of SNHG14 silencing on cell viability, inflammation and apoptosis of PC-12 cells. To conclude, the present results showed that SNHG14 knockdown alleviated PC-12 cell inflammation and apoptosis induced by LPS via regulating miR-181b-5p, which might provide a novel insight into the treatment of SCI.

Noncoding RNAs Associated with Therapeutic Resistance in Pancreatic Cancer

Therapeutic resistance is an inevitable impediment towards effective cancer therapies. Evidence accumulated has shown that the signaling pathways and related factors are fundamentally responsible for therapeutic resistance via regulating diverse cellular events, such as epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT), stemness, cell survival/apoptosis, autophagy, etcetera. Noncoding RNAs (ncRNAs) have been identified as essential cellular components in gene regulation. The expression of ncRNAs is altered in cancer, and dysregulated ncRNAs participate in gene regulatory networks in pathological contexts. An in-depth understanding of molecular mechanisms underlying the modulation of therapeutic resistance is required to refine therapeutic benefits. This review presents an overview of the recent evidence concerning the role of human ncRNAs in therapeutic resistance, together with the feasibility of ncRNAs as therapeutic targets in pancreatic cancer.

Raddeanin A inhibits proliferation, invasion, migration and promotes apoptosis of cervical cancer cells via regulating miR-224-3p/Slit2/Robo1 signaling pathway

Raddeanin A (RA), an active triterpenoid saponin extracted from the Anemone raddeana regel, plays an essential role in the suppression of many malignancies. We aimed to investigate the effects and potential mechanisms of RA on cervical cancer (CC). RA was used to treat CC cell lines (Hela and c-33A) for 24 h and 48 h. Then, the invasion, migration and cell cycle distribution of these two cell lines with RA treatment were respectively detected by transwell, wound healing and flow cytometry. Results revealed that RA significantly inhibited the invasion, migration, promoted the cell cycle arrest and apoptosis of Hela and c-33A cells. Moreover, RA was confirmed to activate the Slit2/Robo1 signaling, and bioinformatics analysis and luciferase reporter assay verified that miR-224-3p could target Slit2. Additionally, miR-224-3p overexpression reversed the inhibitory effect of RA on invasion and migration of CC cells, and it also restored the promoting effects of RA on cell cycle arrest and apoptosis. Lastly, miR-224-3p-upregulation inactivated the expression of Slit2 and Robo1 in RA-treated Hela and c-33A cells. These findings demonstrated that RA inhibits proliferation, invasion, migration and promotes apoptosis of CC cells through miR-224-3p/Slit2/Robo1 signaling pathway, which might guide the future studies or treatment of this disease.

Novel insights into the interaction between long non-coding RNAs and microRNAs in glioma

Glioma is the most common brain tumor of the central nervous system. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) and microRNAs (miRNAs) have been identified to play a vital role in the initiation and progression of glioma, including tumor cell proliferation, survival, apoptosis, invasion, and therapy resistance. New documents emerged, which indicated that the interaction between long non-coding RNAs and miRNAs contributes to the tumorigenesis and pathogenesis of glioma. LncRNAs can act as competing for endogenous RNA (ceRNA), and molecular sponge/deregulator in regulating miRNAs. These interactions stimulate different molecular signaling pathways in glioma, including the lncRNAs/miRNAs/Wnt/β-catenin molecular signaling pathway, the lncRNAs/miRNAs/PI3K/AKT/mTOR molecular signaling pathway, the lncRNAs-miRNAs/MAPK kinase molecular signaling pathway, and the lncRNAs/miRNAs/NF-κB molecular signaling pathway. In this paper, the basic roles and molecular interactions of the lncRNAs and miRNAs pathway glioma were summarized to better understand the pathogenesis and tumorigenesis of glioma.

Downregulation of long noncoding RNA SNHG14 suppresses cell proliferation and invasion by regulating EZH2 in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC)

BACKGROUNDS

Previous studies have showed that long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are critical regulators in many cancers. The aim of this study is to investigate the clinical role and functional effects of long non-coding RNA SNHG14 in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC).

