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Singh H, Chopra H, Singh I, Mohanto S, Ahmed MG, Ghumra S, Seelan A, Survase M, Kumar A, Mishra A, Mishra AK, Kamal MA. Molecular targeted therapies for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma: recent developments and clinical implications. EXCLI JOURNAL 2024; 23:300-334. [PMID: 38655092 PMCID: PMC11036065 DOI: 10.17179/excli2023-6489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2023] [Accepted: 02/14/2024] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma (cSCC) is a common and potentially fatal type of skin cancer that poses a significant threat to public health and has a high prevalence rate. Exposure to ultraviolet radiation on the skin surface increases the risk of cSCC, especially in those with genetic syndromes like xerodermapigmentosum and epidermolysis bullosa. Therefore, understanding the molecular pathogenesis of cSCC is critical for developing personalized treatment approaches that are effective in cSCC. This article provides a comprehensive overview of current knowledge of cSCC pathogenesis, emphasizing dysregulated signaling pathways and the significance of molecular profiling. Several limitations and challenges associated with conventional therapies, however, are identified, stressing the need for novel therapeutic strategies. The article further discusses molecular targets and therapeutic approaches, i.e., epidermal growth factor receptor inhibitors, hedgehog pathway inhibitors, and PI3K/AKT/mTOR pathway inhibitors, as well as emerging molecular targets and therapeutic agents. The manuscript explores resistance mechanisms to molecularly targeted therapies and proposes methods to overcome them, including combination strategies, rational design, and optimization. The clinical implications and patient outcomes of molecular-targeted treatments are assessed, including response rates and survival outcomes. The management of adverse events and toxicities in molecular-targeted therapies is crucial and requires careful monitoring and control. The paper further discusses future directions for therapeutic advancement and research in this area, as well as the difficulties and constraints associated with conventional therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harpreet Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, IFTM University, Moradabad, U.P., India, 244102
| | - Hitesh Chopra
- Department of Biosciences, Saveetha School of Engineering, Saveetha Institute of Medical and Technical Sciences, Chennai - 602105, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Inderbir Singh
- Chitkara College of Pharmacy, Chitkara University, Punjab, India
| | - Sourav Mohanto
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Yenepoya Pharmacy College & Research Center, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, 575018, India
| | - Mohammed Gulzar Ahmed
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Yenepoya Pharmacy College & Research Center, Yenepoya (Deemed to be University), Mangalore, Karnataka, 575018, India
| | - Shruti Ghumra
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunandan Divatia School of Science, NarseeMonjee Institute of Management Studies (NMIMS), Pherozeshah Mehta Rd, Mumbai, India, 400056
| | - Anmol Seelan
- Mahatma Gandhi Mission, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Aurangabad, India
| | - Manisha Survase
- Mahatma Gandhi Mission, Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Aurangabad, India
| | - Arvind Kumar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, IFTM University, Moradabad, U.P., India, 244102
| | - Amrita Mishra
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Delhi Pharmaceutical Sciences and Research University, New Delhi, India, 110017
| | - Arun Kumar Mishra
- SOS School of Pharmacy, IFTM University, Moradabad, U.P., India, 244102
| | - Mohammad Amjad Kamal
- Institutes for Systems Genetics, Frontiers Science Center for Disease-Related Molecular Network, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, China
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Saudi Arabia
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Daffodil International University, Bangladesh
- Enzymoics, 7 Peterlee Place, Hebersham, NSW 2770; Novel Global Community Educational Foundation, Australia
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Feichtenschlager V, Chen L, Zheng YJ, Ho W, Sanlorenzo M, Vujic I, Fewings E, Lee A, Chen C, Callanan C, Lin K, Qu T, Hohlova D, Vujic M, Hwang Y, Lai K, Chen S, Nguyen T, Muñoz DP, Kohwi Y, Posch C, Daud A, Rappersberger K, Kohwi-Shigematsu T, Coppé JP, Ortiz-Urda S. The therapeutically actionable long non-coding RNA 'T-RECS' is essential to cancer cells' survival in NRAS/MAPK-driven melanoma. Mol Cancer 2024; 23:40. [PMID: 38383439 PMCID: PMC10882889 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-024-01955-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/05/2024] [Indexed: 02/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Finding effective therapeutic targets to treat NRAS-mutated melanoma remains a challenge. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) recently emerged as essential regulators of tumorigenesis. Using a discovery approach combining experimental models and unbiased computational analysis complemented by validation in patient biospecimens, we identified a nuclear-enriched lncRNA (AC004540.4) that is upregulated in NRAS/MAPK-dependent melanoma, and that we named T-RECS. Considering potential innovative treatment strategies, we designed antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) to target T-RECS. T-RECS ASOs reduced the growth of melanoma cells and induced apoptotic cell death, while having minimal impact on normal primary melanocytes. Mechanistically, treatment with T-RECS ASOs downregulated the activity of pro-survival kinases and reduced the protein stability of hnRNPA2/B1, a pro-oncogenic regulator of MAPK signaling. Using patient- and cell line- derived tumor xenograft mouse models, we demonstrated that systemic treatment with T-RECS ASOs significantly suppressed the growth of melanoma tumors, with no noticeable toxicity. ASO-mediated T-RECS inhibition represents a promising RNA-targeting approach to improve the outcome of MAPK pathway-activated melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valentin Feichtenschlager
- Department of Dermatology, Mt Zion Cancer Research Center, University of California San Francisco, 2340 Sutter Street, Room N461, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA.
