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Gelman IH. Metastasis suppressor genes in clinical practice: are they druggable? Cancer Metastasis Rev 2023; 42:1169-1188. [PMID: 37749308 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-023-10135-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Accepted: 09/01/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023]
Abstract
Since the identification of NM23 (now called NME1) as the first metastasis suppressor gene (MSG), a small number of other gene products and non-coding RNAs have been identified that suppress specific parameters of the metastatic cascade, yet which have little or no ability to regulate primary tumor initiation or maintenance. MSG can regulate various pathways or cell biological functions such as those controlling mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway mediators, cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix protein adhesion, cytoskeletal architecture, G-protein-coupled receptors, apoptosis, and transcriptional complexes. One defining facet of this gene class is that their expression is typically downregulated, not mutated, in metastasis, such that any effective therapeutic intervention would involve their re-expression. This review will address the therapeutic targeting of MSG, once thought to be a daunting task only facilitated by ectopically re-expressing MSG in metastatic cells in vivo. Examples will be cited of attempts to identify actionable oncogenic pathways that might suppress the formation or progression of metastases through the re-expression of specific metastasis suppressors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irwin H Gelman
- Department of Cancer Genetics & Genomics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Elm and Carlton Streets, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA.
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2
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Yang Y, Cao Y. The impact of VEGF on cancer metastasis and systemic disease. Semin Cancer Biol 2022; 86:251-261. [PMID: 35307547 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2022.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 03/08/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Metastasis is the leading cause of cancer-associated mortality and the underlying mechanisms of cancer metastasis remain elusive. Both blood and lymphatic vasculatures are essential structures for mediating distal metastasis. The vasculature plays multiple functions, including accelerating tumor growth, sustaining the tumor microenvironment, supplying growth and invasive signals, promoting metastasis, and causing cancer-associated systemic disease. VEGF is one of the key angiogenic factors in tumors and participates in the initial stage of tumor development, progression and metastasis. Consequently, VEGF and its receptor-mediated signaling pathways have become one of the most important therapeutic targets for treating various cancers. Today, anti-VEGF-based antiangiogenic drugs (AADs) are widely used in the clinic for treating different types of cancer in human patients. Despite nearly 20-year clinical experience with AADs, the impact of these drugs on cancer metastasis and systemic disease remains largely unknown. In this review article, we focus our discussion on tumor VEGF in cancer metastasis and systemic disease and mechanisms underlying AADs in clinical benefits.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunlong Yang
- Department of Cellular and Genetic Medicine, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, China.
| | - Yihai Cao
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Biomedicum, Karolinska Institute, 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden.
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Li H. Physiologic and pathophysiologic roles of AKAP12. Sci Prog 2022; 105:368504221109212. [PMID: 35775596 PMCID: PMC10450473 DOI: 10.1177/00368504221109212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
A kinase anchoring protein (AKAP) 12 is a scaffolding protein that improves the specificity and efficiency of spatiotemporal signal through assembling intracellular signal proteins into a specific complex. AKAP12 is a negative mitogenic regulator that plays an important role in controlling cytoskeletal architecture, maintaining endothelial integrity, regulating glial function and forming blood-brain barrier (BBB) and blood retinal barrier (BRB). Moreover, elevated or reduced AKAP12 contributes to a variety of diseases. Complex connections between AKAP12 and various diseases including chronic liver diseases (CLDs), inflammatory diseases and a series of cancers will be tried to delineate in this paper. We first describe the expression, distribution and physiological function of AKAP12. Then we summarize the current knowledge of different connections between AKAP12 expression and various diseases. Some research groups have found paradoxical roles of AKAP12 in different diseases and further confirmation is needed. This paper aims to assess the role of AKAP12 in physiology and diseases to help lay the foundation for the design of small molecules for specific AKAP12 to correct the pathological signal defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Li
