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Patel KR, Espinoza AF, Urbicain M, Patel RH, Major A, Sarabia SF, Lopez-Terrada D, Vasudevan SA, Woodfield SE. Histopathologic and immunophenotypic characterization of patient-derived pediatric malignant hepatocellular tumor xenografts (PDXs). Pathol Res Pract 2024; 255:155163. [PMID: 38394806 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2024.155163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2023] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
Advances in targeted therapies for pediatric hepatocellular tumors have been limited due to a paucity of clinically relevant models. Establishment and validation of intrahepatic patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models would help bridging this gap. The aim of this study is to compare the histomorphologic and immunophenotypic fidelity of patient tumors and their corresponding intrahepatic PDX models. Murine PDX models were established by intrahepatic implantation of patient tumors. Pathology slides from both patients and their corresponding PDX models were reviewed and quantitatively assessed for various histologic components and immunophenotypic markers. Ten PDX models were successfully established from nine patients with pre- (n=3) and post- (n=6) chemotherapy samples; diagnosed of hepatoblastoma (n=8) and hepatocellular neoplasm, not otherwise specified (n=1). Two of nine (22.2%) patients showed ≥75% fetal component; however, the corresponding PDX models did not maintain this fetal differentiation. High grade histology was seen in three patients (33.3%) and overrepresented in six PDX models (60%). Within the subset of three PDXs that were further characterized, significant IHC concordance was seen in all 3 models for CK7, CK19, Ki-67, and p53; and 2 of 3 models for Sox9 and Beta-catenin. GPC-3 and GS showed variable to moderate concordance, while Hepar was the least concordant. Our study shows that in general, the PDX models appear to represent the higher-grade component of the original tumor and show significant concordance for Ki-67, making them appropriate tools for testing new therapies for the most aggressive, therapy-resistant tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalyani R Patel
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Anatomic Pathology Division, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA.
| | - Andres F Espinoza
- Department of General Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Martin Urbicain
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Genomic Medicine Division, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Roma H Patel
- Department of General Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Angela Major
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Anatomic Pathology Division, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Stephen F Sarabia
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Genomic Medicine Division, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Dolores Lopez-Terrada
- Department of Pathology and Immunology, Genomic Medicine Division, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sanjeev A Vasudevan
- Department of General Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sarah E Woodfield
- Department of General Surgery, Division of Pediatric Surgery, Texas Children's Hospital and Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
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2
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Liang F, Xu H, Cheng H, Zhao Y, Zhang J. Patient-derived tumor models: a suitable tool for preclinical studies on esophageal cancer. Cancer Gene Ther 2023; 30:1443-1455. [PMID: 37537209 DOI: 10.1038/s41417-023-00652-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/26/2023] [Indexed: 08/05/2023]
Abstract
Esophageal cancer (EC) is the tenth most common cancer worldwide and has high morbidity and mortality. Its main subtypes include esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and esophageal adenocarcinoma, which are usually diagnosed during their advanced stages. The biological defects and inability of preclinical models to summarize completely the etiology of multiple factors, the complexity of the tumor microenvironment, and the genetic heterogeneity of tumors severely limit the clinical treatment of EC. Patient-derived models of EC not only retain the tissue structure, cell morphology, and differentiation characteristics of the original tumor, they also retain tumor heterogeneity. Therefore, compared with other preclinical models, they can better predict the efficacy of candidate drugs, explore novel biomarkers, combine with clinical trials, and effectively improve patient prognosis. This review discusses the methods and animals used to establish patient-derived models and genetically engineered mouse models, especially patient-derived xenograft models. It also discusses their advantages, applications, and limitations as preclinical experimental research tools to provide an important reference for the precise personalized treatment of EC and improve the prognosis of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Liang
- Institutes of Health Central Plains, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Hongyan Xu
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Hongwei Cheng
- Institutes of Health Central Plains, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Yabo Zhao
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China
| | - Junhe Zhang
- Institutes of Health Central Plains, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China.
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, 453003, China.
