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Alalawy AI. Key genes and molecular mechanisms related to Paclitaxel Resistance. Cancer Cell Int 2024; 24:244. [PMID: 39003454 PMCID: PMC11245874 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-024-03415-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2024] [Accepted: 06/22/2024] [Indexed: 07/15/2024] Open
Abstract
Paclitaxel is commonly used to treat breast, ovarian, lung, esophageal, gastric, pancreatic cancer, and neck cancer cells. Cancer recurrence is observed in patients treated with paclitaxel due to paclitaxel resistance emergence. Resistant mechanisms are observed in cancer cells treated with paclitaxel, docetaxel, and cabazitaxel including changes in the target molecule β-tubulin of mitosis, molecular mechanisms that activate efflux drug out of the cells, and alterations in regulatory proteins of apoptosis. This review discusses new molecular mechanisms of taxane resistance, such as overexpression of genes like the multidrug resistance genes and EDIL3, ABCB1, MRP1, and TRAG-3/CSAG2 genes. Moreover, significant lncRNAs are detected in paclitaxel resistance, such as lncRNA H19 and cross-resistance between taxanes. This review contributed to discovering new treatment strategies for taxane resistance and increasing the responsiveness of cancer cells toward chemotherapeutic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adel I Alalawy
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, University of Tabuk, Tabuk, 71491, Saudi Arabia.
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2
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Nurmagambetova A, Mustyatsa V, Saidova A, Vorobjev I. Morphological and cytoskeleton changes in cells after EMT. Sci Rep 2023; 13:22164. [PMID: 38092761 PMCID: PMC10719275 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-023-48279-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Accepted: 11/24/2023] [Indexed: 12/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Epithelial cells undergoing EMT experience significant alterations at transcriptional and morphological levels. However, changes in the cytoskeleton, especially cytoskeleton dynamics are poorly described. Addressing the question we induced EMT in three cell lines (MCF-7, HaCaT and A-549) and analyzed morphological and cytoskeletal changes there using immunostaining and life cell imaging of cells transfected with microtubule and focal adhesion markers. In all studied cell lines, cell area after EMT increased, MCF-7 and A-549 cells became elongated, while HaCaT cells kept the aspect ratio the same. We next analyzed three components of the cytoskeleton: microtubules, stress fibers and focal adhesions. The following changes were observed after EMT in cultured cells: (i) Organization of microtubules becomes more radial; and the growth rate of microtubule plus ends was accelerated; (ii) Actin stress fibers become co-aligned forming the longitudinal cell axis; and (iii) Focal adhesions had decreased area in all cancer cell lines studied and became more numerous in HaCaT cells. We conclude that among dynamic components of the cytoskeleton, the most significant changes during EMT happen in the regulation of microtubules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Assel Nurmagambetova
- School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, 53, 010000, Astana, Kazakhstan.
- School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, 53, 010000, Astana, Kazakhstan.
| | - Vadim Mustyatsa
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, 53, 010000, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Aleena Saidova
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, 53, 010000, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Ivan Vorobjev
- School of Sciences and Humanities, Nazarbayev University, Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, 53, 010000, Astana, Kazakhstan.
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Kabanbay Batyr Avenue, 53, 010000, Astana, Kazakhstan.
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Li H, Deng X, Zhang Z, Yang Z, Huang H, Ye X, Zhong L, Xu G, Liu R, Fang Y. Nitric oxide/paclitaxel micelles enhance anti-liver cancer effects and paclitaxel sensitivity by inducing ferroptosis, endoplasmic reticulum stress and pyroptosis. RSC Adv 2023; 13:31772-31784. [PMID: 37908648 PMCID: PMC10613954 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra04861f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 11/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to investigate the anticancer activities of biodegradable polymeric micelles composed of monomethoxy poly(ethylene glycol), polylactic acid, and nitric oxide (mPEG-PLA-NO) loaded with paclitaxel (PTX) as a nanomedicine delivery system. We aimed to compare the anticancer effects of these NO/PTX micelles with PTX alone and elucidate their mechanism of action. We evaluated the impact of NO/PTX and PTX on cell viability using Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK8) assays conducted on the Bel-7402 liver cancer cell line. Additionally, we employed H22 xenografted mice to assess the in vivo tumor growth inhibitory activity of NO/PTX. To examine the cytotoxicity of NO/PTX, the intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), and the expression of ferroptosis-related proteins, we conducted experiments in the presence of the ferroptosis inhibitor ferrostatin-1 (Fer-1) or the ROS inhibitor N-acetyl cysteine (NAC). Furthermore, we investigated the expression of endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS) and apoptosis-associated proteins. Our results demonstrated that NO/PTX exhibited enhanced anticancer effects compared to PTX alone in both Bel-7402 cells and H22 xenografted mice. The addition of Fer-1 or NAC reduced the anticancer activity of NO/PTX, indicating the involvement of ferroptosis and ROS in its mechanism of action. Furthermore, NO/PTX modulated the expression of proteins related to ERS and apoptosis, indicating the activation of these cellular pathways. The anticancer effects of NO/PTX in liver cancer cells were mediated through the induction of ferroptosis, pyroptosis, ERS, and apoptosis-associated networks. Ferroptosis and pyroptosis were activated by treatment of NO/PTX at low concentration, whereas ERS was induced to trigger apoptosis at high concentration. The superior anti-tumor effect of NO/PTX may be attributed to the downregulation of a multidrug resistance transporter and the sensitization of cells to PTX chemotherapy. In summary, our study highlights the potential of mPEG-PLA-NO micelles loaded with PTX as a nanomedicine delivery system for liver cancer treatment. The observed enhancement in anticancer activity, combined with the modulation of key cellular pathways, provides valuable insights into the therapeutic potential of NO/PTX in overcoming resistance and improving treatment outcomes in liver cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilan Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Manufacturing Technology of TCM Solid Preparation, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine Nanchang 330006 China
| | - Xiaoyu Deng
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine Nanchang 330004 China
| | - Ziwei Zhang
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine Nanchang 330004 China
