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Li S, Zhao B, Yang H, Dai K, Cai Y, Xu H, Chen P, Wang F, Zhang Y. Comprehensive transcriptomic analysis revealing the regulatory dynamics and networks of the pituitary-testis axis in sheep across developmental stages. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1367730. [PMID: 38440388 PMCID: PMC10909840 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1367730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 03/06/2024] Open
Abstract
Spermatogenesis is a complex process intricately regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-testis (HPT) axis. However, research on the regulatory factors governing the HPT axis remains limited. This study addresses this gap by conducting a comprehensive analysis of transcriptomes from the pituitary and testis tissues across various developmental stages, encompassing embryonic day (E120), neonatal period (P0), pre-puberty (P90), and post-puberty day (P270). Utilizing edgeR and WGCNA, we identified stage-specific genes in both the pituitary and testis throughout the four developmental stages. Notably, 380, 242, 34, and 479 stage-specific genes were identified in the pituitary, while 886, 297, 201, and 3,678 genes were identified in the testis. Subsequent analyses unveiled associations between these stage-specific genes and crucial pathways such as the cAMP signaling pathway, GnRH secretion, and male gamete generation. Furthermore, leveraging single-cell data from the pituitary and testis, we identified some signaling pathways involving BMP, HGF, IGF, and TGF-β, highlighting mutual regulation between the pituitary and testis at different developmental stages. This study sheds light on the pivotal role of the pituitary-testis axis in the reproductive process of sheep across four distinct developmental stages. Additionally, it delves into the intricate regulatory networks governing reproduction, offering novel insights into the dynamics of the pituitary-testis axis within the reproductive system.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Yanli Zhang
- Jiangsu Livestock Embryo Engineering Laboratory, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, China
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Fentress MK, De Tomaso AW. Increased collective migration correlates with germline stem cell competition in a basal chordate. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0291104. [PMID: 37903140 PMCID: PMC10615308 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0291104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 08/22/2023] [Indexed: 11/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell competition is a process that compares the relative fitness of progenitor cells, resulting in winners, which contribute further to development, and losers, which are excluded, and is likely a universal quality control process that contributes to the fitness of an individual. Cell competition also has pathological consequences, and can create super-competitor cells responsible for tumor progression. We are studying cell competition during germline regeneration in the colonial ascidian, Botryllus schlosseri. Germline regeneration is due to the presence of germline stem cells (GSCs) which have a unique property: a competitive phenotype. When GSCs from one individual are transplanted into another, the donor and recipient cells compete for germline development. Often the donor GSCs win, and completely replace the gametes of the recipient- a process called germ cell parasitism (gcp). gcp is a heritable trait, and winner and loser genotypes can be found in nature and reared in the lab. However, the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying gcp are unknown. Using an ex vivo migration assay, we show that GSCs isolated from winner genotypes migrate faster and in larger clusters than losers, and that cluster size correlates with expression of the Notch ligand, Jagged. Both cluster size and jagged expression can be manipulated simultaneously in a genotype dependent manner: treatment of loser GSCs with hepatocyte growth factor increases both jagged expression and cluster size, while inhibitors of the MAPK pathway decrease jagged expression and cluster size in winner GSCs. Live imaging in individuals transplanted with labeled winner and loser GSCs reveal that they migrate to the niche, some as small clusters, with the winners having a slight advantage in niche occupancy. Together, this suggests that the basis of GSC competition resides in a combination in homing ability and niche occupancy, and may be controlled by differential utilization of the Notch pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megan K. Fentress
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States of America
| | - Anthony W. De Tomaso
- Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of California, Santa Barbara, Santa Barbara, CA, United States of America
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Gesualdi L, Berardini M, Scicchitano BM, Castaldo C, Bizzarri M, Filippini A, Riccioli A, Schiraldi C, Ferranti F, Liguoro D, Mancini R, Ricci G, Catizone A. ERK Signaling Pathway Is Constitutively Active in NT2D1 Non-Seminoma Cells and Its Inhibition Impairs Basal and HGF-Activated Cell Proliferation. Biomedicines 2023; 11:1894. [PMID: 37509533 PMCID: PMC10377482 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11071894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2023] [Revised: 06/20/2023] [Accepted: 06/29/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
c-MET/hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) system deregulation is a well-known feature of malignancy in several solid tumors, and for this reason this system and its pathway have been considered as potential targets for therapeutic purposes. In previous manuscripts we reported c-MET/HGF expression and the role in testicular germ cell tumors (TGCTs) derived cell lines. We demonstrated the key role of c-Src and phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT adaptors in the HGF-dependent malignant behavior of the embryonal carcinoma cell line NT2D1, finding that the inhibition of these onco-adaptor proteins abrogates HGF triggered responses such as proliferation, migration, and invasion. Expanding on these previous studies, herein we investigated the role of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)/extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) pathways in the HGF-dependent and HGF-independent NT2D1 cells biological responses. To inhibit MAPK/ERK pathways we chose a pharmacological approach, by using U0126 inhibitor, and we analyzed cell proliferation, collective migration, and chemotaxis. The administration of U0126 together with HGF reverts the HGF-dependent activation of cell proliferation but, surprisingly, does not exert the same effect on NT2D1 cell migration. In addition, we found that the use of U0126 alone significantly promotes the acquisition of NT2D1 «migrating phenotype», while collective migration of NT2D1 cells was stimulated. Notably, the inhibition of ERK activation in the absence of HGF stimulation resulted in the activation of the AKT-mediated pathway, and this let us speculate that the paradoxical effects obtained by using U0126, which are the increase of collective migration and the acquisition of partial epithelium-mesenchyme transition (pEMT), are the result of compensatory pathways activation. These data highlight how the specific response to pathway inhibitors, should be investigated in depth before setting up therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Gesualdi