- Central Laboratory, Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, P. R. China
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Wu X, Luo Y, Wang S, Li Y, Bao M, Shang Y, Chen L, Liu W. AKAP12 ameliorates liver injury via targeting PI3K/AKT/PCSK6 pathway. Redox Biol 2022; 53:102328. [PMID: 35576690 PMCID: PMC9118925 DOI: 10.1016/j.redox.2022.102328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Revised: 04/05/2022] [Accepted: 05/02/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A kinase anchor protein 12(AKAP12)is a scaffold protein that is critical for cell structure maintenance and signal transduction. However, the role of AKAP12 in liver injury remains unclear. Here, we attempt to explore the potential contribution of AKAP12 in liver injury and elucidate its underlying molecular mechanism. We found that AKAP12 deletion in acute liver injury (ALI) activates the PI3K/AKT phosphorylation signaling pathway, induces the increased expression of PCSK6 and its downstream inflammation-related genes, and prompts macrophages to produce a large number of inflammatory factors. And knockdown of PCSK6 by in vivo siRNA assay reversed in liver injury AKAP12Δhep mice, demonstrating that PCSK6 has an important role in ALI. Furthermore, we found that signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) and serine/threonine kinase Akt (AKT) were upregulated in AKAP12Δhep mice of chronic liver injury. To sum up, our study here demonstrates that AKAP12 has a protective role in ALI and chronic liver fibrosis, at least in part through inhibition of the PI3K/AKT/PCSK6 pathway. Our findings provide a new potential treatment for liver injury with important clinical implications. The PI3K-AKT pathway is activated in the liver of AKAP12Δhep mice upon ALI. Increased PCSK6 expression is the main cause of aggravated ALI in AKAP12Δhep mice. Increased phosphorylation levels of STAT3 and AKT promote liver fibrosis in AKAP12Δhep mice. AKAP12 ameliorates liver injury through reprogramming PI3K/AKT/PCSK6 pathway.
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Vandyck HHLD, Hillen LM, Bosisio FM, van den Oord J, zur Hausen A, Winnepenninckx V. Rethinking the biology of metastatic melanoma: a holistic approach. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2021; 40:603-624. [PMID: 33870460 PMCID: PMC8213587 DOI: 10.1007/s10555-021-09960-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Over the past decades, melanoma-related mortality has remained nearly stable. The main reason is treatment failure of metastatic disease and the inherently linked knowledge gap regarding metastasis formation. In order to elicit invasion, melanoma cells manipulate the tumor microenvironment, gain motility, and adhere to the extracellular matrix and cancer-associated fibroblasts. Melanoma cells thereby express different cell adhesion molecules like laminins, integrins, N-cadherin, and others. Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is physiological during embryologic development, but reactivated during malignancy. Despite not being truly epithelial, neural crest-derived malignancies like melanoma share similar biological programs that enable tumorigenesis, invasion, and metastasis. This complex phenomenon is termed phenotype switching and is intertwined with oncometabolism as well as dormancy escape. Additionally, it has been shown that primary melanoma shed exosomes that create a favorable premetastatic niche in the microenvironment of secondary organs and lymph nodes. Although the growing body of literature describes the aforementioned concepts separately, an integrative holistic approach is missing. Using melanoma as a tumor model, this review will shed light on these complex biological principles in an attempt to clarify the mechanistic metastatic pathways that dictate tumor and patient fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hendrik HLD Vandyck
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, MUMC+, PO Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lisa M Hillen
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, MUMC+, PO Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Francesca M Bosisio
- Laboratory of Translational Cell and Tissue Research (TCTR), Department of Pathology, KU Leuven and UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joost van den Oord
- Laboratory of Translational Cell and Tissue Research (TCTR), Department of Pathology, KU Leuven and UZ Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Axel zur Hausen
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, MUMC+, PO Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Véronique Winnepenninckx
- Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology & Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center, MUMC+, PO Box 5800, 6202 AZ Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Eldawud R, Wagner A, Dong C, Gupta N, Rojanasakul Y, O'Doherty G, Stueckle TA, Dinu CZ. Potential antitumor activity of digitoxin and user-designed analog administered to human lung cancer cells. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2020; 1864:129683. [PMID: 32679249 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2020.129683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 07/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cardiac glycosides (CGs), such as digitoxin, are traditionally used for treatment of congestive heart failure; recently they also gained attention for their anticancer properties. Previous studies showed that digitoxin and a synthetic L-sugar monosaccharide analog treatment decreases cancer cell proliferation, increases apoptosis, and pro-adhesion abilities; however, no reports are available on their potential to alter lung cancer cell cytoskeleton structure and reduce migratory ability. Herein, we investigated the anticancer effects of digitoxin and its analog, digitoxigenin-α-L-rhamnoside (D6MA), to establish whether cytoskeleton reorganization and reduced motility are drug-induced cellular outcomes. METHODS We treated non-small cell lung carcinoma cells (NSCLCs) with sub-therapeutic, therapeutic, and toxic concentrations of digitoxin and D6MA respectively, followed by both single point and real-time assays to evaluate changes in cellular gene and protein expression, adhesion, elasticity, and migration. RESULTS Digitoxin and D6MA induced a decrease in matrix metalloproteinases expression via altered focal adhesion signaling and a suppression of the phosphoinositide 3-kinases / protein kinase B pathway which lead to enhanced adhesion, altered elasticity, and reduced motility of NSCLCs. Global gene expression analysis identified dose-dependent changes to nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer, epithelial tumor, and microtubule dynamics signaling. CONCLUSIONS Our study demonstrates that digitoxin and D6MA can target antitumor signaling pathways to alter NSCLC cytoskeleton and migratory ability to thus potentially reduce their tumorigenicity. SIGNIFICANCE Discovering signaling pathways that control cancer's cell phenotype and how such pathways are affected by CG treatment will potentially allow for active usage of synthetic CG analogs as therapeutic agents in advanced lung conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reem Eldawud
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Alixandra Wagner
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Chenbo Dong
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Neha Gupta
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - Yon Rojanasakul
- Department of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - George O'Doherty
- Department of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Northeastern University, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Todd A Stueckle
- Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Morgantown, WV 26505, USA
| | - Cerasela Zoica Dinu
- Department of Chemical and Biomedical Engineering, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
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Stella GM, Kolling S, Benvenuti S, Bortolotto C. Lung-Seeking Metastases. Cancers (Basel) 2019; 11:E1010. [PMID: 31330946 PMCID: PMC6678078 DOI: 10.3390/cancers11071010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Revised: 07/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastases from different cancer types most often affect the lung parenchyma. Moreover, the lungs are among the most frequent sites of growth of metastatic masses of uncertain/unknown lineage of origin. Thus, with regards to pulmonary neoplastic parenchymal nodules, the critical issue is to determine if they are IN the lung or OF the lung. In this review, we highlight the clinical, instrumental and molecular features which characterize lung metastases, mainly focusing on recently advancing and emerging concepts regarding the metastatic niche, inflammation, angiogenesis, immune modulation and gene expression. A novel issue is related to the analysis of biomechanical forces which cooperate in the expansion of tumor masses in the lungs. We here aim to analyze the biological, genetic and pathological features of metastatic lesions to the lungs, here referred to as site of metastatic growth. This point should be a crucial part of the algorithm for a proper diagnostic and therapeutic approach in the era of personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulia M Stella
- Department of Medical Sciences and Infectious Diseases, Unit of Respiratory System Diseases, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy.
| | | | - Silvia Benvenuti
- Department of Molecular Therapeutics and Exploratory Research, Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo (TO), Italy
| | - Chandra Bortolotto
- Department of Intensive Medicine, Unit of Radiology, IRCCS Fondazione Policlinico San Matteo, 27100 Pavia, Italy
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