| | - Zunhua Yang
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine Nanchang 330004 China
| | - Hesong Huang
- National Engineering Research Center for Manufacturing Technology of TCM Solid Preparation, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine Nanchang 330006 China
| | - Xide Ye
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine Nanchang 330004 China
| | - Linyun Zhong
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine Nanchang 330004 China
| | - Guoliang Xu
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine Nanchang 330004 China
| | - Ronghua Liu
- College of Pharmacy, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine Nanchang 330004 China
| | - Yuanying Fang
- National Engineering Research Center for Manufacturing Technology of TCM Solid Preparation, Jiangxi University of Chinese Medicine Nanchang 330006 China
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Chen S, Bian H, Duan J. High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Enhanced Anti-Tumor Activities of Paclitaxel in Breast Cancer in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Manag Res 2022; 14:1303-1312. [PMID: 35386184 PMCID: PMC8978695 DOI: 10.2147/cmar.s349409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Paclitaxel (PTX) is an important oncologic chemotherapeutic agent against breast cancer, but breast cancer patients develop significant resistance to PTX during chemotherapy. Alterations in tubulin and associated proteins have been implicated in resistance to PTX. High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) induces deep tumor penetration of anti-tumor agents in solid tumors. Methods We investigated the influence of HIFU on the anti-tumor activities of PTX in breast cancer. Both in vivo and in vitro experiments were performed in this research: mice were treated with 2 mg/Kg PTX through tail vein injection, while breast cancer cells were treated with 400 nM PTX. Cell viability was analyzed through Cell Counting Kit-8. Cell apoptosis was evaluated through Annexin-V/PI Apoptosis Analysis Kit. The activities of catalase (CAT) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and the concentration of malondialdehyde (MDA) were evaluated by relative commercial kits. Results HIFU enhanced PTX-inhibited breast cancer cell viability and PTX-induced cell apoptosis. Simultaneous treatment of HIFU and PTX decreased the activities of CAT and SOD and increased the concentration of MDA. In mice bearing MDA-MB-231 tumors, the treatment of HIFU and PTX significantly decreased tumor size, increased body weight and elevated animal survival. HIFU enhanced the distribution of PTX in tumor tissues. Conclusion The performance of HIFU promoted the distribution of PTX and enhanced its anti-tumor activities in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sha Chen
- Department 2 of Ultrasound, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, 061000, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Sha Chen, Department 2 of Ultrasound, Cangzhou Central Hospital, No. 16, Xinhua West Road, Yunhe District, Cangzhou, 061000, Hebei, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86-18232858958, Email
| | - Hao Bian
- Magnetic Resonance Imaging Department, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, 061000, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jingyu Duan
- Department 2 of Ultrasound, Cangzhou Central Hospital, Cangzhou, 061000, Hebei, People’s Republic of China
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Li H, Fang Y, Li X, Tu L, Xu G, Jin Y, Liu R, Yang Z. Evaluation of novel paclitaxel-loaded NO-donating polymeric micelles for an improved therapy for gastroenteric tumor. NEW J CHEM 2021. [DOI: 10.1039/d1nj00979f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
A NO-releasing polymer (mPEG-PLA-NO) is developed as a micellar nanoparticle delivery system for the carrier of antitumor drug paclitaxel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huilan Li
- College of Pharmacy
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Nanchang 330004
- China
| | - Yuanying Fang
- National Engineering Research Center for Manufacturing Technology of TCM Solid Preparation
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Nanchang 330006
- China
| | - Xiang Li
- National Engineering Research Center for Manufacturing Technology of TCM Solid Preparation
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Nanchang 330006
- China
| | - Liangxing Tu
- College of Pharmacy
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Nanchang 330004
- China
| | - Guoliang Xu
- College of Pharmacy
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Nanchang 330004
- China
| | - Yi Jin
- National Engineering Research Center for Manufacturing Technology of TCM Solid Preparation
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Nanchang 330006
- China
| | - Ronghua Liu
- College of Pharmacy
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Nanchang 330004
- China
| | - Zunhua Yang
- College of Pharmacy
- Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine
- Nanchang 330004
- China
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Anacardic 6-pentadecyl salicylic acid induces apoptosis in breast cancer tumor cells, immunostimulation in the host and decreases blood toxic effects of taxol in an animal model. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2020; 410:115359. [PMID: 33290779 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2020.115359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/28/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Many antineoplastic agents induce myelosuppression and leukopenia as secondary effects in patients. The development of anticancer agents that simultaneously provoke antitumor immune response represents an important therapeutic advance. The administration of 6-pentadecyl salicylic acid (6SA) contributes to the antitumor immunity using 4T1 breast cancer cells in Balb/c female mice, with Taxol as a positive control and in cotreatment with 6SA (6SA + Taxol; CoT). Our results show that 6SA reduces tumor volume and size by inducing caspase-8-mediated apoptosis without reducing tumor infiltrated lymphocytes. Also, 6SA reduced lung metastasis and increased the proportion of immune cells in blood, lymph nodes and bone marrow; more evidently, in the proportion of tumor-infiltrated natural killer (NK) cells and cytotoxic T lymphocytes. Taxol reduces helper and cytotoxic lymphocytes causing systemic immunosuppression and myelosuppression in bone marrow, whereas 6SA does not decrease any immune cell subpopulations in circulating blood and lymph nodes. More importantly, the CoT decreased the Taxol-induced cytotoxicity in circulating T cells and bone marrow. Treatment with 6SA increases the secretion of IL-2, IL-12, GM-CSF, TNF-α and IFN-γ and significantly reduces IL-10 and IL-17 secretion, suggesting that the reduction of regulatory T cells and tumor-associated macrophages contribute to the host control of tumor development. Finally, 6SA has an effective antineoplastic activity against breast cancer cells in an immunocompetent animal, reduces the myelosuppression and leukopenia that Taxol produces, improves the antitumoral immunological microenvironment and increases the overall survival of the animals improving the quality of life of patients with cancer.