METHODS

The expression of SNHG14 in 58 pairs of pancreatic cancer tissues and adjacent normal tissues was detected by quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis. The correlations between SNHG14 expression and PDAC patients' clinicopathological characteristics and prognosis were statistically assessed. Cell counting kit-8 (CCK8) and transwell cell invasion assays were employed to detect the capacities of cell proliferation and cell invasion. The western blot analysis was used to detected the expression of E-cadherin and Vimentin.

RESULTS

In the study, we found that SNHG14 expression was higher in PDAC tissue compared to adjacent normal tissues by qRT-PCR analysis. Higher SNHG14 expression was significantly associated with advanced TNM stage and positive lymph node metastasis in PDAC patients. Furthermore, we demonstrated that higher SNHG14 expression acted as a poor predictor in PDAC patients compared with lower SNHG14 expression. Moreover, we showed that higher SNHG14 expression promoted cell proliferation, cell colony formation and cell invasion ability in PDAC. Upregulation of SNHG14 expression promoted cell invasion by affecting E-cadherin expression via interacting with EZH2.

CONCLUSIONS

Thus, these results indicated that SNHG14 expression acts as a prognostic maker for PDAC and potential target of PDAC treatment.

LncRNA SNHG14 regulates the DDP-resistance of non-small cell lung cancer cell through miR-133a/HOXB13 pathway

Background

Recently, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been reported to be involved in regulating chemo-resistance of NSCLC, however, the role of lncRNA SNHG14 in the DDP-resistance of NSCLC remains unexplored.

Methods

Relative expression of SNHG14, HOXB13 and miR-133a in DDP-resistant A549 (A549/DDP) cell and its parental cell A549 were measured using qRT-PCR. Cell proliferation viability of indicated A549/DDP cell was estimated via CCK-8 and colony formation experiments. Cell cycle and apoptosis were analyzed through flow cytometry. Expression of apoptosis-related protein and HOXB13 were detected via western blot. The interaction among SNHG14, HOXB13 and miR-133a was predicted by bioinformatics and validated by dual-luciferase reporter assay.

Results

LncRNA SNHG14 and HOXB13 were upregulated while miR-133a was downregulated in A549/DDP cell line compared to A549 cell line. SNHG14 knockdown or miR-133a overexpression was demonstrated to increase the DDP-sensitivity of A549/DDP cells. SNHG14 was revealed to compete with HOXB13 for miR-133a binding in A549/DDP cells. Inhibition of miR-133a in A549 cells could reverse the promotive effects of SNHG14 knockdown on DDP-sensitivity, as well as the inhibitory effects on HOXB13 expression. HOXB13 overexpression was revealed to abolish the enhanced effects of miR-133a on the sensitivity of A549/DDP cell to DDP.

Conclusion

Our findings demonstrated that SNHG14 was involved in the development of DDP-resistance of A549/DDP cells through miR-133a/HOXB13 axis, which may present a path to novel therapeutic stratagems for DDP resistance of NSCLC.

Long Non-Coding RNA SNHG14 Impedes Viability, Migration and Invasion of Endometrial Carcinoma Cells Through Modulating miR-93-5p/ZBTB7A Axis

Background

The function of long non-coding RNA small nucleolar RNA host gene 14 (SNHG14) in endometrial carcinoma (EC) has not been thoroughly reported. This research is designed to research the action mechanism of SNHG14 in EC development.

Methods

The expression of SNHG14 was estimated in The Cancer Genome Atlas and was verified by qRT-PCR in EC tissues. The correlation between SNHG14 expression and clinicopathological features of EC patients was analyzed. Cell viability, wound healing rate, and relative invasion rate were examined by MTT, wound healing, and transwell assay. StarBase, TargetScan, RNA pull-down, and dual luciferase reporter gene (DLR) assay were conducted to analyze the relationship among SNHG14, miR-93-5p and ZBTB7A.

Results

SNHG14 was underexpressed in EC. SNHG14 expression was significantly relevant to menstruation, FIGO stage, histological grade and lymphatic metastasis of EC patients. SNHG14 overexpression hampered viability, migration and invasion of EC cells. SNHG14 functioned as a sponge for miR-93-5p, and miR-93-5p inhibition restrained cell viability, migration and invasion in EC. In addition, miR-93-5p directly targeted to ZBTB7A, which was underexpressed in EC. The suppressive action of SNHG14 overexpression on the viability, migration and invasion of EC cells was partly rescued by miR-93-5p overexpression or ZBTB7A silencing.