- Section of Histology and Medical Embryology, Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic-Medicine and Orthopedics, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Marika Berardini
- Section of Histology and Medical Embryology, Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic-Medicine and Orthopedics, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Bianca Maria Scicchitano
- Section of Histology, Department of Life Sciences and Public Health, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, 00168 Rome, Italy
- Fondazione Policlinico Universitario A. Gemelli IRCCS, 00168 Rome, Italy
| | - Clotilde Castaldo
- Department of Public Health, University of Naples Federico II, 80131 Naples, Italy
| | - Mariano Bizzarri
- Department of Experimental Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
- Systems Biology Group Lab, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Filippini
- Section of Histology and Medical Embryology, Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic-Medicine and Orthopedics, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Anna Riccioli
- Section of Histology and Medical Embryology, Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic-Medicine and Orthopedics, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Schiraldi
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Francesca Ferranti
- Human Spaceflight and Scientific Research Unit, Italian Space Agency, 00133 Roma, Italy
| | - Domenico Liguoro
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant'Andrea Hospital, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Mancini
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant'Andrea Hospital, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy
| | - Giulia Ricci
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Università degli Studi della Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Catizone
- Section of Histology and Medical Embryology, Department of Anatomy, Histology, Forensic-Medicine and Orthopedics, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161 Rome, Italy
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NPS-1034 Induce Cell Death with Suppression of TNFR1/NF-κB Signaling in Testicular Cancer. Medicina (B Aires) 2022; 58:medicina58030355. [PMID: 35334531 PMCID: PMC8952763 DOI: 10.3390/medicina58030355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Background and objectives: NPS-1034 with a dual inhibitory effect on Met and Axl kinase receptors has exhibited therapeutic potential in previous models. However, no study on treating testicular cancer (TC) cell lines with NPS-1034 has been established. Materials and Methods: In this study, a series of in vitro examinations of the apoptotic effect induced by NPS-1034 in TC cell lines was conducted to clarify the molecular interactions involved. Results: A decrease in cell viability rate was observed following NPS-1034 treatment, as shown in the MTT assay. Induction of the apoptotic effect was observed in TC cells as the sub-G1 and Annexin-PI populations increased in a dose-dependent manner. The involvement of the tumor receptor necrosis factor receptor 1 (TNFR1) pathway was later determined by the proteome array and western blotting. A reduction in TNFR1 and NF-κB downstream protein expressions, an upregulation of cleaved caspase-3 and -7, and a downregulation of survivin and claspin all reassured the underlying mechanism of the TNFR1 involved in the apoptotic pathway induced by NPS-1034. Conclusions: Our findings provide evidence for a potential underlying TNFR1 pathway involved in NPS-1034 treatment. This study should offer new insights into targeted therapy for TC.
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The PI3K/AKT Pathway Is Activated by HGF in NT2D1 Non-Seminoma Cells and Has a Role in the Modulation of Their Malignant Behavior. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21228669. [PMID: 33212946 PMCID: PMC7698414 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21228669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/06/2020] [Accepted: 11/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Overactivation of the c-MET/HGF system is a feature of many cancers. We previously reported that type II testicular germ cell tumor (TGCT) cells express the c-MET receptor, forming non-seminomatous lesions that are more positive compared with seminomatous ones. Notably, we also demonstrated that NT2D1 non-seminomatous cells (derived from an embryonal carcinoma lesion) increase their proliferation, migration, and invasion in response to HGF. Herein, we report that HGF immunoreactivity is more evident in the microenvironment of embryonal carcinoma biopsies with respect to seminomatous ones, indicating a tumor-dependent modulation of the testicular niche. PI3K/AKT is one of the signaling pathways triggered by HGF through the c-MET activation cascade. Herein, we demonstrated that phospho-AKT increases in NT2D1 cells after HGF stimulation. Moreover, we found that this pathway is involved in HGF-dependent NT2D1 cell proliferation, migration, and invasion, since the co-administration of the PI3K inhibitor LY294002 together with HGF abrogates these responses. Notably, the inhibition of endogenous PI3K affects collective cell migration but does not influence proliferation or chemotactic activity. Surprisingly, LY294002 administered without the co-administration of HGF increases cell invasion at levels comparable to the HGF-administered samples. This paradoxical result highlights the role of the testicular microenvironment in the modulation of cellular responses and stimulates the study of the testicular secretome in cancer lesions.
