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Pawaskar R, Huang KZ, Pham H, Nagrial A, Wong M, O’Neill S, Pleass H, Yuen L, Lam VWT, Richardson A, Pang T, Nahm CB. Systematic Review of Preoperative Prognostic Biomarkers in Perihilar Cholangiocarcinoma. Cancers (Basel) 2024; 16:698. [PMID: 38398089 PMCID: PMC10886549 DOI: 10.3390/cancers16040698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/03/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
Perihilar cholangiocarcinoma (pCCA) is an uncommon malignancy with generally poor prognosis. Surgery is the primary curative treatment; however, the perioperative mortality and morbidity rates are high, with a low 5-year survival rate. Use of preoperative prognostic biomarkers to predict survival outcomes after surgery for pCCA are not well-established currently. This systematic review aimed to identify and summarise preoperative biomarkers associated with survival in pCCA, thereby potentially improving treatment decision-making. The Embase, Medline, and Cochrane databases were searched, and a systematic review was performed using the PRISMA guidelines. English-language studies examining the association between serum and/or tissue-derived biomarkers in pCCA and overall and/or disease-free survival were included. Our systematic review identified 64 biomarkers across 48 relevant studies. Raised serum CA19-9, bilirubin, CEA, neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR) and tumour MMP9, and low serum albumin were most associated with poorer survival; however, the cutoff values used widely varied. Several promising molecular markers with prognostic significance were also identified, including tumour HMGA2, MUC5AC/6, IDH1, PIWIL2, and DNA index. In conclusion, several biomarkers have been identified in serum and tumour specimens that prognosticate overall and disease-free survival after pCCA resection. These, however, require external validation in large cohort studies and/or in preoperatively obtained specimens, especially tissue biopsy, to recommend their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rishaan Pawaskar
- Department of Upper GI Surgery, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia; (R.P.); (H.P.); (H.P.); (L.Y.); (V.W.T.L.); (A.R.); (T.P.)
| | | | - Helen Pham
- Department of Upper GI Surgery, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia; (R.P.); (H.P.); (H.P.); (L.Y.); (V.W.T.L.); (A.R.); (T.P.)
- Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia;
- Surgical Innovations Unit, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Adnan Nagrial
- Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (A.N.); (M.W.)
- Crown Princess Mary Cancer Centre, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia;
| | - Mark Wong
- Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (A.N.); (M.W.)
- Crown Princess Mary Cancer Centre, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia;
| | - Siobhan O’Neill
- Crown Princess Mary Cancer Centre, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia;
| | - Henry Pleass
- Department of Upper GI Surgery, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia; (R.P.); (H.P.); (H.P.); (L.Y.); (V.W.T.L.); (A.R.); (T.P.)
- Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia;
- Surgical Innovations Unit, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
- Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (A.N.); (M.W.)
| | - Lawrence Yuen
- Department of Upper GI Surgery, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia; (R.P.); (H.P.); (H.P.); (L.Y.); (V.W.T.L.); (A.R.); (T.P.)
- Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia;
- Surgical Innovations Unit, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
- Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (A.N.); (M.W.)
| | - Vincent W. T. Lam
- Department of Upper GI Surgery, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia; (R.P.); (H.P.); (H.P.); (L.Y.); (V.W.T.L.); (A.R.); (T.P.)
- Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia;
- Surgical Innovations Unit, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
- Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (A.N.); (M.W.)
- Macquarie University Medical School, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Arthur Richardson
- Department of Upper GI Surgery, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia; (R.P.); (H.P.); (H.P.); (L.Y.); (V.W.T.L.); (A.R.); (T.P.)
- Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia;
- Surgical Innovations Unit, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
| | - Tony Pang
- Department of Upper GI Surgery, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia; (R.P.); (H.P.); (H.P.); (L.Y.); (V.W.T.L.); (A.R.); (T.P.)
- Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia;
- Surgical Innovations Unit, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
- Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (A.N.); (M.W.)
| | - Christopher B. Nahm
- Department of Upper GI Surgery, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia; (R.P.); (H.P.); (H.P.); (L.Y.); (V.W.T.L.); (A.R.); (T.P.)
- Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia;
- Surgical Innovations Unit, Westmead Hospital, Sydney, NSW 2145, Australia
- Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; (A.N.); (M.W.)