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3
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Liu W, Cui Y, Zheng X, Yu K, Sun G. Application status and future prospects of the PDX model in lung cancer. Front Oncol 2023; 13:1098581. [PMID: 37035154 PMCID: PMC10080030 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2023.1098581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Lung cancer is one of the most prevalent, fatal, and highly heterogeneous diseases that, seriously threaten human health. Lung cancer is primarily caused by the aberrant expression of multiple genes in the cells. Lung cancer treatment options include surgery, radiation, chemotherapy, targeted therapy, and immunotherapy. In recent decades, significant progress has been made in developing therapeutic agents for lung cancer as well as a biomarker for its early diagnosis. Nonetheless, the alternative applications of traditional pre-clinical models (cell line models) for diagnosis and prognosis prediction are constrained by several factors, including the lack of microenvironment components necessary to affect cancer biology and drug response, and the differences between laboratory and clinical results. The leading reason is that substantial shifts accrued to cell biological behaviors, such as cell proliferative, metastatic, invasive, and gene expression capabilities of different cancer cells after decades of growing indefinitely in vitro. Moreover, the introduction of individualized treatment has prompted the development of appropriate experimental models. In recent years, preclinical research on lung cancer has primarily relied on the patient-derived tumor xenograft (PDX) model. The PDX provides stable models with recapitulate characteristics of the parental tumor such as the histopathology and genetic blueprint. Additionally, PDXs offer valuable models for efficacy screening of new cancer drugs, thus, advancing the understanding of tumor biology. Concurrently, with the heightened interest in the PDX models, potential shortcomings have gradually emerged. This review summarizes the significant advantages of PDXs over the previous models, their benefits, potential future uses and interrogating open issues.
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Honkala A, Malhotra SV, Kummar S, Junttila MR. Harnessing the predictive power of preclinical models for oncology drug development. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2021; 21:99-114. [PMID: 34702990 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-021-00301-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Recent progress in understanding the molecular basis of cellular processes, identification of promising therapeutic targets and evolution of the regulatory landscape makes this an exciting and unprecedented time to be in the field of oncology drug development. However, high costs, long development timelines and steep rates of attrition continue to afflict the drug development process. Lack of predictive preclinical models is considered one of the key reasons for the high rate of attrition in oncology. Generating meaningful and predictive results preclinically requires a firm grasp of the relevant biological questions and alignment of the model systems that mirror the patient context. In doing so, the ability to conduct both forward translation, the process of implementing basic research discoveries into practice, as well as reverse translation, the process of elucidating the mechanistic basis of clinical observations, greatly enhances our ability to develop effective anticancer treatments. In this Review, we outline issues in preclinical-to-clinical translatability of molecularly targeted cancer therapies, present concepts and examples of successful reverse translation, and highlight the need to better align tumour biology in patients with preclinical model systems including tracking of strengths and weaknesses of preclinical models throughout programme development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Honkala
- Department of Cell Development & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Sanjay V Malhotra
- Department of Cell Development & Cancer Biology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.,Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Shivaani Kummar
- Center for Experimental Therapeutics, Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA. .,Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA.
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5
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Li J, Pohl L, Schüler J, Korzeniewski N, Reimold P, Kaczorowski A, Hou W, Zschäbitz S, Nientiedt C, Jäger D, Hohenfellner M, Duensing A, Duensing S. Targeting the Proteasome in Advanced Renal Cell Carcinoma: Complexity and Limitations of Patient-Individualized Preclinical Drug Discovery. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9060627. [PMID: 34072926 PMCID: PMC8227814 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9060627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 05/25/2021] [Accepted: 05/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: Systemic treatment options for metastatic renal cell carcinoma (RCC) have significantly expanded in recent years. However, patients refractory to tyrosine kinase and immune checkpoint inhibitors still have limited treatment options and patient-individualized approaches are largely missing. Patients and Methods: In vitro drug screening of tumor-derived short-term cultures obtained from seven patients with clear cell RCC was performed. For one patient, a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) mouse model was established for in vivo validation experiments. Drug effects were further investigated in established RCC cell lines. Results: The proteasome inhibitor carfilzomib was among the top hits identified in three of four patients in which an in vitro drug screening could be performed successfully. Carfilzomib also showed significant acute and long-term cytotoxicity in established RCC cell lines. The in vivo antitumoral activity of carfilzomib was confirmed in a same-patient PDX model. The cytotoxicity of carfilzomib was found to correlate with the level of accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins. Conclusions: In this proof-of-concept study, we show that patient-individualized in vitro drug screening and preclinical validation is feasible. However, the fact that carfilzomib failed to deliver a clinical benefit in RCC patients in a recent phase II trial unrelated to the present study underscores the complexities and limitations of this strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jielin Li
- Molecular Urooncology, Department of Urology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 517, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (J.L.); (L.P.); (N.K.); (A.K.); (W.H.)