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Adlard J. Multiple primary cancers (renal papillary, lymphoma and teratoma) and hepatic cysts in association with a pathogenic germline mutation in the MET gene. Fam Cancer 2020; 20:81-83. [PMID: 32686009 DOI: 10.1007/s10689-020-00196-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Activating germline mutations of the MET gene are associated with hereditary papillary renal cancer. This a very rare autosomal dominant condition, which is usually considered not to display a phenotype of multiple types of malignancy. However, this report describes the case of a man who has been affected with testicular teratoma, diffuse large B-cell lymphoma and multiple hepatic cysts, as well as multiple papillary renal cancers. There is good supporting evidence for roles of over-expression/activity of the HGF/MET ligand-receptor in development of these tumours, raising the possibility of other increased cancer risks associated with activating germline MET gene mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Adlard
- Yorkshire Regional Genetics Service, Chapel Allerton Hospital, LS7 4SA, Leeds, United Kingdom.
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Bagnato G, Leopizzi M, Urciuoli E, Peruzzi B. Nuclear Functions of the Tyrosine Kinase Src. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21082675. [PMID: 32290470 PMCID: PMC7215861 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21082675] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2020] [Revised: 04/09/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Src is the representative member of the Src-family kinases (SFKs), a group of tyrosine kinases involved in several cellular processes. Its main function has been for long confined to the plasma membrane/cytoplasm compartment, being a myristoylated protein anchored to the cell membrane and functioning downstream to receptors, most of them lacking intrinsic kinase activity. In the last decades, new roles for some SFKs have been described in the nuclear compartment, suggesting that these proteins can also be involved in directly regulating gene transcription or nucleoskeleton architecture. In this review, we focused on those nuclear functions specifically attributable to Src, by considering its function as both tyrosine kinase and adapting molecule. In particular, we addressed the Src involvement in physiological as well as in pathological conditions, especially in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Bagnato
- Multifactorial Disease and Complex Phenotype Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (G.B.); (E.U.)
| | - Martina Leopizzi
- Department of Medico-Surgical Sciences and Biotechnology, Polo Pontino, Sapienza University, 04100 Latina, Italy;
| | - Enrica Urciuoli
- Multifactorial Disease and Complex Phenotype Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (G.B.); (E.U.)
| | - Barbara Peruzzi
- Multifactorial Disease and Complex Phenotype Research Area, Bambino Gesù Children’s Hospital, IRCCS, 00165 Rome, Italy; (G.B.); (E.U.)
- Correspondence:
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Kalavska K, Kucerova L, Schmidtova S, Chovanec M, Mego M. Cancer Stem Cell Niche and Immune-Active Tumor Microenvironment in Testicular Germ Cell Tumors. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1226:111-121. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-36214-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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9
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Das MK, Kleppa L, Haugen TB. Functions of genes related to testicular germ cell tumour development. Andrology 2019; 7:527-535. [DOI: 10.1111/andr.12663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2019] [Revised: 05/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. K. Das
- Faculty of Health Sciences; OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University; Oslo Norway
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Faculty of Medicine; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
| | - L. Kleppa
- Faculty of Health Sciences; OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University; Oslo Norway
| | - T. B. Haugen
- Faculty of Health Sciences; OsloMet - Oslo Metropolitan University; Oslo Norway
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10
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Gao X, Chen H, Huang X, Li H, Liu Z, Bo X. ARQ-197 enhances the antitumor effect of sorafenib in hepatocellular carcinoma cells via decelerating its intracellular clearance. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:1629-1640. [PMID: 30881018 PMCID: PMC6396672 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s196713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the heaviest malignant burdens in China. Molecular targeting agent, sorafenib, is the main therapeutic option for antitumor therapy of advanced HCC, but it is currently too expensive for the public and its therapeutic effect does not satisfy initial expectation. Therefore, it is important to develop more effective molecular targeted therapeutic strategies for advanced HCC. Materials and methods The antitumor effects of sorafenib or ARQ-197, an antagonist of c-MET (tyrosine-protein kinase Met or hepatocyte growth factor receptor), were examined by MTT or in murine tumor model. The effect of ARQ-197 on epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) or multidrug resistance (MDR) was examined by quantitative real-time PCR for the expression of related genes. The clearance of sorafenib in HCC cells was detected by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry. Results ARQ-197 treatment enhanced the sensitivity of HCC cells to sorafenib. Mechanistic studies indicated that ARQ-197 inhibited the expression of EMT- and MDR-related genes. Moreover, ARQ-197 treatment decelerated the clearance of sorafenib in cultured HCC cells and subcutaneous HCC tumors in nude mice. Conclusion In the present work, our data suggested that ARQ-197 decelerated the clearance of sorafenib in HCC cells and enhanced the antitumor effect of sorafenib.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xudong Gao