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Zhong B, Liao Q, Wang X, Wang X, Zhang J. The roles of epigenetic regulation in cholangiocarcinogenesis. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 166:115290. [PMID: 37557012 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/04/2023] [Indexed: 08/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA), a heterogeneous malignancy of bile duct epithelial cells, is characterized by aggressiveness, difficult diagnosis, and poor prognosis due to limited understanding and lack of effective therapeutic strategies. Genetic and epigenetic alterations accumulated in CCA cells can cause the aberrant regulation of oncogenes and tumor suppressors. Epigenetic alterations with histone modification, DNA methylation, and noncoding RNA modulation are associated with the carcinogenesis of CCA. Mutation or silencing of genes by various mechanisms can be a frequent event during CCA development. Alterations in histone acetylation/deacetylation at the posttranslational level, DNA methylation at promoters, and noncoding RNA regulation contribute to the heterogeneity of CCA and drive tumor development. In this review article, we mainly focus on the roles of epigenetic regulation in cholangiocarcinogenesis. Alterations in epigenetic modification can be potential targets for the therapeutic management of CCA, and epigenetic targets may become diagnostic biomarkers of CCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baiyin Zhong
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Qicheng Liao
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Xin Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Xiaonong Wang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China
| | - Jianhong Zhang
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China; Ganzhou Key Laboratory of Hepatocellular Carcinoma, First Affiliated Hospital of Gannan Medical University, Ganzhou 341000, China.
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3
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WU XUELIANG, GUAN SHAOYU, LU YONGGANG, XUE JUN, YU XIANGYANG, ZHANG QI, WANG XIMO, LI TIAN. Macrophage-derived SHP-2 inhibits the metastasis of colorectal cancer via Tie2-PI3K signals. Oncol Res 2023; 31:125-139. [PMID: 37304233 PMCID: PMC10207961 DOI: 10.32604/or.2023.028657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
This research aimed to explore the influence of Src homology-2 containing protein tyrosine phosphatase (SHP-2) on the functions of tyrosine kinase receptors with immunoglobulin and EGF homology domains 2 (Tie2)-expressing monocyte/macrophages (TEMs) and the influence of the angiopoietin(Ang)/Tie2-phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt)/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) (Ang/Tie2-PI3K/Akt/mTOR) signaling pathway on the tumor microvascular remodeling in an immunosuppressive microenvironment. In vivo, SHP-2-deficient mice were used to construct colorectal cancer (CRC) liver metastasis models. SHP-2-deficient mice had significantly more metastatic cancer and inhibited nodules on the liver surface than wild-type mice, and the high-level expression of p-Tie2 was found in the liver tissue of the macrophages' specific SHP-2-deficient mice (SHP-2MAC-KO) + planted tumor mice. Compared with the SHP-2 wild type mice (SHP-2WT) + planted tumor group, the SHP-2MAC-KO + planted tumor group experienced increased expression of p-Tie2, p-PI3K, p-Akt, p-mTOR, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), matrix metalloproteinase 2 (MMP2), and MMP9 in the liver tissue. TEMs selected by in vitro experiments were co-cultured with remodeling endothelial cells and tumor cells as carriers. It was found that when Angpt1/2 was used for stimulation, the SHP-2MAC-KO + Angpt1/2 group displayed evident increases in the expression of the Ang/Tie2-PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway. The number of cells passing through the lower chamber and the basement membrane and the number of blood vessels formed by cells compared with the SHP-2WT + Angpt1/2 group, while these indexes were subjected to no changes under the simultaneous stimulation of Angpt1/2 + Neamine. To sum up, the conditional knockout of SHP-2 can activate the Ang/Tie2-PI3K/Akt/mTOR pathway in TEMs, thereby strengthening tumor micro angiogenesis in the microenvironment and facilitating CRC liver metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- XUELIANG WU
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Nankai Hospital, Tianjin, 300100, China
| | - SHAOYU GUAN
- 93868 Troop of the Chinese People’s Liberation Army, Yinchuan, 750021, China
| | - YONGGANG LU
- Clinical Laboratory, Hebei General Hospital, Shijiazhuang, 050051, China
| | - JUN XUE
- Department of General Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Hebei North University, Zhangjiakou, 075000, China
| | - XIANGYANG YU
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Nankai Hospital, Tianjin, 300100, China
| | - QI ZHANG
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Acute Abdomen Disease Associated Organ Injury and ITCWM Repair, Institute of Integrative Medicine for Acute Abdominal Diseases, Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300100, China
| | - XIMO WANG
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, Tianjin Medical University Nankai Hospital, Tianjin, 300100, China
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Acute Abdomen Disease Associated Organ Injury and ITCWM Repair, Institute of Integrative Medicine for Acute Abdominal Diseases, Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine Hospital, Tianjin University, Tianjin, 300100, China