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Zhou J, Jiang YY, Wang HP, Chen H, Wu YC, Wang L, Pu X, Yue G, Zhang L. Natural compound Tan-I enhances the efficacy of Paclitaxel chemotherapy in ovarian cancer. ANNALS OF TRANSLATIONAL MEDICINE 2020; 8:752. [PMID: 32647677 PMCID: PMC7333144 DOI: 10.21037/atm-20-4072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Background Paclitaxel is a widely used clinical first line chemotherapy drug for ovarian carcinoma. Tanshinone I (Tan-I) is one of the vital fat-soluble components, which derived from Chinese herbal medicine, Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge. Herein, we evaluated whether Tan-I could enhance the efficacy of ovarian cancer to chemotherapy of Paclitaxel. Methods Ovarian cancer cells A2780 and ID-8 were exposed with Tan-I (4.8 µg/mL), Paclitaxel (0.1 µg/mL), or Tan-I combination with Paclitaxel for 24 hours. The cell proliferation was analyzed by CCK8 and EdU staining. Cell apoptosis was analyzed by the TUNEL assay and flow cytometry. The protein levels were determined by western blot. Cell migration was analyzed by Transwell and wound healing. Cell senescence was analyzed by senescence-associated b-galactosidase staining. Antitumor activity was analyzed by a subcutaneous tumor xenograft model of human ovarian cancer in nude mice. The protein expression and apoptosis level of tumor tissues were analyzed by immunohistochemistry and TUNEL staining. Results Tan-I treatment significantly elevated the Paclitaxel-cause reduction of A2780 and ID-8 cell proliferation and cell migration. Tan-I combination with Paclitaxel promotes apoptosis of cancer cells by promoting Bax expression and Bcl-2 expression. Besides, Tan-I treatment can notably increase Paclitaxel-inducing cell senescence by promoting DNA damage and senescence-associated proteins such as p21 and p16. Furthermore, the result of the transplanted tumor model indicated that Tan-I combination with Paclitaxel could inhibit tumor growth in vivo by inhibiting cell proliferation and inducing cell apoptosis. Conclusions Natural compound Tan-I enhances the efficacy of ovarian cancer to Paclitaxel chemotherapy. The results will help to supply the potential clinical use of ovarian carcinoma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhou
- College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Jiang
- College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Hai-Ping Wang
- College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Huan Chen
- College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Yi-Chao Wu
- College of Life Science, China West Normal University, Nanchong, China
| | - Long Wang
- College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Xiang Pu
- College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Guizhou Yue
- College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
| | - Li Zhang
- College of Science, Sichuan Agricultural University, Ya'an, China
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8
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Altonsy MO, Ganguly A, Amrein M, Surmanowicz P, Li SS, Lauzon GJ, Mydlarski PR. Beta3-Tubulin is Critical for Microtubule Dynamics, Cell Cycle Regulation, and Spontaneous Release of Microvesicles in Human Malignant Melanoma Cells (A375). Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21051656. [PMID: 32121295 PMCID: PMC7084453 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21051656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2020] [Revised: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs), microfilaments, and intermediate filaments, the main constituents of the cytoskeleton, undergo continuous structural changes (metamorphosis), which are central to cellular growth, division, and release of microvesicles (MVs). Altered MTs dynamics, uncontrolled proliferation, and increased production of MVs are hallmarks of carcinogenesis. Class III beta-tubulin (β3-tubulin), one of seven β-tubulin isotypes, is a primary component of MT, which correlates with enhanced neoplastic cell survival, metastasis and resistance to chemotherapy. We studied the effects of β3-tubulin gene silencing on MTs dynamics, cell cycle, and MVs release in human malignant melanoma cells (A375). The knockdown of β3-tubulin induced G2/M cell cycle arrest, impaired MTs dynamics, and reduced spontaneous MVs release. Additional studies are therefore required to elucidate the pathophysiologic and therapeutic role of β3-tubulin in melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed O. Altonsy
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2T 5C7, Canada; (M.O.A.); (A.G.); (P.S.); (G.J.L.)
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Sohag University, Sohag 82524, Egypt
| | - Anutosh Ganguly
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2T 5C7, Canada; (M.O.A.); (A.G.); (P.S.); (G.J.L.)
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada;
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48105, USA
| | - Matthias Amrein
- Department of Cell Biology and Anatomy, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada;
| | - Philip Surmanowicz
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2T 5C7, Canada; (M.O.A.); (A.G.); (P.S.); (G.J.L.)
| | - Shu Shun Li
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2N 4N1, Canada;
| | - Gilles J. Lauzon
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2T 5C7, Canada; (M.O.A.); (A.G.); (P.S.); (G.J.L.)
| | - P. Régine Mydlarski
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB T2T 5C7, Canada; (M.O.A.); (A.G.); (P.S.); (G.J.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-403-955-8345; Fax: +1-403-955-8200
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Tiet P, Li J, Abidi W, Mooney R, Flores L, Aramburo S, Batalla-Covello J, Gonzaga J, Tsaturyan L, Kang Y, Cornejo YR, Dellinger T, Han E, Aboody KS, Berlin JM. Silica Coated Paclitaxel Nanocrystals Enable Neural Stem Cell Loading For Treatment of Ovarian Cancer. Bioconjug Chem 2019; 30:1415-1424. [PMID: 30835443 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.9b00160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Ovarian cancer is commonly diagnosed only after it has metastasized to the abdominal cavity (stage III). While the current standard of care of intraperitoneal (IP) administration of cisplatin and paclitaxel (PTX) combination chemotherapy has benefit, patient 5-year survival rates are low and have not significantly improved in the past decade. The ability to target chemotherapy selectively to ovarian tumors while sparing normal tissue would improve efficacy and decrease toxicities. We have previously shown that cisplatin-loaded nanoparticles (NPs) loaded within neural stem cells (NSCs) are selectively delivered to ovarian tumors in the abdominal cavity following IP injection, with no evidence of localization to normal tissue. Here we extended the capabilities of this system to also include PTX delivery. NPs that will be loaded into NSCs must contain a high amount of drug by weight but constrain the release of the drug such that the NSCs are viable after loading and can successfully migrate to tumors. We developed silica coated PTX nanocrystals (Si[PTX-NC]) meeting these requirements. Si[PTX-NC] were more effective than uncoated PTX-NC or Abraxane for loading NSCs with PTX. NSCs loaded with Si[PTX-NC] maintained their migratory ability and, for low dose PTX, were more effective than free PTX-NC or Si[PTX-NC] at killing ovarian tumors in vivo. This work demonstrates that NSC/NP delivery is a platform technology amenable to delivering different therapeutics and enables the pursuit of NSC/NP targeted delivery of the entire preferred chemotherapy regimen for ovarian cancer. It also describes efficient silica coating chemistry for PTX nanocrystals that may have applications beyond our focus on NSC transport.