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, People's Republic of China, .,The 5th Medical Center of PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100039, People's Republic of China
| | - Hebing Chen
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, People's Republic of China,
| | - Xin Huang
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, People's Republic of China,
| | - Hao Li
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, People's Republic of China,
| | - Zhen Liu
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, People's Republic of China,
| | - Xiaochen Bo
- Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing 100850, People's Republic of China,
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c-Src Recruitment is Involved in c-MET-Mediated Malignant Behaviour of NT2D1 Non-Seminoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020320. [PMID: 30646583 PMCID: PMC6358843 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2018] [Revised: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
c-MET pathway over-activation is the signature of malignancy acquisition or chemotherapy resistance of many cancers. We recently demonstrated that type II Testicular Germ Cell Tumours (TGCTs) express c-MET receptor. In particular, we elucidated that the non-seminoma lesions express c-MET protein at higher level, compared with the seminoma ones. In line with this observation, NTERA-2 clone D1 (NT2D1) non-seminoma cells increase their proliferation, migration and invasion in response to Hepatocyte Growth Factor (HGF). One of the well-known adaptor-proteins belonging to c-MET signaling cascade is c-Src. Activation of c-Src is related to the increase of aggressiveness of many cancers. For this reason, we focused on the role of c-Src in c-MET-triggered and HGF-dependent NT2D1 cell activities. In the present paper, we have elucidated that this adaptor-protein is involved in HGF-dependent NT2D1 cell proliferation, migration and invasion, since Src inhibitor-1 administration abrogates these responses. Despite these biological evidences western blot analyses have not revealed the increase of c-Src activation because of HGF administration. However, notably, immunofluorescence analyses revealed that cytoplasmic and membrane-associated localization of c-Src shifted to the nuclear compartment after HGF stimulation. These results shed new light in the modality of HGF-dependent c-Src recruitment, and put the basis for novel investigations on the relationship between c-Src, and TGCT aggressiveness.
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Chovanec M, Albany C, Mego M, Montironi R, Cimadamore A, Cheng L. Emerging Prognostic Biomarkers in Testicular Germ Cell Tumors: Looking Beyond Established Practice. Front Oncol 2018; 8:571. [PMID: 30547014 PMCID: PMC6280583 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2018.00571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Testicular germ cell tumors are unique among solid cancers. Historically, this disease was deadly if progressed beyond the stage I. The implementation of cisplatin-based chemotherapy regimens has drastically changed the clinical outcome of metastatic testicular cancer. Several biomarkers were established to refine the prognosis by International Germ Cell Collaborative Group in 1997. Among these, the most significant were primary tumor site; metastatic sites, such as non-pulmonary visceral metastases; and the amplitude of serum tumor markers α-fetoprotein, β-chorionic gonadotropin, and lactate dehydrogenase. Since then, oncology has experienced discoveries of various molecular biomarkers to further refine the prognosis and treatment of malignancies. However, the ability to predict the prognosis and treatment response in germ cell tumors did not improve for many years. Clinical trials with novel targeting agents that were conducted in refractory germ cell tumor patients have proven to have negative outcomes. With the recent advances and developments, novel biomarkers emerge in the field of germ cell tumor oncology. This review article aims to summarize the current knowledge in the research of novel prognostic biomarkers in testicular germ cell tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michal Chovanec
- 2nd Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Costantine Albany
- Division of Hematology and Oncology, Indiana University Melvin and Bren Simon Cancer Center, Indianapolis, IN, United States
| | - Michal Mego
- 2nd Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University and National Cancer Institute, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Rodolfo Montironi
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, School of Medicine, United Hospitals, Ancona, Italy
| | - Alessia Cimadamore
- Section of Pathological Anatomy, Polytechnic University of the Marche Region, School of Medicine, United Hospitals, Ancona, Italy
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
- Department of Urology, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, IN, United States
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