| | - TIAN LI
- School of Basic Medicine, Fourth Military Medical University, Xi’an, 710032, China
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Vita F, Olaizola I, Amato F, Rae C, Marco S, Banales JM, Braconi C. Heterogeneity of Cholangiocarcinoma Immune Biology. Cells 2023; 12:cells12060846. [PMID: 36980187 PMCID: PMC10047186 DOI: 10.3390/cells12060846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2023] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/06/2023] [Indexed: 03/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinomas (CCAs) are aggressive tumors arising along the biliary tract epithelium, whose incidence and mortality are increasing. CCAs are highly desmoplastic cancers characterized by a dense tumor microenvironment (TME), in which each single component plays a fundamental role in shaping CCA initiation, progression and resistance to therapies. The crosstalk between cancer cells and TME can affect the recruitment, infiltration and differentiation of immune cells. According to the stage of the disease and to intra- and inter-patient heterogeneity, TME may contribute to either protumoral or antitumoral activities. Therefore, a better understanding of the effect of each immune cell subtype may open the path to new personalized immune therapeutic strategies for the management of CCA. In this review, we describe the role of immune cells in CCA initiation and progression, and their crosstalk with both cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) and the cancer-stem-cell-like (CSC) niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Vita
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (F.V.); (F.A.); (C.R.); (S.M.)
- Department of Oncology, University of Turin, 10043 Turin, Italy
| | - Irene Olaizola
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute–Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 20014 San Sebastian, Spain; (I.O.); (J.M.B.)
| | - Francesco Amato
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (F.V.); (F.A.); (C.R.); (S.M.)
| | - Colin Rae
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (F.V.); (F.A.); (C.R.); (S.M.)
| | - Sergi Marco
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (F.V.); (F.A.); (C.R.); (S.M.)
| | - Jesus M. Banales
- Department of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases, Biodonostia Health Research Institute–Donostia University Hospital, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), 20014 San Sebastian, Spain; (I.O.); (J.M.B.)
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48009 Bilbao, Spain
- National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd, “Instituto de Salud Carlos III”), 28029 Madrid, Spain
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, School of Sciences, University of Navarra, 31008 Pamplona, Spain
| | - Chiara Braconi
- School of Cancer Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G61 1QH, UK; (F.V.); (F.A.); (C.R.); (S.M.)
- Beatson West of Scotland Cancer Centre, Glasgow G12 0YN, UK
- Correspondence:
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Maiborodin I, Mansurova A, Chernyavskiy A, Romanov A, Voitcitctkii V, Kedrova A, Tarkhov A, Chernyshova A, Krasil’nikov S. Cancer Angiogenesis and Opportunity of Influence on Tumor by Changing Vascularization. J Pers Med 2022; 12:jpm12030327. [PMID: 35330327 PMCID: PMC8954734 DOI: 10.3390/jpm12030327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Based on the study of recent scientific literature devoted to neovascularization and angiogenesis in malignant neoplasms, it was concluded that there are many publications on each of the problems of tumor angiogenesis and vascularization. The formation of blood vessels in a tumor and certain aspects of the prognostic value of the severity of vascularization in almost all forms of cancer are considered. Special attention is paid to the peculiarities of angiogenesis in tumors of the female reproductive system. A large number of vessels in the tumor often indicates a poor prognosis. The influence of various factors on the initiation of angiogenesis and the process itself, as well as the possibility of suppressing such signals to slow down the formation of blood vessels and thus the development of the tumor are widely studied. The results of pharmacological suppression of tumor vessel formation demonstrate a good clinical outcome but one accompanied by a large number of severe adverse side effects. Such a significant amount of studies on each of the problems of tumor vascularization indicates the increasing importance of this area of oncology. At the same time, only a very small number of works are devoted to the study of the differences in angiogenesis and number of vessels between different parts of the tumor, as well as between the primary tumor node and its metastases. The refinement of the results is still to be done. It was noted that the expression of proangiogenic factors in metastases is usually higher than in the source of metastasis, and the expression in lymphogenous metastases is higher than in hematogenous ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Maiborodin
- The E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center, Ministry of Health of Russia, 30055 Novosibirsk, Russia; (A.M.); (A.C.); (A.R.); (V.V.); (A.K.); (A.T.); (S.K.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Alfija Mansurova
- The E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center, Ministry of Health of Russia, 30055 Novosibirsk, Russia; (A.M.); (A.C.); (A.R.); (V.V.); (A.K.); (A.T.); (S.K.)