| | - Laura Pohl
- Molecular Urooncology, Department of Urology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 517, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (J.L.); (L.P.); (N.K.); (A.K.); (W.H.)
| | - Julia Schüler
- Charles River Laboratories, Am Flughafen 12, D-79108 Freiburg, Germany;
| | - Nina Korzeniewski
- Molecular Urooncology, Department of Urology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 517, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (J.L.); (L.P.); (N.K.); (A.K.); (W.H.)
| | - Philipp Reimold
- Department of Urology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 420, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (P.R.); (M.H.)
| | - Adam Kaczorowski
- Molecular Urooncology, Department of Urology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 517, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (J.L.); (L.P.); (N.K.); (A.K.); (W.H.)
| | - Weibin Hou
- Molecular Urooncology, Department of Urology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 517, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (J.L.); (L.P.); (N.K.); (A.K.); (W.H.)
| | - Stefanie Zschäbitz
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (S.Z.); (C.N.); (D.J.)
| | - Cathleen Nientiedt
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (S.Z.); (C.N.); (D.J.)
| | - Dirk Jäger
- Department of Medical Oncology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), Heidelberg University Hospital, Im Neuenheimer Feld 460, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (S.Z.); (C.N.); (D.J.)
| | - Markus Hohenfellner
- Department of Urology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 420, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (P.R.); (M.H.)
| | - Anette Duensing
- Precision Oncology of Urological Malignancies, Department of Urology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 517, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany;
- Cancer Therapeutics Program, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, 200 Lothrop Street, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
| | - Stefan Duensing
- Molecular Urooncology, Department of Urology, University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 517, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (J.L.); (L.P.); (N.K.); (A.K.); (W.H.)
- Department of Urology, National Center for Tumor Diseases (NCT), University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 420, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany; (P.R.); (M.H.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-6621-566255; Fax: +49-6221-567659
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Gaustad JV, Rofstad EK. Assessment of Hypoxic Tissue Fraction and Prediction of Survival in Cervical Carcinoma by Dynamic Contrast-Enhanced MRI. Front Oncol 2021; 11:668916. [PMID: 34094964 PMCID: PMC8173130 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.668916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor hypoxia is a major cause of treatment resistance and poor survival in locally-advanced cervical carcinoma (LACC). It has been suggested that Ktrans and ve maps derived by dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging can provide information on the oxygen supply and oxygen consumption of tumors, but it is not clear whether and how these maps can be combined to identify tumor hypoxia. The aim of the current study was to find the optimal strategy for calculating hypoxic fraction and predicting survival from Ktrans and ve maps in cervical carcinoma. Ktrans and ve maps of 98 tumors of four patient-derived xenograft models of cervical carcinoma as well as 80 patients with LACC were investigated. Hypoxic fraction calculated by using Ktrans maps correlated strongly (P < 0.0001) to hypoxic fraction assessed with immunohistochemistry using pimonidazole as a hypoxia marker and was associated with disease-free and overall survival in LACC patients. Maps of ve did not provide information on hypoxic fraction and patient outcome, and combinations of Ktrans and ve were not superior to Ktrans alone for calculating hypoxic fraction. These observations imply that Ktrans maps reflect oxygen supply and may be used to identify hypoxia and predict outcome in cervical carcinoma, whereas ve is a poor parameter of oxygen consumption and does not provide information on tumor oxygenation status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon-Vidar Gaustad
- Group of Radiation Biology and Tumor Physiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Einar K Rofstad
- Group of Radiation Biology and Tumor Physiology, Department of Radiation Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
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7
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Serial transplantation unmasks galectin-9 contribution to tumor immune escape in the MB49 murine model. Sci Rep 2021; 11:5227. [PMID: 33664349 PMCID: PMC7933353 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-84270-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanisms of tumor immune escape are quite diverse and require specific approaches for their exploration in syngeneic tumor models. In several human malignancies, galectin-9 (gal-9) is suspected to contribute to the immune escape. However, in contrast with what has been done for the infiltrating cells, the contribution of gal-9 produced by malignant cells has never been demonstrated in an animal model. Therefore, we derived isogenic clones—either positive or negative for gal-9—from the MB49 murine bladder carcinoma cell line. A progressive and consistent reduction of tumor growth was observed when gal-9-KO cells were subjected to serial transplantations into syngeneic mice. In contrast, tumor growth was unaffected during parallel serial transplantations into nude mice, thus linking tumor inhibition to the enhancement of the immune response against gal-9-KO tumors. This stronger immune response was at least in part explained by changing patterns of response to interferon-γ. One consistent change was a more abundant production of CXCL10, a major inflammatory factor whose production is often induced by interferon-γ. Overall, these observations demonstrate for the first time that serial transplantation into syngeneic mice can be a valuable experimental approach for the exploration of novel mechanisms of tumor immune escape.