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Serikbaeva A, Tvorogova A, Kauanova S, Vorobjev IA. Analysis of Microtubule Dynamics Heterogeneity in Cell Culture. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1745:181-204. [PMID: 29476470 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-7680-5_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/09/2023]
Abstract
Microtubules (MTs) are dynamic components of the cytoskeleton playing an important role in a large number of cell functions. Individual MTs in living cells undergo stochastic switching between alternate states of growth, shortening and attenuated phase, a phenomenon known as tempered dynamic instability. Dynamic instability of MTs is usually analyzed by labeling MTs with +TIPs, namely, EB proteins. Tracking of +TIP trajectories allows analyzing MT growth in cells with a different density of MTs. Numerous labs now use +TIP to track growing MTs in a variety of cell cultures. However, heterogeneity of MT dynamics is usually underestimated, and rather small sampling for the description of dynamic instability parameters is often used. The strategy described in this chapter is the method for repetitive quantitative analysis of MT growth rate within the same cell that allows minimization of the variation in MT dynamics measurement. We show that variability in MT dynamics within a cell when using repeated measurements is significantly less than between different cells in the same chamber. This approach allows better estimation of the heterogeneity of cells' responses to different treatments. To compare the effects of different MT inhibitors, the protocol using normalized values for MT dynamics and repetitive measurements for each cell is employed. This chapter provides detailed methods for analysis of MT dynamics in tissue cultures. We describe protocols for imaging MT dynamics by fluorescent microscopy, contrast enhancement technique, and MT dynamics analysis using triple color-coded display based on sequential subtraction analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anara Serikbaeva
- Department of Biology, School of Science and Technology, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Technology, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Anna Tvorogova
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sholpan Kauanova
- School of Engineering, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
- National Laboratory Astana, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan
| | - Ivan A Vorobjev
- Department of Biology, School of Sciences and Technology, Nazarbayev University, Astana, Kazakhstan.
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11
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Yang CPH, Horwitz SB. Taxol ®: The First Microtubule Stabilizing Agent. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18081733. [PMID: 28792473 PMCID: PMC5578123 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18081733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Taxol®, an antitumor drug with significant activity, is the first microtubule stabilizing agent described in the literature. This short review of the mechanism of action of Taxol® emphasizes the research done in the Horwitz’ laboratory. It discusses the contribution of photoaffinity labeled analogues of Taxol® toward our understanding of the binding site of the drug on the microtubule. The importance of hydrogen/deuterium exchange experiments to further our insights into the stabilization of microtubules by Taxol® is addressed. The development of drug resistance, a major problem that arises in the clinic, is discussed. Studies describing differential drug binding to distinct β-tubulin isotypes are presented. Looking forward, it is suggested that the β-tubulin isotype content of a tumor may influence its responses to Taxol®.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Ping Huang Yang
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology and Women's Health, Division of Gynecologic Oncology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
| | - Susan Band Horwitz
- Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA.
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12
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Vetter NS, Kolb EA, Mills CC, Sampson VB. The Microtubule Network and Cell Death Are Regulated by an miR-34a/Stathmin 1/βIII-Tubulin Axis. Mol Cancer Res 2017; 15:953-964. [PMID: 28275089 PMCID: PMC5500423 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-16-0372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNA-34a (miR-34a) is a master regulator of signaling networks that maintains normal physiology and disease and is currently in development as a miRNA-based therapy for cancer. Prior studies have reported low miR-34a expression in osteosarcoma; however, the molecular mechanisms underlying miR-34a activity in osteosarcoma are not well-defined. Therefore, this study evaluated the role of miR-34a in regulating signal transduction pathways that influence cell death in osteosarcoma. Levels of miR-34a were attenuated in human osteosarcoma cells and xenografts of the Pediatric Preclinical Testing Consortium (PPTC). Bioinformatics predictions identified stathmin 1 (STMN1) as a potential miR-34a target. Biotin pull-down assay and luciferase reporter analysis confirmed miR-34a target interactions within the STMN1 mRNA 3'-untranslated region. Overexpression of miR-34a in osteosarcoma cells suppressed STMN1 expression and reduced cell growth in vitro Restoration of miR-34a led to microtubule destabilization and increased βIII-tubulin expression, with corresponding G1-G2 phase cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis. Knockdown of the Sp1 transcription factor, by siRNA silencing, also upregulated βIII-tubulin expression in osteosarcoma cells, suggesting that miR-34a indirectly affects Sp1. Validating the coordinating role of miR-34a in microtubule destabilization, when miR-34a was combined with either microtubule inhibitors or chemotherapy, STMN1 phosphorylation was suppressed and there was greater cytotoxicity in osteosarcoma cells. These results demonstrate that miR-34a directly represses STMN1 gene and protein expression and upregulates βIII-tubulin, leading to disruption of the microtubule network and cell death.Implications: The miR-34a/STMN1/βIII-tubulin axis maintains the microtubule cytoskeleton in osteosarcoma, and combining miR-34a with microtubule inhibitors can be investigated as a novel therapeutic strategy. Mol Cancer Res; 15(7); 953-64. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy S Vetter
- Nemours Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware
| | - E A Kolb
- Nemours Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware
| | | | - Valerie B Sampson
- Nemours Center for Cancer and Blood Disorders, Nemours/Alfred I. duPont Hospital for Children, Wilmington, Delaware.