- Department of Dermatology, Academic Teaching Hospital, Clinic Landstrasse Vienna, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
| | - Linan Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Mt Zion Cancer Research Center, University of California San Francisco, 2340 Sutter Street, Room N461, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA
| | - Yixuan James Zheng
- Department of Dermatology, Mt Zion Cancer Research Center, University of California San Francisco, 2340 Sutter Street, Room N461, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA
- School of Medicine, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Wilson Ho
- Department of Dermatology, Mt Zion Cancer Research Center, University of California San Francisco, 2340 Sutter Street, Room N461, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA
| | - Martina Sanlorenzo
- Department of Dermatology, Mt Zion Cancer Research Center, University of California San Francisco, 2340 Sutter Street, Room N461, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA
| | - Igor Vujic
- Department of Dermatology, Mt Zion Cancer Research Center, University of California San Francisco, 2340 Sutter Street, Room N461, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Academic Teaching Hospital, Clinic Landstrasse Vienna, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Faculty of Medicine, Sigmund Freud Private University, Vienna, Austria
| | - Eleanor Fewings
- Department of Dermatology, Mt Zion Cancer Research Center, University of California San Francisco, 2340 Sutter Street, Room N461, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA
| | - Albert Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Mt Zion Cancer Research Center, University of California San Francisco, 2340 Sutter Street, Room N461, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA
| | - Christopher Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Mt Zion Cancer Research Center, University of California San Francisco, 2340 Sutter Street, Room N461, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA
| | - Ciara Callanan
- Department of Dermatology, Mt Zion Cancer Research Center, University of California San Francisco, 2340 Sutter Street, Room N461, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA
| | - Kevin Lin
- Department of Dermatology, Mt Zion Cancer Research Center, University of California San Francisco, 2340 Sutter Street, Room N461, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA
| | - Tiange Qu
- Department of Orofacial Science, Health Science West, University of California San Francisco School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Dasha Hohlova
- Department of Dermatology, Mt Zion Cancer Research Center, University of California San Francisco, 2340 Sutter Street, Room N461, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA
- Department of Biology, University of San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marin Vujic
- Department of Dermatology, Mt Zion Cancer Research Center, University of California San Francisco, 2340 Sutter Street, Room N461, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Academic Teaching Hospital, Clinic Landstrasse Vienna, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Yeonjoo Hwang
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kevin Lai
- Department of Dermatology, Mt Zion Cancer Research Center, University of California San Francisco, 2340 Sutter Street, Room N461, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA
| | - Stephanie Chen
- Department of Dermatology, Mt Zion Cancer Research Center, University of California San Francisco, 2340 Sutter Street, Room N461, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA
| | - Thuan Nguyen
- Department of Dermatology, Mt Zion Cancer Research Center, University of California San Francisco, 2340 Sutter Street, Room N461, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA
| | - Denise P Muñoz
- Department of Hematology-Oncology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yoshinori Kohwi
- Department of Orofacial Science, Health Science West, University of California San Francisco School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Christian Posch
- Department of Dermatology, Mt Zion Cancer Research Center, University of California San Francisco, 2340 Sutter Street, Room N461, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA
- Department of Dermatology, Academic Teaching Hospital, Clinic Landstrasse Vienna, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Faculty of Medicine, Sigmund Freud Private University, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Dermatology and Allergy, School of Medicine, German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Adil Daud
- Department of Dermatology, Mt Zion Cancer Research Center, University of California San Francisco, 2340 Sutter Street, Room N461, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA
| | - Klemens Rappersberger
- Department of Dermatology, Academic Teaching Hospital, Clinic Landstrasse Vienna, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Terumi Kohwi-Shigematsu
- Department of Orofacial Science, Health Science West, University of California San Francisco School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jean-Philippe Coppé
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Susana Ortiz-Urda
- Department of Dermatology, Mt Zion Cancer Research Center, University of California San Francisco, 2340 Sutter Street, Room N461, San Francisco, CA, 94115, USA
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Saleh Z, Moccia MC, Ladd Z, Joneja U, Li Y, Spitz F, Hong YK, Gao T. Pancreatic Neuroendocrine Tumors: Signaling Pathways and Epigenetic Regulation. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:1331. [PMID: 38279330 PMCID: PMC10816436 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25021331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PNETs) are characterized by dysregulated signaling pathways that are crucial for tumor formation and progression. The efficacy of traditional therapies is limited, particularly in the treatment of PNETs at an advanced stage. Epigenetic alterations profoundly impact the activity of signaling pathways in cancer development, offering potential opportunities for drug development. There is currently a lack of extensive research on epigenetic regulation in PNETs. To fill this gap, we first summarize major signaling events that are involved in PNET development. Then, we discuss the epigenetic regulation of these signaling pathways in the context of both PNETs and commonly occurring-and therefore more extensively studied-malignancies. Finally, we will offer a perspective on the future research direction of the PNET epigenome and its potential applications in patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zena Saleh
- Department of Surgery, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ 08103, USA; (Z.S.); (Z.L.)