Conclusion

LncRNA SNHG14 hampered the viability, migration and invasion of EC cells via modulating miR-93-5p/ZBTB7A axis.

lncRNA-SNHG14 Promotes Atherosclerosis by Regulating RORα Expression through Sponge miR-19a-3p

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the most common cardiovascular disease with high prevalence, disability, and mortality. The balance between proliferation and apoptosis of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) plays a key role in the initiation of atherosclerosis. In this study, we found a significant decrease in the expression of lncRNA-SNHG14 in atherosclerotic plaque tissues of ApoE-/- mice. Overexpression of lncRNA-SNHG14 can inhibit VSMC proliferation while promoting apoptosis. There is a potential reciprocal regulatory relationship between lncRNASNHG14 and miR-19a-3p, which inhibit each other's expression in vascular smooth muscle cells. In addition, the luciferase reporter gene analysis results showed that there was a direct interaction between miR-19a-3p and the 3'UTR of RORα. The results of qRT-PCR showed that the level of RORα mRNA was significantly increased in the aortas treated with miR-19a-3p and SNHG14 compared with that treated with miR-19a-3p alone. In conclusion, we demonstrated that lncRNA-SNHG14 regulates the apoptosis/proliferation balance of VSMCs in atherosclerosis.

Downregulated microRNA-92a-3p inhibits apoptosis and promotes proliferation of pancreatic acinar cells in acute pancreatitis by enhancing KLF2 expression

Acute pancreatitis (AP) is known worldwide as one of the most common gastrointestinal diseases, prospectively leading to hospitalization coupled with increasing incidence. Several microRNAs (miRNAs) have been reported to be potential biomarkers for pancreatitis. In this study, we verified the hypothesis that miR-92a-3p is implicated in the development of AP by controlling the proliferation and apoptosis of pancreatic acinar cells (PACs) through the modulation of the Kruppel-like factor 2 (KLF2) and inflammatory factors in rats. Initially, we established a rat model of AP and extracted the pancreatic tissues. Then, the positive rate of KLF2 was measured using immunohistochemistry, and the expression of the related genes was determined by rReverse transcription quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot analysis. The cell proliferation and apoptosis were measured by 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine assay and flow cytometry, and the contents of inflammatory factors were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. AP rats presented with increased miR-92a-3p expression as well as decreased KLF2 expression in PACs. The downregulation of miR-92a-3p and overexpression of KLF2 led to decline in expression of nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), survivin, tumor necrosis factor-α, and Bax as well as extent of NF-κB phosphorylation, contents of inflammatory factors, and apoptosis rate of PACs, but to increased KLF2 and B-cell lymphoma-2 levels and proliferation rate of PACs. Collectively, the data obtained from the present study demonstrated that reduced miR-92a-3p expression may relieve AP through its suppressive effects on cell apoptosis, inflammatory factors, and facilitatory effects on cell proliferation by enhancing KLF2 expression.

Long noncoding RNA SNHG14 promotes the aggressiveness of retinoblastoma by sponging microRNA‑124 and thereby upregulating STAT3

A long noncoding RNA called small nucleolar RNA host gene 14 (SNHG14) has been validated as a key regulator of cellular processes in multiple types of human cancer. However, to the best of our knowledge, the expression status and specific roles of SNHG14 in retinoblastoma (RB) have not been studied. The aims of the present study were to determine the expression status of SNHG14 in RB, assess the effects of SNHG14 on malignant characteristics of RB cells and investigate the mechanisms of action of SNHG14 in RB. SNHG14 expression levels in RB tissue samples and cell lines were measured by reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT‑qPCR). Cell proliferation, apoptosis, migration and invasion in vitro, and tumor growth in vivo were quantitated by the Cell Counting Kit‑8 assay, flow cytometry, migration and invasion assays, and mouse tumor xenograft experiments, respectively. The target microRNA (miRNA) of SNHG14 was predicted by bioinformatics analysis and was subsequently validated by a luciferase reporter assay, RNA immunoprecipitation (RIP) assay, RT‑qPCR, and western blot analysis. SNHG14 was identified to be significantly overexpressed in RB tissues and cell lines. SNHG14 overexpression was markedly associated with the intraocular international retinoblastoma classification stage, optic nerve invasion, and differentiation grade among patients with RB. The patients in the SNHG14 high‑expression group exhibited shorter overall survival compared with the SNHG14 low‑expression group. Functional analysis revealed that SNHG14 silencing inhibited cell proliferation, migration and invasion, and increased apoptosis in vitro, and decreased tumor growth in vivo. SNHG14 directly interacted with, and functioned as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) of, miR‑124, consequently upregulating signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). miR‑124 inhibition and STAT3 expression recovery attenuated the effects of the SNHG14 silencing on RB cells. In conclusion, SNHG14 served as a ceRNA to upregulate STAT3 by sponging miR‑124. Therefore, targeting the SNHG14/miR‑124/STAT3 pathway may be an effective therapeutic strategy against RB.