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Ura B, Scrimin F, Arrigoni G, Athanasakis E, Aloisio M, Monasta L, Ricci G. Abnormal expression of leiomyoma cytoskeletal proteins involved in cell migration. Oncol Rep 2016; 35:3094-100. [PMID: 26986808 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.4688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 11/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Uterine leiomyomas are monoclonal tumors. Several factors are involved in the neoplastic transformation of the myometrium. In our study we focused on dysregulated cytoskeletal proteins in the leiomyoma as compared to the myometrium. Paired tissue samples of ten leiomyomas and adjacent myometria were obtained and analyzed by two‑dimensional gel electrophoresis (2-DE). Mass spectrometry was used for protein identification, and western blotting for 2-DE data validation. The values of ten cytoskeletal proteins were found to be significantly different: eight proteins were upregulated in the leiomyoma and two proteins were downregulated. Three of the upregulated proteins (myosin regulatory light polypeptide 9, four and a half LIM domains protein 1 and LIM and SH3 domain protein 1) are involved in cell migration, while downregulated protein transgelin is involved in replicative senescence. Myosin regulatory light polypeptide 9 (MYL9) was further validated by western blotting because it is considered to be a cell migration marker in several cancers and could play a key role in leiomyoma development. Our data demonstrate significant alterations in the expression of cytoskeletal proteins involved in leiomyoma growth. A better understanding of the involvement of cytoskeletal proteins in leiomyoma pathogenesis may contribute to the identification of new therapeutic targets and the development of new pharmacological approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blendi Ura
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS 'Burlo Garofolo', Trieste, Italy
| | - Federica Scrimin
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS 'Burlo Garofolo', Trieste, Italy
| | - Giorgio Arrigoni
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padova, Padova, Italy
| | | | - Michelangelo Aloisio
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS 'Burlo Garofolo', Trieste, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Monasta
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS 'Burlo Garofolo', Trieste, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ricci
- Institute for Maternal and Child Health - IRCCS 'Burlo Garofolo', Trieste, Italy
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Fokin AI, Klementeva TS, Nadezhdina ES, Burakov AV. SLK/LOSK kinase regulates cell motility independently of microtubule organization and Golgi polarization. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2016; 73:83-92. [PMID: 26818812 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 10/16/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Cell motility is an essential complex process that requires actin and microtubule cytoskeleton reorganization and polarization. Such extensive rearrangement is closely related to cell polarization as a whole. The serine/threonine kinase SLK/LOSK is a potential regulator of cell motility, as it phosphorylates a series of cytoskeleton-bound proteins that collectively participate in the remodeling of migratory cell architecture. In this work, we report that SLK/LOSK is an indispensable regulator of cell locomotion that primarily acts through the small GTPase RhoA and the dynactin subunit p150(Glued). Both RhoA and dynactin affect cytoskeleton organization, polarization, and general cell locomotory activity to various extents. However, it seems that these events are independent of each other. Thus, SLK/LOSK kinase effectively functions as a switch that links all of the processes underlying cell motility to provide robust directional movement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Artem I Fokin
- A.N.Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskye Gory, Moscow, 119992, Russia
| | - Tatiana S Klementeva
- Institute of Protein Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow Region, Pushchino, Institutskaya Str, 4, 142290, Russia
| | - Elena S Nadezhdina
- A.N.Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskye Gory, Moscow, 119992, Russia.,Institute of Protein Research of Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow Region, Pushchino, Institutskaya Str, 4, 142290, Russia
| | - Anton V Burakov
- A.N.Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Leninskye Gory, Moscow, 119992, Russia
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Peloruside A is a microtubule-stabilizing agent with exceptional anti-migratory properties in human endothelial cells. Oncoscience 2015; 2:585-95. [PMID: 26244166 PMCID: PMC4506362 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Peloruside A is a novel antimitotic drug originally isolated from the marine sponge Mycale hentschieli. Previous studies showed that peloruside A stabilizes microtubules by binding to a site on tubulin distinct from paclitaxel, another microtubule stabilizing drug. Peloruside A blocks mitosis, but little is known about the effects on other cellular activities. Here we report that peloruside A is the most potent microtubule inhibitor yet tested for its ability to block endothelial cell migration. Quantitative analysis indicated that it inhibits microtubule dynamics and endothelial cell migration at 1/200(th) of the concentration needed to inhibit cell division (the cytotoxic concentration), indicating that it could potentially have a large margin of safety when used to specifically target angiogenesis. By comparison, paclitaxel, a well-known cancer therapeutic drug, suppresses cell migration at 1/13(th) of its cytotoxic concentration; and vinblastine suppresses cell migration at just slightly below its cytotoxic antimitotic concentration. Thus, different microtubule targeted drugs have varying relative potencies for inhibition of cell migration versus cell division. The results suggest that peloruside A may be an especially useful agent for anti-angiogenesis therapy and point to the likelihood that other antimitotic drugs might be found with an even larger potential margin of safety.
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Duran GE, Wang YC, Francisco EB, Rose JC, Martinez FJ, Coller J, Brassard D, Vrignaud P, Sikic BI. Mechanisms of resistance to cabazitaxel. Mol Cancer Ther 2014; 14:193-201. [PMID: 25416788 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-14-0155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We studied mechanisms of resistance to the novel taxane cabazitaxel in established cellular models of taxane resistance. We also developed cabazitaxel-resistant variants from MCF-7 breast cancer cells by stepwise selection in drug alone (MCF-7/CTAX) or drug plus the transport inhibitor PSC-833 (MCF-7/CTAX-P). Among multidrug-resistant (MDR) variants, cabazitaxel was relatively less cross-resistant than paclitaxel and docetaxel (15- vs. 200-fold in MES-SA/Dx5 and 9- vs. 60-fold in MCF-7/TxT50, respectively). MCF-7/TxTP50 cells that were negative for MDR but had 9-fold resistance to paclitaxel were also 9-fold resistant to cabazitaxel. Selection with cabazitaxel alone (MCF-7/CTAX) yielded 33-fold resistance to cabazitaxel, 52-fold resistance to paclitaxel, activation of ABCB1, and 3-fold residual resistance to cabazitaxel with MDR inhibition. The MCF-7/CTAX-P variant did not express ABCB1, nor did it efflux rhodamine-123, BODIPY-labeled paclitaxel, and [(3)H]-docetaxel. These cells are hypersensitive to depolymerizing agents (vinca alkaloids and colchicine), have reduced baseline levels of stabilized microtubules, and impaired tubulin polymerization in response to taxanes (cabazitaxel or docetaxel) relative to MCF-7 parental cells. Class III β-tubulin (TUBB3) RNA and protein were elevated in both MCF-7/CTAX and MCF-7/CTAX-P. Decreased BRCA1 and altered epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers are also associated with cabazitaxel resistance in these MCF-7 variants, and may serve as predictive biomarkers for its activity in the clinical setting. In summary, cabazitaxel resistance mechanisms include MDR (although at a lower level than paclitaxel and docetaxel), and alterations in microtubule dynamicity, as manifested by higher expression of TUBB3, decreased BRCA1, and by the induction of EMT.
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Affiliation(s)
- George E Duran
- Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Yan C Wang
- Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - E Brian Francisco
- Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - John C Rose
- Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - Francisco J Martinez
- Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | - John Coller
- Stanford Functional Genomics Facility, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California
| | | | | | - Branimir I Sikic
- Oncology Division, Department of Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California.
