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Read GH, Bailleul J, Vlashi E, Kesarwala AH. Metabolic response to radiation therapy in cancer. Mol Carcinog 2022; 61:200-224. [PMID: 34961986 PMCID: PMC10187995 DOI: 10.1002/mc.23379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2021] [Revised: 12/01/2021] [Accepted: 12/01/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Tumor metabolism has emerged as a hallmark of cancer and is involved in carcinogenesis and tumor growth. Reprogramming of tumor metabolism is necessary for cancer cells to sustain high proliferation rates and enhanced demands for nutrients. Recent studies suggest that metabolic plasticity in cancer cells can decrease the efficacy of anticancer therapies by enhancing antioxidant defenses and DNA repair mechanisms. Studying radiation-induced metabolic changes will lead to a better understanding of radiation response mechanisms as well as the identification of new therapeutic targets, but there are few robust studies characterizing the metabolic changes induced by radiation therapy in cancer. In this review, we will highlight studies that provide information on the metabolic changes induced by radiation and oxidative stress in cancer cells and the associated underlying mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Graham H. Read
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Justine Bailleul
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Erina Vlashi
- Department of Radiation Oncology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
- Jonsson Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Aparna H. Kesarwala
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
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2
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Abdel-Rafei MK, Thabet NM, Rashed LA, Moustafa EM. Canagliflozin, a SGLT-2 inhibitor, relieves ER stress, modulates autophagy and induces apoptosis in irradiated HepG2 cells: Signal transduction between PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β/mTOR and Wnt/β-catenin pathways; in vitro. J Cancer Res Ther 2021; 17:1404-1418. [PMID: 34916371 DOI: 10.4103/jcrt.jcrt_963_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Background and Objectives Metabolic shifting from mitochondrial respiration to glycolysis characterizes malignant cells from its normal counterparts and is attributed to overactivation of oncogenic signaling pathways. Hence, this study intended to investigate the influence of canagliflozin (CAN) and/or γ-irradiation (γ-IR) on HepG2 cell proliferation, crosstalk between phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3K)/AKT/glycogen synthase kinase-3-β (GSK3-β)/mTOR and Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathways, and their regulation of diverse processes, such as endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, autophagy, and apoptosis. Materials and Methods HepG2 cells were treated with different doses of CAN and then exposed to different doses of γ-IR to achieve optimization that was based on cytotoxicity and clonogenic assays, respectively. The effects of CAN and/or γ-IR on glycolytic metabolism, cellular bioenergetics, oxidative stress, ER stress and autophagy biomarkers, expression of PI3K/AKT/GSK3-β/mTOR and Wnt/β-Catenin signaling pathways, and apoptotic markers were monitored. Results CAN enhanced the antitumor potential of γ-IR as displayed by a significant inhibition of clonogenic survival in HepG2 cells via inhibition of glucose uptake, lactate release, and modulation of ER stress-mediated autophagy; switched it to apoptosis; as well as disabled signaling pathways which contribute to metabolic reprogramming and tumor progression induced by γ-IR that confer radioresistance and treatment failure. Conclusion Our study sheds light on the effective combination of CAN and γ-IR in hepatocellular carcinoma treatment and necessitates CAN treatment prior to γ-IR to overcome metabolic reprogramming-associated radioresistance and improve curative outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Khairy Abdel-Rafei
- Department of Radiation Biology, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology, Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Noura Magdy Thabet
- Department of Radiation Biology, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology, Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Laila Ahmed Rashed
- Department of Medical Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Enas Mahmoud Moustafa
- Department of Radiation Biology, National Centre for Radiation Research and Technology, Atomic Energy Authority, Cairo, Egypt
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Tseytlin O, O'Connell R, Sivashankar V, Bobko AA, Tseytlin M. Rapid Scan EPR Oxygen Imaging in Photoactivated Resin Used for Stereolithographic 3D Printing. 3D PRINTING AND ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING 2021; 8:358-365. [PMID: 34977276 PMCID: PMC8713732 DOI: 10.1089/3dp.2020.0170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Oxygen plays a critical role in the photopolymerization process resulting in the formation of solid structures from liquid resins during three-dimensional (3D) printing: it acts as a polymerization inhibitor. Upon exposure to light, oxygen is depleted. As a result, the polymerization process becomes activated. Electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) imaging is described as a tool to visualize changes in oxygen distribution caused by light exposure. This nondestructive method uses radio waves and, therefore, is not constrained by optical opacity offering greater penetrating depth. Three proof-of-principle imaging experiments were demonstrated: (1) spatial propagation of the photopolymerization process; (2) oxygen depletion as a result of postcuring; and (3) oxygen visualization in a 3D printed spiral model. Commercial stereolithography (SLA) resin was used in these experiments. Lithium octa-n-butoxynaphthalocyanine (LiNc-BuO) probe was mixed with the resin to permit oxygen imaging. Li-naphthalocyanine probes are routinely used in various EPR applications because of their long-term stability and high functional sensitivity to oxygen. In this study, we demonstrate that EPR imaging has the potential to become a powerful visualization tool in the development of 3D printing technology, including bioprinting and tissue engineering.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oxana Tseytlin
- Biochemistry Department, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- In Vivo Multifunctional Magnetic Resonance Center at Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, and West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Ryan O'Connell
- Biochemistry Department, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- In Vivo Multifunctional Magnetic Resonance Center at Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, and West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Vignesh Sivashankar
- Statler College of Engineering and Mineral Resources, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Andrey A. Bobko