| | - Alexander Chernyavskiy
- The E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center, Ministry of Health of Russia, 30055 Novosibirsk, Russia; (A.M.); (A.C.); (A.R.); (V.V.); (A.K.); (A.T.); (S.K.)
| | - Alexander Romanov
- The E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center, Ministry of Health of Russia, 30055 Novosibirsk, Russia; (A.M.); (A.C.); (A.R.); (V.V.); (A.K.); (A.T.); (S.K.)
| | - Vladimir Voitcitctkii
- The E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center, Ministry of Health of Russia, 30055 Novosibirsk, Russia; (A.M.); (A.C.); (A.R.); (V.V.); (A.K.); (A.T.); (S.K.)
| | - Anna Kedrova
- The E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center, Ministry of Health of Russia, 30055 Novosibirsk, Russia; (A.M.); (A.C.); (A.R.); (V.V.); (A.K.); (A.T.); (S.K.)
| | - Alexander Tarkhov
- The E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center, Ministry of Health of Russia, 30055 Novosibirsk, Russia; (A.M.); (A.C.); (A.R.); (V.V.); (A.K.); (A.T.); (S.K.)
| | - Alena Chernyshova
- Tomsk National Research Medical Center, Cancer Research Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, 634009 Tomsk, Russia;
| | - Sergey Krasil’nikov
- The E. Meshalkin National Medical Research Center, Ministry of Health of Russia, 30055 Novosibirsk, Russia; (A.M.); (A.C.); (A.R.); (V.V.); (A.K.); (A.T.); (S.K.)
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Louis C, Edeline J, Coulouarn C. Targeting the tumor microenvironment in cholangiocarcinoma: implications for therapy. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2021; 25:153-162. [PMID: 33502260 DOI: 10.1080/14728222.2021.1882998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Introduction: Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a rare, deadly cancer that is characterized by an abundant desmoplastic stroma. Late diagnoses and limited available effective treatments are major problems with this malignancy. Targeting of the tumor microenvironment (TME) has emerged as a potential therapeutic strategy.Areas covered: In this review, we describe the role of the various compartments of the TME in CCA and focus on the preclinical rationale for the development of innovative therapies. Relevant literature was identified by a PubMed search covering the last decade (2010-2020).Expert opinion: Low efficacy of surgery and cytotoxic chemotherapy emphasizes the need for new therapeutic strategies and companion biomarkers. Single-cell RNA sequencing of the stroma is yielding a critical functional characterization of TME in CCA and is paving the way for immunotherapies and cancer-associated fibroblast and extracellular matrix-oriented treatments. We believe that the development of treatments targeting the components of the TME will produce the best results if in combination with cytotoxic chemotherapy. Biomarkers should be developed to define the patient population of interest for each combination strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Corentin Louis
- Inserm, Univ Rennes 1, COSS (Chemistry, Oncogenesis Stress Signaling), UMR_S 1242, Centre De Lutte Contre Le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - Julien Edeline
- Inserm, Univ Rennes 1, COSS (Chemistry, Oncogenesis Stress Signaling), UMR_S 1242, Centre De Lutte Contre Le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
| | - Cédric Coulouarn
- Inserm, Univ Rennes 1, COSS (Chemistry, Oncogenesis Stress Signaling), UMR_S 1242, Centre De Lutte Contre Le Cancer Eugène Marquis, Rennes, France
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Poleto Spinola L, F Vieira G, Fernandes Ferreira R, Calastri MCJ, D Tenani G, Aguiar FL, Santana Ferreira Boin IF, B E Da Costa L, Chaim Correia MF, Zanovelo EM, B De Souza DC, Martins Alves Da Silva RC, Ferreira Da Silva R, Coelho Abrantes AM, R R Botelho MF, L R Tralhão JG, R S Souza D. Underexpression of miR-126-3p in Patients with Cholangiocarcinoma. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2021; 22:573-579. [PMID: 33639676 PMCID: PMC8190345 DOI: 10.31557/apjcp.2021.22.2.573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: To evaluate the expression of miR-126-3p and its potential as a biomarker for cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) and to better understand the prognosis, comorbidities, and lifestyle habits associated with the disease. Methods: Fifty-nine individuals were distributed into either the study group (38 CCA patients) or the control group (21 individuals without liver diseases). Total RNA was extracted, cDNA synthesis was performed, and miR-126-3p expression was assessed using real-time PCR. For statistical analysis, alpha error was set at 5%. Results: MiR-126-3p was found to be underexpressed in the study group relative to the controls (0.42; P=0.001). Additionally, marked underexpression was found in the study group in when associated with smoking (0.28; P=0.0001), alcoholism (0.19; P=0.0001), hypertension (0.29; P=000.1), and diabetes (0.12; P=0.0003) relative to the controls. No association was found between miR-126-3p expression and tumor subtypes (iCCA=0.42; pCCA=0.45; dCCA=0.72; P=0.9155). A total of 67% of dCCA patients were event-free at 16 months of follow up, while both pCCA and iCCA exhibited event-free survival rates of 25%, though there was no significant difference between these subgroups (P=0.273). Conclusion: The underexpression of mir-126-3p is associated with cholangiocarcinoma and can be potentiated by alcoholism, hypertension, diabetes, and smoking, the latter of which is an independent risk factor for this cancer. Furthermore, dCCA patients exhibit higher survival rates relative to patients with pCCA and iCCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Poleto Spinola