| | - Matthew C. Moccia
- Department of Surgery, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ 08103, USA; (Z.S.); (Z.L.)
| | - Zachary Ladd
- Department of Surgery, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ 08103, USA; (Z.S.); (Z.L.)
| | - Upasana Joneja
- Department of Pathology, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ 08103, USA
| | - Yahui Li
- Department of Surgery, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ 08103, USA; (Z.S.); (Z.L.)
| | - Francis Spitz
- Department of Surgery, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ 08103, USA; (Z.S.); (Z.L.)
| | - Young Ki Hong
- Department of Surgery, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ 08103, USA; (Z.S.); (Z.L.)
| | - Tao Gao
- Department of Surgery, Cooper University Health Care, Camden, NJ 08103, USA; (Z.S.); (Z.L.)
- Camden Cancer Research Center, Camden, NJ 08103, USA
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Feichtenschlager V, Chen L, Zheng YJ, Ho W, Sanlorenzo M, Vujic I, Fewings E, Lee A, Chen C, Callanan C, Lin K, Qu T, Hohlova D, Vujic M, Hwang Y, Lai K, Chen S, Nguyen T, Muñoz DP, Kohwi Y, Posch C, Daud A, Rappersberger K, Kohwi-Shigematsu T, Coppé JP, Ortiz-Urda S. The therapeutically actionable long non-coding RNA ' T-RECS' is essential to cancer cells' survival in NRAS/MAPK-driven melanoma. RESEARCH SQUARE 2023:rs.3.rs-1297358. [PMID: 38077055 PMCID: PMC10705697 DOI: 10.21203/rs.3.rs-1297358/v3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Finding effective therapeutic targets to treat NRAS-mutated melanoma remains a challenge. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) recently emerged as essential regulators of tumorigenesis. Using a discovery approach combining experimental models and unbiased computational analysis complemented by validation in patient biospecimens, we identified a nuclear-enriched lncRNA (AC004540.4) that is upregulated in NRAS/MAPK-dependent melanoma, and that we named T-RECS. Considering potential innovative treatment strategies, we designed antisense oligonucleotides (ASOs) to target T-RECS. T-RECS ASOs reduced the growth of melanoma cells and induced apoptotic cell death, while having minimal impacton normal primary melanocytes. Mechanistically, treatment with T-RECS ASOs downregulated the activity of pro-survival kinases and reduced the protein stability of hnRNPA2/B1, a pro-oncogenic regulator of MAPK signaling. Using patient- and cell line- derived tumor xenograft mouse models, we demonstrated that systemic treatment with T-RECS ASOs significantly suppressed the growth of melanoma tumors, with no noticeable toxicity. ASO-mediated T-RECS inhibition represents a promising RNA-targeting approach to improve the outcome of MAPK pathway-activated melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Wilson Ho
- University of California San Francisco
| | | | - Igor Vujic
- Department of Dermatology and Venerology, Medical Institution Rudolfstiftung, Vienna, Austria
| | | | | | | | | | - Kevin Lin
- University of California San Francisco
| | - Tiange Qu
- University of California San Francisco
| | | | | | | | - Kevin Lai
- University of California San Francisco
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Adil Daud
- University of California at San Francisco
| | - Klemens Rappersberger
- Department of Dermatology, Clinic Landstrasse Vienna, Academic Teaching Hospital, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
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