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8
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Yu Y, Yang G, Huang H, Fu Z, Cao Z, Zheng L, You L, Zhang T. Preclinical models of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma: challenges and opportunities in the era of precision medicine. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2021; 40:8. [PMID: 33402215 PMCID: PMC7783994 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01787-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) is an extremely lethal malignancy, with an average 5-year survival rate of 9% (Siegel RL, Miller KD, Jemal A. Ca Cancer J Clin. 2019;69(1):7-34). The steady increase in mortality rate indicates limited efficacy of the conventional regimen. The heterogeneity of PDAC calls for personalized treatment in clinical practice, which requires the construction of a preclinical system for generating patient-derived models. Currently, the lack of high-quality preclinical models results in ineffective translation of novel targeted therapeutics. This review summarizes applications of commonly used models, discusses major difficulties in PDAC model construction and provides recommendations for integrating workflows for precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiqi Yu
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Gang Yang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Hua Huang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Ziyao Fu
- Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Zhe Cao
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Lianfang Zheng
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China
| | - Lei You
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.
| | - Taiping Zhang
- Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China. .,Clinical Immunology Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730, China.
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9
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Wafai R, Williams ED, de Souza E, Simpson PT, McCart Reed AE, Kutasovic JR, Waltham M, Snell CE, Blick T, Thompson EW, Hugo HJ. Integrin alpha-2 and beta-1 expression increases through multiple generations of the EDW01 patient-derived xenograft model of breast cancer-insight into their role in epithelial mesenchymal transition in vivo gained from an in vitro model system. Breast Cancer Res 2020; 22:136. [PMID: 33276802 PMCID: PMC7716465 DOI: 10.1186/s13058-020-01366-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Breast cancers acquire aggressive capabilities via epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), in which various integrins/integrin-linked kinase signalling are upregulated. Methods We investigated this in two patient-derived xenografts (PDXs) developed from breast-to-bone metastases, and its functional significance in a breast cancer cell line system. ED03 and EDW01 PDXs were grown subcutaneously in immunocompromised SCID mice through 11 passages and 7 passages, respectively. Tumour tissue was assessed using immunohistochemistry (IHC) for oestrogen receptor (ER)-alpha, E-cadherin, vimentin, Twist1, beta-catenin, P120-RasGAP, CD44, CD24 and Ki67, and RT-qPCR of EMT-related factors (CDH1, VIM, CD44, CD24), integrins beta 1 (ITGB1), alpha 2 (ITGA2) and ILK. Integrin and ILK expression in epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced EMT of the PMC42-ET breast cancer cell line was assessed by RT-qPCR and Western blotting, as were the effects of their transient knockdown via small interfering RNA +/− EGF. Cell migration, changes in cell morphology and adhesion of siRNA-transfected PMC42-ET cells to various extracellular matrix (ECM) substrates was assessed. Results The ED03 (ER+/PR−/HER2−/lobular) and EDW01 (ER+/PR−/HER2−/ductal) PDXs were both classified as molecular subtype luminal A. ED03 xenografts exhibited mutated E-cadherin with minimal expression, but remained vimentin-negative across all passages. In EDW01, the hypoxic indicator gene CAIX and Twist1 were co-ordinately upregulated at passages 4–5, corresponding with a decrease in E-cadherin. At passages 6–7, VIM was upregulated along with ITGB1 and ITGA2, consistent with an increasing EMT. The ED03 PDX displayed minimal change over passages in mice, for all genes examined. ILK, ITGB1 and ITGA2 mRNAs were also increased in the EGF-induced EMT of PMC42-ET cells (in which CDH1 was downregulated) although siRNA against these targets revealed that this induction was not necessary for the observed EMT. However, their knockdown significantly reduced EMT-associated adhesion and Transwell migration. Conclusion Our data suggest that despite an increase in ITGA2 and ITGB1 gene expression in the EMT exhibited by EDW01 PDX over multiple generations, this pathway may not necessarily drive the EMT process. Supplementary information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13058-020-01366-8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razan Wafai
- Invasion and Metastasis Unit, St. Vincent's Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Elizabeth D Williams
- Invasion and Metastasis Unit, St. Vincent's Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Queensland University of Technology, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Australian Prostate Cancer Research Centre-Queensland and Queensland Bladder Cancer Initiative, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Emma de Souza
- Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,The Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospitals NHS Trust, Liverpool, UK