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Zhang Q, Ran R, Zhang L, Liu Y, Mei L, Zhang Z, Gao H, He Q. Simultaneous delivery of therapeutic antagomirs with paclitaxel for the management of metastatic tumors by a pH-responsive anti-microbial peptide-mediated liposomal delivery system. J Control Release 2014; 197:208-18. [PMID: 25445692 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2014.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Revised: 10/04/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The roles of microRNAs (miRNAs) in the regulation of metastasis have been widely recognized in the recent years. Mir-10b antagomir (antagomir-10b) was shown to impede metastasis through the down-regulation of mir-10b; however, it could not stunt the growth of primary tumors. In this study we showed that the co-delivery of antagomir-10b with paclitaxel (PTX) by a novel liposomal delivery system modified with an anti-microbial peptide [D]-H6L9 (D-Lip) could significantly both hinder the migration of 4T1 cells and induce evident cellular apoptosis and cell death in the meantime. The histidines in the sequence of [D]-H6L9 allowed the peptide to get protonated under pH5.0 (mimicking the lysosome/endosome environment), and strong membrane lytic effect could thus be activated, leading to the escape of liposomes from the lysosomes and the decrease of of mir-10b expression. The in vivo and ex vivo fluorescence imaging showed that D-Lip could reach 4T1 tumors efficaciously. Incorporation of PTX did not influence the antagomir-10b delivery effect of D-Lip; for the in vivo tumor inhibition assay, compared with all the other groups, the combination of antagomir-10b and PTX delivered by D-Lip could prominently delay the growth of 4T1 tumors and reduce the lung metastases at the same time, and the expression of Hoxd10 in tumors was also significantly up-regulated. Taken together, these results demonstrated that D-Lip could act as a sufficient tool in co-delivering antagomir-10b and PTX.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyu Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Rui Ran
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Yayuan Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Ling Mei
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Zhirong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Huile Gao
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Qin He
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, West China School of Pharmacy, and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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18
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Serafim TL, Carvalho FS, Bernardo TC, Pereira GC, Perkins E, Holy J, Krasutsky DA, Kolomitsyna ON, Krasutsky PA, Oliveira PJ. New derivatives of lupane triterpenoids disturb breast cancer mitochondria and induce cell death. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:6270-87. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.08.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2014] [Accepted: 08/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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19
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Stapor PC, Sweat RS, Dashti DC, Betancourt AM, Murfee WL. Pericyte dynamics during angiogenesis: new insights from new identities. J Vasc Res 2014; 51:163-74. [PMID: 24853910 DOI: 10.1159/000362276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Therapies aimed at manipulating the microcirculation require the ability to control angiogenesis, defined as the sprouting of new capillaries from existing vessels. Blocking angiogenesis would be beneficial in many pathologies (e.g. cancer, retinopathies and rheumatoid arthritis). In others (e.g. myocardial infarction, stroke and hypertension), promoting angiogenesis would be desirable. We know that vascular pericytes elongate around endothelial cells (ECs) and are functionally associated with regulating vessel stabilization, vessel diameter and EC proliferation. During angiogenesis, bidirectional pericyte-EC signaling is critical for capillary sprout formation. Observations of pericytes leading capillary sprouts also implicate their role in EC guidance. As such, pericytes have recently emerged as a therapeutic target to promote or inhibit angiogenesis. Advancing our basic understanding of pericytes and developing pericyte-related therapies are challenged, like in many other fields, by questions regarding cell identity. This review article discusses what we know about pericyte phenotypes and the opportunity to advance our understanding by defining the specific pericyte cell populations involved in capillary sprouting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter C Stapor
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Tulane University, Lindy Boggs Center, New Orleans, La., USA
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20
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Tsourlakis MC, Weigand P, Grupp K, Kluth M, Steurer S, Schlomm T, Graefen M, Huland H, Salomon G, Steuber T, Wilczak W, Sirma H, Simon R, Sauter G, Minner S, Quaas A. βIII-tubulin overexpression is an independent predictor of prostate cancer progression tightly linked to ERG fusion status and PTEN deletion. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 184:609-17. [PMID: 24378408 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2013] [Revised: 10/15/2013] [Accepted: 11/06/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that class III β-tubulin (βIII-tubulin) may represent a prognostic and predictive molecular marker in prostate cancer. βIII-Tubulin expression was determined by IHC in 8179 prostate cancer specimens in a TMA format. Results were compared with tumor phenotype, biochemical recurrence, v-ets avian erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog (ERG) status, and deletions on PTEN, 3p13, 5q21, and 6q15. βIII-Tubulin expression was detectable in 25.6% of 8179 interpretable cancers. High βIII-tubulin expression was strongly associated with both TMPRSS2:ERG rearrangement and ERG expression (P < 0.0001 each). High βIII-tubulin expression was tightly linked to high Gleason grade, advanced pT stage, and early prostate-specific antigen (PSA) recurrence in all cancers (P < 0.0001 each), but also in the subgroups of ERG-negative and ERG-positive cancers. When all tumors were analyzed, the prognostic role of βIII-tubulin expression was independent of Gleason grade, pT stage, pN stage, surgical margin status, and preoperative PSA. Independent prognostic value became even more evident if the analysis was limited to preoperatively available features, such as biopsy specimen Gleason grade, preoperative PSA, cT stage, and βIII-tubulin expression (P < 0.0001 each). βIII-Tubulin expression was associated with PTEN (P < 0.0001) when all tumors were analyzed, but also in the subgroups of ERG-negative and ERG-positive cancers. βIII-Tubulin expression is an independent prognostic parameter. The significant associations with key genomic alterations of prostate cancer, such as TMPRSS2:ERG fusions and PTEN deletions, suggest interactions with several pivotal pathways involved in prostate cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria C Tsourlakis
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Philipp Weigand
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katharina Grupp
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery Department and Clinic, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martina Kluth
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Stefan Steurer
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thorsten Schlomm
- Martini-Clinic, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany; Prostate Cancer Center, Section for Translational Prostate Cancer Research, the Department of Urology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Markus Graefen
- Martini-Clinic, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hartwig Huland
- Martini-Clinic, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Georg Salomon
- Martini-Clinic, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Steuber
- Martini-Clinic, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Waldemar Wilczak
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Hüseyin Sirma
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ronald Simon
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Guido Sauter
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Minner
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Quaas
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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21
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Magen I, Gozes I. Microtubule-stabilizing peptides and small molecules protecting axonal transport and brain function: focus on davunetide (NAP). Neuropeptides 2013; 47:489-95. [PMID: 24210139 DOI: 10.1016/j.npep.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2013] [Revised: 10/10/2013] [Accepted: 10/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This review focuses on the therapeutic effects and mechanisms of action of NAP (davunetide), an eight amino acid snippet derived from activity-dependent neuroprotective protein (ADNP) which was discovered in our laboratory. We have recently described the effects of NAP in neurodegenerative disorders, and we now review the beneficial effects of NAP and other microtubule-stabilizing agents on impairments in axonal transport. Experiments in animal models of microtubule-deficiency including tauopathy (spanning from drosophila to mammals) showed protection of axonal transport by microtubule-stabilizers and NAP, which was coupled to motor and cognitive protection. Clinical trials with NAP (davunetide) are reviewed paving the path to future developments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iddo Magen
