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V B, Femina T A, Iyengar D, K A, Ravi M. Approaches for Head and Neck Cancer Research - Current Status and the Way Forward. Cancer Invest 2021; 40:151-172. [PMID: 34806936 DOI: 10.1080/07357907.2021.2009850] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Head and neck cancers (HNCs) are seeing an increasing trend in their prevalence among both genders and are the seventh most common cancer type occurring at the global level. Studies addressing both the cancer cell physiology and individual differences in response to a specific treatment modality should be understood for arriving at effective treatment and management of the HNCs. In this article, we discuss the trends in HNC research and their various approaches starting from 2D in vitro models, which are the traditional experimental materials to recently established Cancer-Tissue Originated Spheroids (CTOS) distinctly contributing towards personalized or precision medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barghavi V
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
| | - Arokia Femina T
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
| | - DivyaSowrirajan Iyengar
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
| | - Archana K
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
| | - Maddaly Ravi
- Department of Human Genetics, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, India
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Resh MD. Palmitoylation of Hedgehog proteins by Hedgehog acyltransferase: roles in signalling and disease. Open Biol 2021; 11:200414. [PMID: 33653085 PMCID: PMC8061759 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.200414] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Hedgehog acyltransferase (Hhat), a member of the membrane-bound O-acyltransferase (MBOAT) family, catalyses the covalent attachment of palmitate to the N-terminus of Hedgehog proteins. Palmitoylation is a post-translational modification essential for Hedgehog signalling. This review explores the mechanisms involved in Hhat acyltransferase enzymatic activity, similarities and differences between Hhat and other MBOAT enzymes, and the role of palmitoylation in Hedgehog signalling. In vitro and cell-based assays for Hhat activity have been developed, and residues within Hhat and Hedgehog essential for palmitoylation have been identified. In cells, Hhat promotes the transfer of palmitoyl-CoA from the cytoplasmic to the luminal side of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane, where Shh palmitoylation occurs. Palmitoylation is required for efficient delivery of secreted Hedgehog to its receptor Patched1, as well as for the deactivation of Patched1, which initiates the downstream Hedgehog signalling pathway. While Hhat loss is lethal during embryogenesis, mutations in Hhat have been linked to disease states or abnormalities in mice and humans. In adults, aberrant re-expression of Hedgehog ligands promotes tumorigenesis in an Hhat-dependent manner in a variety of different cancers, including pancreatic, breast and lung. Targeting hedgehog palmitoylation by inhibition of Hhat is thus a promising, potential intervention in human disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marilyn D Resh
- Cell Biology Program, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, 1275 York Avenue, Box 143, New York, NY 10065, USA
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Nozaki M, Yabuta N, Fukuzawa M, Mukai S, Okamoto A, Sasakura T, Fukushima K, Naito Y, Longmore GD, Nojima H. LATS1/2 kinases trigger self-renewal of cancer stem cells in aggressive oral cancer. Oncotarget 2019; 10:1014-1030. [PMID: 30800215 PMCID: PMC6383686 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2018] [Accepted: 12/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs), which play important roles in tumor initiation and progression, are resistant to many types of therapies. However, the regulatory mechanisms underlying CSC-specific properties, including self-renewal, are poorly understood. Here, we found that LATS1/2, the core Hippo pathway-kinases, were highly expressed in the oral squamous cell carcinoma line SAS, which exhibits high capacity of CSCs, and that depletion of these kinases prevented SAS cells from forming spheres under serum-free conditions. Detailed examination of the expression and activation of LATS kinases and related proteins over a time course of sphere formation revealed that LATS1/2 were more highly expressed and markedly activated before initiation of self-renewal. Moreover, TAZ, SNAIL, CHK1/2, and Aurora-A were expressed in hierarchical, oscillating patterns during sphere formation, suggesting that the process consists of four sequential steps. Our results indicate that LATS1/2 trigger self-renewal of CSCs by regulating the Hippo pathway, the EMT, and cell division.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masami Nozaki
- Department of Cell Biology, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Norikazu Yabuta
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Department of Oncogene Research, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Moe Fukuzawa
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Satomi Mukai
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Division of Cancer Biology, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya City, Aichi 464-8681, Japan
| | - Ayumi Okamoto
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Towa Sasakura
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Kohshiro Fukushima
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
| | - Yoko Naito
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan.,Division of Cancer Cell Regulation, Aichi Cancer Center Research Institute, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya City, Aichi 464-8681, Japan
| | | | - Hiroshi Nojima
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Research Institute for Microbial Diseases, Osaka University, Suita, Osaka 565-0871, Japan
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