- Biochemistry Department, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- In Vivo Multifunctional Magnetic Resonance Center at Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, and West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Mark Tseytlin
- Biochemistry Department, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- In Vivo Multifunctional Magnetic Resonance Center at Robert C. Byrd Health Sciences Center, and West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
- West Virginia University Cancer Institute, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
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Matsumoto KI, Mitchell JB, Krishna MC. Multimodal Functional Imaging for Cancer/Tumor Microenvironments Based on MRI, EPRI, and PET. Molecules 2021; 26:1614. [PMID: 33799481 PMCID: PMC8002164 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26061614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiation therapy is one of the main modalities to treat cancer/tumor. The response to radiation therapy, however, can be influenced by physiological and/or pathological conditions in the target tissues, especially by the low partial oxygen pressure and altered redox status in cancer/tumor tissues. Visualizing such cancer/tumor patho-physiological microenvironment would be a useful not only for planning radiotherapy but also to detect cancer/tumor in an earlier stage. Tumor hypoxia could be sensed by positron emission tomography (PET), electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) oxygen mapping, and in vivo dynamic nuclear polarization (DNP) MRI. Tissue oxygenation could be visualized on a real-time basis by blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) and/or tissue oxygen level dependent (TOLD) MRI signal. EPR imaging (EPRI) and/or T1-weighted MRI techniques can visualize tissue redox status non-invasively based on paramagnetic and diamagnetic conversions of nitroxyl radical contrast agent. 13C-DNP MRI can visualize glycometabolism of tumor/cancer tissues. Accurate co-registration of those multimodal images could make mechanisms of drug and/or relation of resulted biological effects clear. A multimodal instrument, such as PET-MRI, may have another possibility to link multiple functions. Functional imaging techniques individually developed to date have been converged on the concept of theranostics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ken-ichiro Matsumoto
- Quantitative RedOx Sensing Group, Department of Basic Medical Sciences for Radiation Damages, National Institute of Radiological Sciences, Quantum Medical Science Directorate, 4-9-1 Anagawa, Inage-ku, Chiba 263-8555, Japan
| | - James B. Mitchell
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1002, USA;
| | - Murali C. Krishna
- Radiation Biology Branch, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-1002, USA;
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Qin H, Zhang V, Bok RA, Santos RD, Cunha JA, Hsu IC, Santos Bs JD, Lee JE, Sukumar S, Larson PEZ, Vigneron DB, Wilson DM, Sriram R, Kurhanewicz J. Simultaneous Metabolic and Perfusion Imaging Using Hyperpolarized 13C MRI Can Evaluate Early and Dose-Dependent Response to Radiation Therapy in a Prostate Cancer Mouse Model. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2020; 107:887-896. [PMID: 32339646 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2020.04.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2019] [Revised: 04/10/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate use of a novel imaging approach, hyperpolarized (HP) 13C magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for simultaneous metabolism and perfusion assessment, to evaluate early and dose-dependent response to radiation therapy (RT) in a prostate cancer mouse model. METHODS AND MATERIALS Transgenic Adenocarcinoma of Mouse Prostate (TRAMP) mice (n = 18) underwent single-fraction RT (4-14 Gy steep dose across the tumor) and were imaged serially at pre-RT baseline and 1, 4, and 7 days after RT using HP 13C MRI with combined [1-13C]pyruvate (metabolic active agent) and [13C]urea (perfusion agent), coupled with conventional multiparametric 1H MRI including T2-weighted, dynamic contrast-enhanced, and diffusion-weighted imaging. Tumor tissues were collected 4 and 7 days after RT for biological correlative studies. RESULTS We found a significant decrease in HP pyruvate-to-lactate conversion in tumors responding to RT, with concomitant significant increases in HP pyruvate-to-alanine conversion and HP urea signal; the opposite changes were observed in tumors resistant to RT. Moreover, HP lactate change was dependent on radiation dose; tumor regions treated with higher radiation doses (10-14 Gy) exhibited a greater decrease in HP lactate signal than low-dose regions (4-7 Gy) as early as 1 day post-RT, consistent with lactate dehydrogenase enzyme activity and expression data. We also found that HP [13C]urea MRI provided assessments of tumor perfusion similar to those provided by 1H dynamic contrast-enhanced MRI in this animal model. However, apparent diffusion coefficien , a conventional 1H MRI functional biomarker, did not exhibit statistically significant changes within 7 days after RT. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate the ability of HP 13C MRI to monitor radiation-induced physiologic changes in a timely and dose-dependent manner, providing the basic science premise for further clinical investigation and translation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hecong Qin
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California; Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley and University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Vickie Zhang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Robert A Bok
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Romelyn Delos Santos
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - J Adam Cunha
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - I-Chow Hsu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Justin Delos Santos Bs
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Jessie E Lee
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Subramaniam Sukumar
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Peder E Z Larson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California; Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley and University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Daniel B Vigneron
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California; Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley and University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - David M Wilson
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - Renuka Sriram
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California
| | - John Kurhanewicz
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, California; Graduate Program in Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley and University of California, San Francisco, California.