- The Lily and Avraham Gildor Chair for the Investigation of Growth Factors, The Dr. Diana and Zelman Elton (Elbaum) Laboratory for Neuroendocrinology, The Adams Super Center for Brain Studies Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sagol School of Neuroscience, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv 69978, Israel
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Ganguly A, Yang H, Zhang H, Cabral F, Patel KD. Microtubule dynamics control tail retraction in migrating vascular endothelial cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2013; 12:2837-46. [PMID: 24107446 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-13-0401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Drugs that target microtubules are potent inhibitors of angiogenesis, but their mechanism of action is not well understood. To explore this, we treated human umbilical vein endothelial cells with paclitaxel, vinblastine, and colchicine and measured the effects on microtubule dynamics and cell motility. In general, lower drug concentrations suppressed microtubule dynamics and inhibited cell migration whereas higher concentrations were needed to inhibit cell division; however, surprisingly, large drug-dependent differences were seen in the relative concentrations needed to inhibit these two processes. Suppression of microtubule dynamics did not significantly affect excursions of lamellipodia away from the nucleus or prevent cells from elongating; but, it did inhibit retraction of the trailing edges that are normally enriched in dynamic microtubules, thereby limiting cell locomotion. Complete removal of microtubules with a high vinblastine concentration caused a loss of polarity that resulted in roundish, rather than elongated, cells, rapid but nondirectional membrane activity, and little cell movement. The results are consistent with a model in which more static microtubules stabilize the leading edge of migrating cells, whereas more dynamic microtubules locate to the rear where they can remodel and allow tail retraction. Suppressing microtubule dynamics interferes with tail retraction, but removal of microtubules destroys the asymmetry needed for cell elongation and directional motility. The prediction that suppressing microtubule dynamics might be sufficient to prevent angiogenesis was supported by showing that low concentrations of paclitaxel could prevent the formation of capillary-like structures in an in vitro tube formation assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anutosh Ganguly
- Corresponding Authors: Kamala D. Patel, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Calgary, 3330 Hospital Dr. NW, Calgary T2N 4N1, Alberta, Canada.
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Baas PW, Ahmad FJ. Beyond taxol: microtubule-based treatment of disease and injury of the nervous system. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 136:2937-51. [PMID: 23811322 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awt153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Contemporary research has revealed a great deal of information on the behaviours of microtubules that underlie critical events in the lives of neurons. Microtubules in the neuron undergo dynamic assembly and disassembly, bundling and splaying, severing, and rapid transport as well as integration with other cytoskeletal elements such as actin filaments. These various behaviours are regulated by signalling pathways that affect microtubule-related proteins such as molecular motor proteins and microtubule severing enzymes, as well as a variety of proteins that promote the assembly, stabilization and bundling of microtubules. In recent years, translational neuroscientists have earmarked microtubules as a promising target for therapy of injury and disease of the nervous system. Proof-of-principle has come mainly from studies using taxol and related drugs to pharmacologically stabilize microtubules in animal models of nerve injury and disease. However, concerns persist that the negative consequences of abnormal microtubule stabilization may outweigh the positive effects. Other potential approaches include microtubule-active drugs with somewhat different properties, but also expanding the therapeutic toolkit to include intervention at the level of microtubule regulatory proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter W Baas
- 1 Drexel University College of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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24
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Ravanbakhsh S, Gajewski M, Greiner R, Tuszynski JA. Determination of the optimal tubulin isotype target as a method for the development of individualized cancer chemotherapy. Theor Biol Med Model 2013; 10:29. [PMID: 23634782 PMCID: PMC3651705 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4682-10-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND As microtubules are essential for cell growth and division, its constituent protein β-tubulin has been a popular target for various treatments, including cancer chemotherapy. There are several isotypes of human β-tubulin and each type of cell expresses its characteristic distribution of these isotypes. Moreover, each tubulin-binding drug has its own distribution of binding affinities over the various isotypes, which further complicates identifying the optimal drug selection. An ideal drug would preferentially bind only the tubulin isotypes expressed abundantly by the cancer cells, but not those in the healthy cells. Unfortunately, as the distributions of the tubulin isotypes in cancer cells overlap with those of healthy cells, this ideal scenario is clearly not possible. We can, however, seek a drug that interferes significantly with the isotype distribution of the cancer cell, but has only minor interactions with those of the healthy cells. METHODS We describe a quantitative methodology for identifying this optimal tubulin isotype profile for an ideal cancer drug, given the isotype distribution of a specific cancer type, as well as the isotype distributions in various healthy tissues, and the physiological importance of each such tissue. RESULTS We report the optimal isotype profiles for different types of cancer with various routes of delivery. CONCLUSIONS Our algorithm, which defines the best profile for each type of cancer (given the drug delivery route and some specified patient characteristics), will help to personalize the design of pharmaceuticals for individual patients. This paper is an attempt to explicitly consider the effects of the tubulin isotype distributions in both cancer and normal cell types, for rational chemotherapy design aimed at optimizing the drug's efficacy with minimal side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siamak Ravanbakhsh
- Department of Computing Science, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E8, Canada
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25
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Inhibition of SIRT2 potentiates the anti-motility activity of taxanes: implications for antineoplastic combination therapies. Neoplasia 2013; 14:846-54. [PMID: 23019416 DOI: 10.1593/neo.12728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2012] [Revised: 08/06/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Taxanes are potent inhibitors of cell motility, a property implicated in their antiangiogenic and antimetastatic activity and unrelated to their antiproliferative effect. The molecular mechanism of this anti-motility activity is poorly understood. In this study, we found that paclitaxel induced tubulin acetylation in endothelial and tumor cells, at concentrations that affected cell motility but not proliferation (10(-8) to 10(-9) M, for 4 hours). Induction of tubulin acetylation correlated with inhibition of motility but not proliferation based on a comparison of highly and poorly cytotoxic taxanes (paclitaxel and IDN5390) and tumor cell lines sensitive and resistant to paclitaxel (1A9 and 1A9 PTX22). Consistent with the hypothesis that tubulin deacetylase activity might affect cell response to the anti-motility activity of taxanes, we found that overexpression of the tubulin deacetylase SIRT2 increased cell motility and reduced cell response to the anti-motility activity of paclitaxel. Conversely, the SIRT2 inhibitor splitomicin reduced cell motility and potentiated the anti-motility activity of paclitaxel. The inhibitory effect was further potentiated by the addition of the HDAC6 inhibitor trichostatin A. Paclitaxel and splitomicin promoted translocation into the nucleus--and hence activation--of FOXO3a, a negative regulator of cell motility. This study indicates a role for SIRT2 in the regulation of cell motility and suggests that therapies combining sirtuin inhibitors and taxanes could be used to treat cell motility-based pathologic processes such as tumor angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis.