- Department of Molecular Biology, São José do Rio Preto Medical School (FAMERP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Gabriel F Vieira
- Department of Molecular Biology, São José do Rio Preto Medical School (FAMERP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Maria C J Calastri
- Department of Molecular Biology, São José do Rio Preto Medical School (FAMERP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Graciele D Tenani
- Department of Molecular Biology, São José do Rio Preto Medical School (FAMERP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Franciana L Aguiar
- Department of Molecular Biology, São José do Rio Preto Medical School (FAMERP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Larissa B E Da Costa
- School of Medical Sciences of the State University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Doroteia R S Souza
- Department of Molecular Biology, São José do Rio Preto Medical School (FAMERP), São Paulo, Brazil
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8
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Annese T, Tamma R, De Giorgis M, Ribatti D. microRNAs Biogenesis, Functions and Role in Tumor Angiogenesis. Front Oncol 2020; 10:581007. [PMID: 33330058 PMCID: PMC7729128 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2020.581007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
microRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNA molecules, evolutionary conserved. They target more than one mRNAs, thus influencing multiple molecular pathways, but also mRNAs may bind to a variety of miRNAs, either simultaneously or in a context-dependent manner. miRNAs biogenesis, including miRNA transcription, processing by Drosha and Dicer, transportation, RISC biding, and miRNA decay, are finely controlled in space and time. miRNAs are critical regulators in various biological processes, such as differentiation, proliferation, apoptosis, and development in both health and disease. Their dysregulation is involved in tumor initiation and progression. In tumors, they can act as onco-miRNAs or oncosuppressor-miRNA participating in distinct cellular pathways, and the same miRNA can perform both activities depending on the context. In tumor progression, the angiogenic switch is fundamental. miRNAs derived from tumor cells, endothelial cells, and cells of the surrounding microenvironment regulate tumor angiogenesis, acting as pro-angiomiR or anti-angiomiR. In this review, we described miRNA biogenesis and function, and we update the non-classical aspects of them. The most recent role in the nucleus, as transcriptional gene regulators and the different mechanisms by which they could be dysregulated, in tumor initiation and progression, are treated. In particular, we describe the role of miRNAs in sprouting angiogenesis, vessel co-option, and vasculogenic mimicry. The role of miRNAs in lymphoma angiogenesis is also discussed despite the scarcity of data. The information presented in this review reveals the need to do much more to discover the complete miRNA network regulating angiogenesis, not only using high-throughput computational analysis approaches but also morphological ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiziana Annese
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Roberto Tamma
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Michelina De Giorgis
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Domenico Ribatti
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, Section of Human Anatomy and Histology, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
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Han Q, Zhang Q, Ying F, Wang Z, Zhang Y, Gong L, Cai E, Qian J, Cai J. Circulating Tie2-Expressing Monocytes: A Potential Biomarker for Cervical Cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:8877-8885. [PMID: 32982281 PMCID: PMC7490041 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s262110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tyrosine kinase with immunoglobulin and epidermal growth factor homology domains 2 (Tie2)-expressing monocytes (TEMs) are a highly proangiogenic subset of myeloid cells, which are characterized by expressing the angiopoietin receptor Tie2 with pro-tumor activity. PURPOSE The present study aimed to determine the clinical value of circulating TEMs (cTEMs) for cervical cancer. PATIENTS AND METHODS Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were obtained from 7 healthy volunteers, 17 uterine fibroid patients, 24 cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) II patients, 31 CIN III patients and 99 patients with cervical cancer. The cTEMs were evaluated by the ratio of Tie2+ CD14+ cells to all CD14+ monocytes in the PBMCs through flow cytometry. The diagnostic value of cTEM was assessed by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and the correlation between cTEM and clinicopathological characters in cervical cancer patients was analyzed. RESULTS The proportion of cTEMs was gradually increasing from healthy volunteers to patients with non-invasive lesions, then to cervical cancer patients. The area under the ROC curve was 0.913 when the level of cTEMs was used to distinguish cervical cancer from all the other women ranging from healthy volunteers to CIN III patients. In cervical cancer, an increased cTEM fraction was significantly correlated with advanced tumor stage, larger tumor size, lymph node metastasis (LNM), deep stromal infiltration, parametrial involvement and lymph-vascular space invasion and was an independent risk factor for LNM. CONCLUSION The cTEM proportion might be a promising biomarker for the malignant transformation of cervical lesions and the progression of cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Han