Cell proliferation is induced in renal cell carcinoma through miR-92a-3p upregulation by targeting FBXW7

Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) is the most common type of kidney cancer whose incidence has gradually increased worldwide. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) represent a type of short endogenous non-coding RNA containing approximately 22 nucleotides, which are capable of regulating mRNAs at the post-transcriptional level in human cells. miRNAs have been demonstrated to mediate gene expression by influencing important regulatory genes. Accumulating evidence indicates that certain miRNAs are involved in RCC development. The present study investigated the underlying mechanism and functional role of miR-92a-3p in RCC cells using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blotting, 3′ UTR luciferase assay, cell proliferation assay and soft agar assay. The results demonstrated that miR-92a-3p expression level is significantly upregulated in RCC tissues and cell lines; however, F-box and WD repeat domain containing 7 (FBXW7) expression level was significantly downregulated in RCC tissues and cell lines. Subsequently, whether FBXW7 could be considered as a direct target of miR-92a-3p in RCC cells was investigated. The results demonstrated that miR-92a-3p overexpression significantly promoted RCC cell proliferation and colony formation. Conversely, miR-92a-3p downregulation significantly inhibited RCC cell proliferation and colony formation. In addition, FBXW7 knockdown significantly enhanced RCC cell proliferation and colony formation. Conversely, FBXW7 overexpression significantly inhibited RCC cell proliferation and colony formation. Collectively, these results demonstrated that miR-92a-3p/FBXW7 pathway may represent a novel strategy and therapeutic target for RCC.

Long Noncoding MAGI2-AS3 Suppresses Several Cellular Processes of Lung Squamous Cell Carcinoma Cells by Regulating miR-374a/b-5p/CADM2 Axis

Background

Lung squamous cell carcinoma (LUSC) accounts for approximately 30% of all lung cancers that possesses the highest occurrence and mortality in all cancer types. Long noncoding RNAs have been reported to modulate tumor development for several decades.

Aim of the Study

This research aims to investigate the role of MAGI2-AS3 in LUSC.

Methods

RT-qPCR tested genes (including MAGI2-AS3, miR-374a/b-5p and CADM2) expression. Cell proliferation was detected by colony formation and EdU assays. Cell migration and invasion were evaluated by transwell assay. Flow cytometry analysis of apoptotic cells and Western blot analysis on apoptosis-related genes were applied to measure cell apoptosis. Nuclear-cytoplasmic fractionation and FISH assay positioned MAGI2-AS3. The combination between miR-374a/b-5p and MAGI2-AS3 (or CADM2) was determined by luciferase reporter assay and RIP assay.

Results

MAGI2-AS3 inhibited the proliferative, migratory and invasive capability of LUSC cells with upregulated expression. Additionally, MAGI2-AS3 overexpression promoted cell apoptosis. We discovered that MAGI2-AS3 was located in the cytoplasm. Hereafter, we found out that MAGI2-AS3 targeted miR-374a/b-5p. CADM2 was targeted by miR-374a/b-5p. Finally, rescue assays indicated that the promoting effects of miR-374a/b-5p amplification on biological activities were restored by CADM2 addition.

Conclusion

In conclusion, lncRNA MAGI2-AS3 suppressed LUSC by regulating miR-374a/b-5p/CADM2 axis, which might potentially serve as a therapeutic marker for LUSC patients.