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26
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Ganguly A, Yang H, Cabral F. Detection and Quantification of Microtubule Detachment from Centrosomes and Spindle Poles. Methods Cell Biol 2013; 115:49-62. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-407757-7.00004-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Ganguly A, Yang H, Sharma R, Patel KD, Cabral F. The role of microtubules and their dynamics in cell migration. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:43359-69. [PMID: 23135278 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.423905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Although microtubules have long been implicated in cell locomotion, the mechanism of their involvement remains controversial. Most studies have concluded that microtubules play a positive role by regulating actin polymerization, transporting membrane vesicles to the leading edge, and/or facilitating the turnover of adhesion plaques. Here we used wild-type and mutant CHO cell lines with alterations in tubulin to demonstrate that microtubules can also act to restrain cell motility. Tubulin mutations or low concentrations of drugs that suppress microtubule dynamics without affecting the amount of microtubule polymer inhibited the rate of migration by preventing microtubule reorganization in the trailing portion of the cells where the more dynamic microtubules are normally found. Under these conditions, cells along the edge of a wound still extended lamellipodia and elongated toward the wound but were inhibited in their ability to retract their tails, thus retarding forward progress. The idea that microtubules normally act to restrain cell locomotion was confirmed by treating cells with high concentrations of nocodazole to depolymerize the microtubule network. In the absence of microtubules, wild-type CHO and HeLa cells could still move at near normal speeds, but the movement became more random. We conclude that microtubules act both to restrain cell movement and to establish directionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anutosh Ganguly
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Medical School, Houston, Texas 77030, USA
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Cabeza-Arvelaiz Y, Schiestl RH. Transcriptome analysis of a rotenone model of parkinsonism reveals complex I-tied and -untied toxicity mechanisms common to neurodegenerative diseases. PLoS One 2012; 7:e44700. [PMID: 22970289 PMCID: PMC3436760 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0044700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2012] [Accepted: 08/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The pesticide rotenone, a neurotoxin that inhibits the mitochondrial complex I, and destabilizes microtubules (MT) has been linked to Parkinson disease (PD) etiology and is often used to model this neurodegenerative disease (ND). Many of the mechanisms of action of rotenone are posited mechanisms of neurodegeneration; however, they are not fully understood. Therefore, the study of rotenone-affected functional pathways is pertinent to the understanding of NDs pathogenesis. This report describes the transcriptome analysis of a neuroblastoma (NB) cell line chronically exposed to marginally toxic and moderately toxic doses of rotenone. The results revealed a complex pleiotropic response to rotenone that impacts a variety of cellular events, including cell cycle, DNA damage response, proliferation, differentiation, senescence and cell death, which could lead to survival or neurodegeneration depending on the dose and time of exposure and cell phenotype. The response encompasses an array of physiological pathways, modulated by transcriptional and epigenetic regulatory networks, likely activated by homeostatic alterations. Pathways that incorporate the contribution of MT destabilization to rotenone toxicity are suggested to explain complex I-independent rotenone-induced alterations of metabolism and redox homeostasis. The postulated mechanisms involve the blockage of mitochondrial voltage-dependent anions channels (VDACs) by tubulin, which coupled with other rotenone-induced organelle dysfunctions may underlie many presumed neurodegeneration mechanisms associated with pathophysiological aspects of various NDs including PD, AD and their variant forms. Thus, further investigation of such pathways may help identify novel therapeutic paths for these NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yofre Cabeza-Arvelaiz
- Department of Pathology and Environmental Health Sciences, David Geffen School of Medicine and School of Public Health, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America.
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Kapoor S, Panda D. Kinetic stabilization of microtubule dynamics by indanocine perturbs EB1 localization, induces defects in cell polarity and inhibits migration of MDA-MB-231 cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2012; 83:1495-506. [PMID: 22387536 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2012.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2011] [Revised: 02/15/2012] [Accepted: 02/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Cell motility is an essential aspect of metastatic spread of cancer. Microtubule-targeted agents exhibit anti-metastatic properties, the underlying mechanism of which remains understudied. In this study, we have investigated the role of microtubule dynamics in migration of cancer cells using indanocine, a synthetic small molecule inhibitor of tubulin. We found that indanocine, at concentrations that did not visibly affect microtubule organization, suppressed dynamic instability of microtubules and reduced the rate of migration of highly metastatic MDA-MB-231 cells. Indanocine-treated cells were defective in lamellipodium formation and could not develop polarized morphology. The kinetic stabilization of microtubules was associated with a marked increase in their acetylation level and a perturbation in the localization of EB1, a microtubule plus end binding protein. Using standard scratch wound healing assay and immunofluorescence analysis; we found that microtubule acetylation occurred in the direction of migration in vehicle-treated cells, whereas indanocine treatment led to a global acetylation of microtubules. The results together suggested that selective stabilization of microtubules was perturbed in the presence of indanocine that possibly resulted in lack of cell polarization and a concurrent reduction in migration of cells. Moreover, microtubule stabilization by indanocine affected adhesion turnover and impaired the polarized pattern of adhesion sites in cells. Together the results indicated that the regulation of microtubule dynamics is required to coordinate cell polarization as well as adhesion asymmetry and support the hypothesis that the perturbation of microtubule dynamics by tubulin-targeted agents can be exploited to restrict the migration of tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sonia Kapoor
- Wadhwani Research Centre, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Bombay, Mumbai, India
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31
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Ganguly A, Cabral F. New insights into mechanisms of resistance to microtubule inhibitors. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2011; 1816:164-71. [PMID: 21741453 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2011.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2011] [Revised: 06/21/2011] [Accepted: 06/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms to explain tumor cell resistance to drugs that target the microtubule cytoskeleton have relied on the assumption that the drugs act either to suppress microtubule dynamics or to perturb the balance between assembled and nonassembled tubulin. Recently, however, it was found that these drugs also alter the stability of microtubule attachment to centrosomes, and do so at the same concentrations that are needed to inhibit cell division. Based on this new information, a new model is presented that explains resistance resulting from a variety of molecular changes that have been reported in the literature. The improved understanding of drug action and resistance has important implications for chemotherapy with these agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anutosh Ganguly
- Department of Integrative Biology and Pharmacology, University of Texas Medical School, 6431 Fannin Street, houston, TX 77030, USA
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