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Quan Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Feiquan Ying
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Zehua Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yifan Zhang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lanqing Gong
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022, People’s Republic of China
| | - E Cai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiaxian Qian
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jing Cai
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, 430022, People’s Republic of China
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10
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Xue Y, Liu Y, Bian X, Zhang Y, Li Y, Zhang Q, Yin M. miR-205-5p inhibits psoriasis-associated proliferation and angiogenesis: Wnt/β-catenin and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathway are involved. J Dermatol 2020; 47:882-892. [PMID: 32525225 DOI: 10.1111/1346-8138.15370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 04/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory skin disease, and the mechanism remains unknown. The present study found that the level of miR-205-5p was downregulated in psoriatic skin tissues. miR-205-5p inhibited proliferation in HaCaT cells. miR-205-5p impaired proliferation, migration and tube formation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells. Angiopoietin (Ang)-2, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGFA) and bone morphogenetic protein and activin membrane-bound inhibitor (BAMBI) were confirmed as the targets of miR-205-5p. Moreover, miR-205-5p suppressed the phosphorylation of p38 and extracellular regulated protein kinase, and inhibited expression level of β-catenin. In vivo, miR-205-5p significantly alleviated imiquimod (IMQ)-induced psoriasis in mice, and deactivated mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and Wnt/β-catenin pathways. In summary, we demonstrated that miR-205-5p alleviated IMQ-induced psoriasis in mice by restraining epidermal hyperproliferation and excessive neovascularization. miR-205-5p may play its roles by targeting Ang-2, VEGFA and BAMBI, and deactivating the Wnt/β-catenin and MAPK signaling pathways. These findings may provide a potential therapeutic target for clinical treatment of psoriasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yadong Xue
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China.,Department of Dermatology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yingying Liu
- Department of Pathology, Heilongjiang Provincial Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaohui Bian
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yu Zhang
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Yuzhen Li
- Department of Dermatology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Qitao Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Mingzhu Yin
- Department of Dermatology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Skin Cancer and Psoriasis, Hunan Engineering Research Center of Skin Health and Disease, Xiangya Hospital Central South University, Changsha, China
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11
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Atanasov G, Dino K, Schierle K, Dietel C, Aust G, Pratschke J, Seehofer D, Schmelzle M, Hau HM. Recipient Hepatic Tumor-Associated Immunologic Infiltrates Predict Outcomes After Liver Transplantation for Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Ann Transplant 2020; 25:e919414. [PMID: 32165607 PMCID: PMC7092657 DOI: 10.12659/aot.919414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Transplantation of the liver entails a state of altered recipient immunologic competence. There are only scarce data concerning the impact of host immunologic factors on the outcome of liver transplant recipients in the context of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Material/Methods Our study focused on evaluating the presence of tumor necrosis and frequency levels of angiopoietins and monocytes/macrophages subtypes in the host liver prior to liver transplantation (LTX) and their association with recurrence, graft rejection, survival, and clinical prognosis after LTX. Formation of tumor necrosis and tissue densities of angiopoietins and cellular immunologic infiltrates – CD68+ and CD163+ macrophages (TAMs) and TIE2-expressing monocytes (TEMs) – were quantified in recipient HCC specimens. The densities were then matched with clinicopathologic variables and patient survival after LTX (n=88). Some patients were treated prior to LTX by neoadjuvant transarterial chemoembolization (TACE, n=55). Results Recipient hepatic infiltration with TEMs and CD68+ TAMs was associated with decreased 1-, 3-, and 5-year survival, as well as metastatic and recurrent HCC after LTX (all p<0.05). TEMs and infiltrating monocytes/macrophages were associated with angiopoietin expression, metastatic, and recurrent HCC (all p<0.05). Furthermore, hepatic angiopoietin-2 expression was associated with graft rejection after LTX (p<0.05). After TACE and LTX, formation of tumor necrosis was associated with an increased presence of monocytes/macrophages and a reduced incidence of recurrent HCC in the graft (all p<0.05). Conclusions Infiltrating monocytes/macrophages subsets and related angiopoietin axis are associated with worse survival, tumor recurrence, and clinical outcome after LTX for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgi Atanasov