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Taylor E, Zhou J, Lindsay P, Foltz W, Cheung M, Siddiqui I, Hosni A, Amir AE, Kim J, Hill RP, Jaffray DA, Hedley DW. Quantifying Reoxygenation in Pancreatic Cancer During Stereotactic Body Radiotherapy. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1638. [PMID: 32005829 PMCID: PMC6994660 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-57364-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2019] [Accepted: 12/18/2019] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia, the state of low oxygenation that often arises in solid tumours due to their high metabolism and irregular vasculature, is a major contributor to the resistance of tumours to radiation therapy (RT) and other treatments. Conventional RT extends treatment over several weeks or more, and nominally allows time for oxygen levels to increase ("reoxygenation") as cancer cells are killed by RT, mitigating the impact of hypoxia. Recent advances in RT have led to an increase in the use stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT), which delivers high doses in five or fewer fractions. For cancers such as pancreatic adenocarcinoma for which hypoxia varies significantly between patients, SBRT might not be optimal, depending on the extent to which reoxygenation occurs during its short duration. We used fluoro-5-deoxy-α-D-arabinofuranosyl)-2-nitroimidazole positron-emission tomography (FAZA-PET) imaging to quantify hypoxia before and after 5-fraction SBRT delivered to patient-derived pancreatic cancer xenografts orthotopically implanted in mice. An imaging technique using only the pre-treatment FAZA-PET scan and repeat dynamic contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (DCE-MRI) scans throughout treatment was able to predict the change in hypoxia. Our results support the further testing of this technique for imaging of reoxygenation in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edward Taylor
- Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Jitao Zhou
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, Cancer Center and Laboratory of Signal Transduction and Molecular Targeting Therapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Patricia Lindsay
- Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Warren Foltz
- Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - May Cheung
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Iram Siddiqui
- Department of Pathology, Hospital for Sick Children, 555 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1X8, Canada
| | - Ali Hosni
- Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Ahmed El Amir
- Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - John Kim
- Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - Richard P Hill
- Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9, Canada
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - David A Jaffray
- Radiation Medicine Program, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9, Canada
| | - David W Hedley
- Ontario Cancer Institute, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9, Canada.
- Division of Medical Oncology and Hematology, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, 610 University Avenue, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 2M9, Canada.
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Wang ZJ, Ohliger MA, Larson PEZ, Gordon JW, Bok RA, Slater J, Villanueva-Meyer JE, Hess CP, Kurhanewicz J, Vigneron DB. Hyperpolarized 13C MRI: State of the Art and Future Directions. Radiology 2019; 291:273-284. [PMID: 30835184 DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2019182391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Hyperpolarized (HP) carbon 13 (13C) MRI is an emerging molecular imaging method that allows rapid, noninvasive, and pathway-specific investigation of dynamic metabolic and physiologic processes that were previously inaccessible to imaging. This technique has enabled real-time in vivo investigations of metabolism that are central to a variety of diseases, including cancer, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic diseases of the liver and kidney. This review provides an overview of the methods of hyperpolarization and 13C probes investigated to date in preclinical models of disease. The article then discusses the progress that has been made in translating this technology for clinical investigation. In particular, the potential roles and emerging clinical applications of HP [1-13C]pyruvate MRI will be highlighted. The future directions to enable the adoption of this technology to advance the basic understanding of metabolism, to improve disease diagnosis, and to accelerate treatment assessment are also detailed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen J Wang
- From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Michael A Ohliger
- From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Peder E Z Larson
- From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Jeremy W Gordon
- From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Robert A Bok
- From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - James Slater
- From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Javier E Villanueva-Meyer
- From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Christopher P Hess
- From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - John Kurhanewicz
- From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
| | - Daniel B Vigneron
- From the Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143
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