Dopaminergic neuron injury in Parkinson's disease is mitigated by interfering lncRNA SNHG14 expression to regulate the miR-133b/ α-synuclein pathway

This study explored the influence of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) SNHG14 on α-synuclein (α-syn) expression and Parkinson’s disease (PD) pathogenesis. Firstly, we found that the expression level of SNHG14 was elevated in brain tissues of PD mice. In MN9D cells, the rotenone treatment (1μmol/L) enhanced the binding between transcriptional factor SP-1 and SNHG14 promoter, thus promoting SNHG14 expression. Interference of SNHG14 ameliorated the DA neuron injury induced by rotenone. Next, we found an interaction between SNHG14 and miR-133b. Further study showed that miR-133b down-regulated α-syn expression by targeting its 3’-UTR of mRNA and SNHG14 could reverse the negative effect of miR-133b on α-syn expression. Interference of SNHG14 reduced rotenone-induced DA neuron damage through miR-133b in MN9D cells and α-syn was responsible for the protective effect of miR-133b. Similarly, interference of SNHG14 mitigated neuron injury in PD mouse model. All in all, silence of SNHG14 mitigates dopaminergic neuron injury by down-regulating α-syn via targeting miR-133b, which contributes to improving PD.

Long noncoding RNA SNHG14 facilitates colorectal cancer metastasis through targeting EZH2-regulated EPHA7

Accumulating evidence suggested the participation of long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) in regulating various biological processes so as to affecting cancer progression. However, the functional role of most lncRNAs in colorectal carcer (CRC) is still largely covered. In the present study, we disclosed SNHG14 as a carcinogene in CRC development, as it was low-expressed in normal colon tissues but markedly upregulated in CRC cell lines. Besides, SNHG14 contributed to CRC cell proliferation, motility and EMT in vitro, and inhibition of it confined CRC tumor growth and liver metastasis in vivo. Next, the mechanistic investigations confirmed that SNHG14-promoted CRC progression was mediated by EPHA7, which was negatively regulated by SNHG14 in CRC via an EZH2-dependent way. Importantly, EZH2 was proved as a transcription factor of EPHA7 and functioned as a repressor in EPHA7 transcription by enhancing methylation on EPHA7 promoter. Meanwhile, SNHG14 increased EZH2 expression in CRC via stabilizing its mRNA by interacting with FUS, and via freeing its mRNA from miR-186-5p-induced silence. All in all, our observations demonstrated that SNHG14 serves as a facilitator in CRC through targeting EZH2-repressed EPHA7 by enhancing EZH2 via recruiting FUS and absorbing miR-186-5p, indicating a promising new road for CRC diagnosis and treatment.

SNHG14 confers gefitinib resistance in non-small cell lung cancer by up-regulating ABCB1 via sponging miR-206-3p

Gefitinib, an epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitor (EGFR-TKI), has been widely used as a first-line agent in EGFR-mutant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Nevertheless, the development of chemoresistance ultimately limited the curative effect of anti-cancer drugs. The present study aims to investigate the functions of SNHG14 in gefitinib resistance and gain insight into the underlying molecular mechanisms. In the present study, we found that SNHG14 expression was elevated and miR-206-3p expression was decreased in gefitinib-resistant NSCLC tumor tissues and cells. Functionally, SNHG14 overexpression increased gefitinib resistance by promoting cell viability, lowering apoptosis and enhancing colony forming ability, while SNHG14 knockdown reduced gefitinib resistance in NSCLC cells. Mechanistically, SNHG14 induced ABCB1 expression via interaction with miR-206-3p. Moreover, depletion of SNHG14 enhanced the sensitivity of NSCLC cells to gefitinib in vivo. Together, SNHG14 confers gefitinib resistance in NSCLC by regulating miR-206-3p/ABCB1 pathway, contributing to a better understanding of SNHG14 in acquired resistance and elucidating a candidate target to improve treatment response of NSCLC patients.