- Department of Visceral-, Transplantation-, Thoracic- and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte und Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany.,Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Karoline Dino
- Department of Visceral-, Transplantation-, Thoracic- and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katrin Schierle
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Corinna Dietel
- Department of Visceral-, Transplantation-, Thoracic- and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gabriela Aust
- Department of Surgery, Research Laboratories, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Johann Pratschke
- Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte und Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Seehofer
- Department of Visceral-, Transplantation-, Thoracic- and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Moritz Schmelzle
- Department of Visceral-, Transplantation-, Thoracic- and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte und Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Michael Hau
- Department of Visceral-, Transplantation-, Thoracic- and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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12
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Atanasov G, Dino K, Schierle K, Dietel C, Aust G, Pratschke J, Seehofer D, Schmelzle M, Hau HM. Angiogenic inflammation and formation of necrosis in the tumor microenvironment influence patient survival after radical surgery for de novo hepatocellular carcinoma in non-cirrhosis. World J Surg Oncol 2019; 17:217. [PMID: 31830991 PMCID: PMC6909650 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-019-1756-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tumor escape mechanisms mediated in the tumor microenvironment can significantly reduce the capacity of the anti-tumor function of the immune system. TIE2-expressing monocytes (TEMs), related angiopoietins, and tumor necrosis are considered to have a key role in this process. We aimed to investigate the abundance and clinical significance of these biomarkers in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods In this retrospective study, 58 HCC patients received surgery with a curative intent. The abundance of TEMs, angiopoietin-1 and -2 were detected in tumor specimens of the HCC patients (n = 58), and together with the occurrence of histologic tumor necrosis, were associated with established clinicopathological characteristics and survival. Results Patients with HCC characterized by necrosis and TEMs revealed reduced both overall survival and recurrence-free survival (all p < 0.05). Angiopoietins and TEMs were associated with metastatic and recurrent HCC. Furthermore, the formation of histologic tumor necrosis was associated with advanced tumor stage and density of TEMs (all p < 0.05). Conclusions Histologic tumor necrosis, TEMs, and related angiopoietins were associated with multiple HCC parameters and patient survival. The tumor necrosis–TEM–angiopoietin axis may offer a novel diagnostic modality to predict patient outcome after surgery for HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgi Atanasov
- Department of Visceral, Transplantation, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. .,Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte und Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany. .,Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Karoline Dino
- Department of Visceral, Transplantation, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katrin Schierle
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Corinna Dietel
- Department of Visceral, Transplantation, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gabriela Aust
- Department of Surgery, Research Laboratories, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Johann Pratschke
- Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte und Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Seehofer
- Department of Visceral, Transplantation, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Moritz Schmelzle
- Department of Visceral, Transplantation, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte und Campus Virchow-Klinikum, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Michael Hau
- Department of Visceral, Transplantation, Thoracic and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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13
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Atanasov G, Dino K, Schierle K, Dietel C, Aust G, Pratschke J, Seehofer D, Schmelzle M, Hau HM. Immunologic cellular characteristics of the tumour microenvironment of hepatocellular carcinoma drive patient outcomes. World J Surg Oncol 2019; 17:97. [PMID: 31170995 PMCID: PMC6554997 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-019-1635-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Anti-tumour immune competence has an impact in hepatocarcinogenesis and success of anti-cancer therapies. Tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) and monocytes/macrophages (TAMs) are proposed to have significance in cancer. However, there is only limited data concerning their impact on patient outcome and survival in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Methods Frequencies of CD68+, CD163+ M2-polarized