| | - Peter T Simpson
- Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Amy E McCart Reed
- Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Jamie R Kutasovic
- Centre for Clinical Research, Faculty of Medicine, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Mark Waltham
- Invasion and Metastasis Unit, St. Vincent's Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Monash University, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Cameron E Snell
- Cancer Pathology Research Group, Mater Research Institute - The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Mater Pathology, Mater Hospital Brisbane, South Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Tony Blick
- Invasion and Metastasis Unit, St. Vincent's Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Queensland University of Technology, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Erik W Thompson
- Invasion and Metastasis Unit, St. Vincent's Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Queensland University of Technology, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.,Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Honor J Hugo
- Invasion and Metastasis Unit, St. Vincent's Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Department of Surgery, The University of Melbourne, St. Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia. .,Queensland University of Technology, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation and School of Biomedical Sciences, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. .,Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
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10
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Shi J, Li Y, Jia R, Fan X. The fidelity of cancer cells in PDX models: Characteristics, mechanism and clinical significance. Int J Cancer 2019; 146:2078-2088. [PMID: 31479514 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.32662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models are widely used as preclinical cancer models and are considered better than cell culture models in recapitulating the histological features, molecular characteristics and intratumoral heterogeneity (ITH) of human tumors. While the PDX model is commonly accepted for use in drug discovery and other translational studies, a growing body of evidence has suggested its limitations. Recently, the fidelity of cancer cells within a PDX has been questioned, which may impede the future application of these models. In this review, we will focus the variable phenotypes of xenograft tumors and the genomic instability and molecular inconsistency of PDX tumors after serial transplantation. Next, we will discuss the underlying mechanism of ITH and its clinical relevance. Stochastic selection bias in the sampling process and/or deterministic clonal dynamics due to murine selective pressure may have detrimental effects on the results of personalized medicine and drug screening studies. In addition, we aim to identify a possible solution for the issue of fidelity in current PDX models and to discuss emerging next-generation preclinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiahao Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongyun Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Renbing Jia
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xianqun Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
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11
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Intratumor Heterogeneity in Interstitial Fluid Pressure in Cervical and Pancreatic Carcinoma Xenografts. Transl Oncol 2019; 12:1079-1085. [PMID: 31174058 PMCID: PMC6556493 DOI: 10.1016/j.tranon.2019.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 05/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Preclinical studies have suggested that interstitial fluid pressure (IFP) is uniformly elevated in the central region of tumors, whereas clinical studies have revealed that IFP may vary among different measurement sites in the tumor center. IFP measurements are technically difficult, and it has been claimed that the intratumor heterogeneity in IFP reported for human tumors is due to technical problems. The main purpose of this study was to determine conclusively whether IFP may be heterogeneously elevated in the central tumor region, and if so, to reveal possible mechanisms and possible consequences. Tumors of two xenograft models were included in the study: HL-16 cervical carcinoma and Panc-1 pancreatic carcinoma. IFP was measured with Millar SPC 320 catheters in two positions in each tumor and related to tumor histology or the metastatic status of the host mouse. Some tumors of both models showed significant intratumor heterogeneity in IFP, and this heterogeneity was associated with a compartmentalized histological appearance (i.e., the tissue was divided into compartments separated by thick connective tissue bands) in HL-16 tumors and with a dense collagen-I-rich extracellular matrix in Panc-1 tumors, suggesting that these connective tissue structures prevented efficient interstitial convection. Furthermore, some tumors of both models developed lymph node metastases, and of the two IFP values measured in each tumor, only the higher value was significantly higher in metastatic than in non-metastatic tumors, suggesting that metastatic propensity was determined by the tumor region having the highest IFP.
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