Evolutionary Trajectories of IDHWT Glioblastomas Reveal a Common Path of Early Tumorigenesis Instigated Years ahead of Initial Diagnosis

We studied how intratumoral genetic heterogeneity shapes tumor growth and therapy response for isocitrate dehydrogenase (IDH)-wild-type glioblastoma, a rapidly regrowing tumor. We inferred the evolutionary trajectories of matched pairs of primary and relapsed tumors based on deep whole-genome-sequencing data. This analysis suggests both a distant origin of de novo glioblastoma, up to 7 years before diagnosis, and a common path of early tumorigenesis, with one or more of chromosome 7 gain, 9p loss, or 10 loss, at tumor initiation. TERT promoter mutations often occurred later as a prerequisite for rapid growth. In contrast to this common early path, relapsed tumors acquired no stereotypical pattern of mutations and typically regrew from oligoclonal origins, suggesting sparse selective pressure by therapeutic measures.

Long non-coding RNA SNHG14 exerts oncogenic functions in non-small cell lung cancer through acting as an miR-340 sponge

Long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) SNHG14 is previously found to be overexpressed in several types of cancers. However, the clinical significance and biological function of SNHG14 in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) are still elusive. In the present study, we found that SNHG14 was aberrantly up-regulated in NSCLC tissues from patients and cell lines compared with their normal counterparts. Increased SNHG14 expression was closely associated with aggressive tumor progression and poor clinical outcome of NSCLC patients. Knockdown of SNHG14 inhibited NSCLC cell proliferation through inducing cell cycle arrest and apoptosis, whereas SNHG14 overexpression exerted the opposite effects. Animal experiment further revealed that down-regulated SNHG14 greatly inhibited NSCLC tumor growth in vivo Further studies demonstrated that SNHG14 might serve as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) by sponging miR-340 in NSCLC cells. Taken together, our study demonstrated that SNHG14/miR-340 axis might play a novel role in regulating the malignant behaviors of NSCLC, which provided a new potential diagnostic and therapeutic strategy for this malignant disease.

LncRNA SNHG14 promotes inflammatory response induced by cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury through regulating miR-136-5p /ROCK1

Recently, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are considered as critical regulators in pathogenesis progression of cerebral ischemia. In present study, lncRNA-small nucleolar RNA host gene 14 (SNHG14) was found upregulated in middle cerebral artery occlusion/reperfusion (MCAO/R) treated brain tissues and oxygen-glucose deprivation and reoxygenation (OGD/R) treated PC-12 cells. Interference of SNHG14 by shRNA vector enhanced neuron survival and suppressed inflammation in response to OGD/R insult. SNHG14 positively regulated the expression of Rho-associated coiled-coil-containing protein kinase 1 (ROCK1) via acting as a sponge of microRNA (miR)-136–5p. SNHG14 promoted neurological impairment and inflammatory response through elevating the expression of ROCK1 while decreasing miR-136–5p level in OGD/R induced damage. Collectively, we illustrated that SNHG14 could be a novel strategy for treatment ischemia stoke.

Long non-coding RNA SNHG14 induces trastuzumab resistance of breast cancer via regulating PABPC1 expression through H3K27 acetylation

Currently, resistance to trastuzumab, a human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) inhibitor, has become one major obstacle for improving the clinical outcome of patients with advanced HER2⁺ breast cancer. While cell behaviour can be modulated by long non‐coding RNAs (lncRNAs), the contributions of lncRNAs in progression and trastuzumab resistance of breast cancer are largely unknown. To this end, the involvement and regulatory functions of lncRNA SNHG14 in human breast cancer were investigated. RT‐qPCR assay showed that SNHG14 was up‐regulated in breast cancer tissues and associated with trastuzumab response. Gain‐ and loss‐of‐function experiments revealed that overexpression of SNHG14 promotes cell proliferation, invasion and trastuzumab resistance, whereas knockdown of SNHG14 showed an opposite effect. PABPC1 gene was identified as a downstream target of SNHG14, and PABPC1 mediates the SNHG14‐induced oncogenic effects. More importantly, ChIP assays demonstrated that lncRNA SNHG14 may induce PABPC1 expression through modulating H3K27 acetylation in the promoter of PABPC1 gene, thus resulting in the activation of Nrf2 signalling pathway. These data suggest that lncRNA SNHG14 promotes breast cancer tumorigenesis and trastuzumab resistance through regulating PABPC1 expression through H3K27 acetylation. Therefore, SNHG14 may serve as a novel diagnostic and therapeutic target for breast cancer patients.