TAMs and TILs were measured in de novo HCC tumours in non-cirrhosis (n = 58) using immunohistology and correlated to patients’ clinicopathological characteristics and survival rates. Results Patients with tumours marked by appearance of TILs and CD68+ TAMs showed an improved 1-, 3- and 5-year recurrence-free survival (all p ≤ 0.05). CD68+ TAMs were associated with reduced incidence of recurrent and multifocal disease. Conversely, CD163+ TAMs were associated with multifocal HCC and lymphangiosis carcinomatosa (all p ≤ 0.05). Conclusions TILs and CD68+ TAMs are associated with multiple tumour characteristics and patient survival in HCC. However, there is only scarce data about the biology underlying their mechanistic involvement in human tumour progression. Thus, experimental data on functional links might help develop novel immunologic checkpoint inhibitor targets for liver cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgi Atanasov
- Department of Visceral-, Transplantation-, Thoracic- and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany. .,Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany. .,Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Karoline Dino
- Department of Visceral-, Transplantation-, Thoracic- and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Katrin Schierle
- Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Corinna Dietel
- Department of Visceral-, Transplantation-, Thoracic- and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Gabriela Aust
- Department of Surgery, Research Laboratories, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Johann Pratschke
- Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Daniel Seehofer
- Department of Visceral-, Transplantation-, Thoracic- and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Moritz Schmelzle
- Department of Visceral-, Transplantation-, Thoracic- and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Surgery, Campus Charité Mitte Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, corporate member of Freie Universität Berlin, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health, Berlin, Germany
| | - Hans-Michael Hau
- Department of Visceral-, Transplantation-, Thoracic- and Vascular Surgery, University Hospital Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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14
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Tamma R, Annese T, Ruggieri S, Brunetti O, Longo V, Cascardi E, Mastropasqua MG, Maiorano E, Silvestris N, Ribatti D. Inflammatory cells infiltrate and angiogenesis in locally advanced and metastatic cholangiocarcinoma. Eur J Clin Invest 2019; 49:e13087. [PMID: 30767196 DOI: 10.1111/eci.13087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 01/22/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is the second most common subtype of primary hepatobiliary cancer and one of the most aggressive characterized by an extremely poor prognosis with limited treatment options. Inflammatory cells in tumour microenvironment support tumour growth in term of progression, angiogenesis and metastatic capacity. A link between inflammation and biliary carcinogenesis has been previously observed but the mechanisms involved remain to be determined. METHODS We investigated the microvascular density (MVD) and inflammatory cells in tissue samples from 40 patients with CCA with locally advanced CCA and metastatic CCA by means of immunohistochemical analysis of macrophages, mast cells, B and T lymphocytes and we correlated inflammatory infiltrate with MVD. RESULTS We observed significant decrease in the levels of CD31 positive vessels, and CD8, CD4, CD68 and tryptase-positive cells in metastatic lesions as compared to the localized ones. A negative correlation between CD31 and CD8 and CD31 and CD4 in localized CCA samples was found as assessed by Spearman correlation analysis. CONCLUSIONS In locally advanced CCA patients, there is a significant increase of immune cell infiltrate constituted by CD8+ and CD4+ lymphocytes, macrophages and mast cells as compared to the metastatic ones. This alteration in the tumour microenvironment infiltrate is related to a significant increased MVD in localized CCA lesions compared with the metastatic ones. Moreover, we observed a negative correlation between MVD and CD8+ , CD4+ cells in localized CCA patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Tamma
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Tiziana Annese
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Simona Ruggieri
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Oronzo Brunetti
- Medical Oncology Unit-Cancer Institute "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy
| | - Vito Longo
- Medical Oncology Unit-Cancer Institute "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy
| | - Eliano Cascardi
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (D.E.T.O.), Pathology Section, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Mauro Giuseppe Mastropasqua
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (D.E.T.O.), Pathology Section, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Eugenio Maiorano
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (D.E.T.O.), Pathology Section, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
| | - Nicola Silvestris
- Medical Oncology Unit-Cancer Institute "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy
| | - Domenico Ribatti
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sensory Organs, University of Bari Medical School, Bari, Italy
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