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Insights into the pathogenesis of multiple system atrophy: focus on glial cytoplasmic inclusions. Transl Neurodegener 2020; 9:7. [PMID: 32095235 PMCID: PMC7025408 DOI: 10.1186/s40035-020-0185-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple system atrophy (MSA) is a debilitating and fatal neurodegenerative disorder. The disease severity warrants urgent development of disease-modifying therapy, but the disease pathogenesis is still enigmatic. Neurodegeneration in MSA brains is preceded by the emergence of glial cytoplasmic inclusions (GCIs), which are insoluble α-synuclein accumulations within oligodendrocytes (OLGs). Thus, preventive strategies against GCI formation may suppress disease progression. However, although numerous studies have tried to elucidate the molecular pathogenesis of GCI formation, difficulty remains in understanding the pathological interaction between the two pivotal aspects of GCIs; α-synuclein and OLGs. The difficulty originates from several enigmas: 1) what triggers the initial generation and possible propagation of pathogenic α-synuclein species? 2) what contributes to OLG-specific accumulation of α-synuclein, which is abundantly expressed in neurons but not in OLGs? and 3) how are OLGs and other glial cells affected and contribute to neurodegeneration? The primary pathogenesis of GCIs may involve myelin dysfunction and dyshomeostasis of the oligodendroglial cellular environment such as autophagy and iron metabolism. We have previously reported that oligodendrocyte precursor cells are more prone to develop intracellular inclusions in the presence of extracellular fibrillary α-synuclein. This finding implies a possibility that the propagation of GCI pathology in MSA brains is mediated through the internalization of pathological α-synuclein into oligodendrocyte precursor cells. In this review, in order to discuss the pathogenesis of GCIs, we will focus on the composition of neuronal and oligodendroglial inclusions in synucleinopathies. Furthermore, we will introduce some hypotheses on how α-synuclein pathology spreads among OLGs in MSA brains, in the light of our data from the experiments with primary oligodendrocyte lineage cell culture. While various reports have focused on the mysterious source of α-synuclein in GCIs, insights into the mechanism which regulates the uptake of pathological α-synuclein into oligodendroglial cells may yield the development of the disease-modifying therapy for MSA. The interaction between glial cells and α-synuclein is also highlighted with previous studies of post-mortem human brains, cultured cells, and animal models, which provide comprehensive insight into GCIs and the MSA pathomechanisms.
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Xu S, Sui S, Zhang X, Pang B, Wan L, Pang D. Modulation of autophagy in human diseases strategies to foster strengths and circumvent weaknesses. Med Res Rev 2019; 39:1953-1999. [PMID: 30820989 DOI: 10.1002/med.21571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 01/20/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is central to the maintenance of intracellular homeostasis across species. Accordingly, autophagy disorders are linked to a variety of diseases from the embryonic stage until death, and the role of autophagy as a therapeutic target has been widely recognized. However, autophagy-associated therapy for human diseases is still in its infancy and is supported by limited evidence. In this review, we summarize the landscape of autophagy-associated diseases and current autophagy modulators. Furthermore, we investigate the existing autophagy-associated clinical trials, analyze the obstacles that limit their progress, offer tactics that may allow barriers to be overcome along the way and then discuss the therapeutic potential of autophagy modulators in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shouping Xu
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Shiyao Sui
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Xianyu Zhang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Boran Pang
- Department of Surgery, Rui Jin Hospital, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Gastric Neoplasm, Shanghai Institute of Digestive Surgery, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Lin Wan
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
| | - Da Pang
- Department of Breast Surgery, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
- Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, Heilongjcontrary, induction of autophagy elongiang, China
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Zhang ZF, Chen J, Han X, Zhang Y, Liao HB, Lei RX, Zhuang Y, Wang ZF, Li Z, Chen JC, Liao WJ, Zhou HB, Liu F, Wan Q. Bisperoxovandium (pyridin-2-squaramide) targets both PTEN and ERK1/2 to confer neuroprotection. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:641-656. [PMID: 28127755 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2016] [Revised: 01/18/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE We and others have shown that inhibiting phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on chromosome 10 (PTEN) or activating ERK1/2 confer neuroprotection. As bisperoxovanadium compounds are well-established inhibitors of PTEN, we designed bisperoxovandium (pyridin-2-squaramide) [bpV(pis)] and determined whether and how bpV(pis) exerts a neuroprotective effect in cerebral ischaemia-reperfusion injury. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Malachite green-based phosphatase assay was used to measure PTEN activity. A western blot assay was used to measure the phosphorylation level of Akt and ERK1/2 (p-Akt and p-ERK1/2). Oxygen-glucose deprivation (OGD) was used to injure cultured cortical neurons. Cell death and viability were assessed by LDH and MTT assays. To verify the effects of bpV(pis) in vivo, Sprague-Dawley rats were subjected to middle cerebral artery occlusion, and brain infarct volume was measured and neurological function tests performed. KEY RESULTS bpV(pis) inhibited PTEN activity and increased p-Akt in SH-SY5Y cells but not in PTEN-deleted U251 cells. bpV(pis) also elevated p-ERK1/2 in both SH-SY5Y and U251 cells. These data indicate that bpV(pis) enhances Akt activation through PTEN inhibition but increases ERK1/2 activation independently of PTEN signalling. bpV(pis) prevented OGD-induced neuronal death in vitro and reduced brain infarct volume and promoted functional recovery in stroke animals. This neuroprotective effect of bpV(pis) was blocked by inhibiting Akt and/or ERK1/2. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS bpV(pis) confers neuroprotection in OGD-induced injury in vitro and in cerebral ischaemia in vivo by suppressing PTEN and activating ERK1/2. Thus, bpV(pis) is a bi-target neuroprotectant that may be developed as a drug candidate for stroke treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Feng Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, China.,Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, China
| | - Juan Chen
- Department of Physiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, China.,Department of Neurology, the Central Hospital of Wuhan, Tongji Medical College of Huazhong University of Science & Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Xin Han
- School of Pharmacy, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ya Zhang
- Department of Physiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Hua-Bao Liao
- Department of Physiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Rui-Xue Lei
- Department of Physiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Yang Zhuang
- Department of Physiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Ze-Fen Wang
- Department of Physiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhiqiang Li
- Brain Centre, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Jin-Cao Chen
- Brain Centre, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | - Wei-Jing Liao
- Brain Centre, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Fang Liu
- Campbell Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, and Departments of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Qi Wan
- Department of Physiology, Collaborative Innovation Center for Brain Science, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, China.,Brain Centre, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University School of Medicine, Wuhan, China
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Ding X, Ma M, Teng J, Teng RKF, Zhou S, Yin J, Fonkem E, Huang JH, Wu E, Wang X. Exposure to ALS-FTD-CSF generates TDP-43 aggregates in glioblastoma cells through exosomes and TNTs-like structure. Oncotarget 2016; 6:24178-91. [PMID: 26172304 PMCID: PMC4695178 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD) represent a continuum of devastating neurodegenerative diseases, characterized by transactive response DNA-binding protein of 43 kDa (TDP-43) aggregates accumulation throughout the nervous system. Despite rapidly emerging evidence suggesting the hypothesis of 'prion-like propagation' of TDP-43 positive inclusion in the regional spread of ALS symptoms, whether and how TDP-43 aggregates spread between cells is not clear. Herein, we established a cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-cultured cell model to dissect mechanisms governing TDP-43 aggregates formation and propagation. Remarkably, intracellular TDP-43 mislocalization and aggregates were induced in the human glioma U251 cells following exposure to ALS-FTD-CSF but not ALS-CSF and normal control (NC) -CSF for 21 days. The exosomes derived from ALS-FTD-CSF were enriched in TDP-43 C-terminal fragments (CTFs). Incubation of ALS-FTD-CSF induced the increase of mislocated TDP-43 positive exosomes in U251 cells. We further demonstrated that exposure to ALS-FTD-CSF induced the generations of tunneling nanotubes (TNTs)-like structure and exosomes at different stages, which mediated the propagation of TDP-43 aggregates in the cultured U251 cells. Moreover, immunoblotting analyses revealed that abnormal activations of apoptosis and autophagy were induced in U251 cells, following incubation of ALS-CSF and ALS-FTD-CSF. Taken together, our data provide direct evidence that ALS-FTD-CSF has prion-like transmissible properties. TNTs-like structure and exosomes supply the routes for the transfer of TDP-43 aggregates, and selective inhibition of their over-generations may interrupt the progression of TDP-43 proteinopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuebing Ding
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Mingming Ma
- Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Junfang Teng
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Robert K F Teng
- College of Engineering, California State University, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Shuang Zhou
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Jingzheng Yin
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
| | - Ekokobe Fonkem
- Scott & White Neuroscience Institute, Texas A & M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Jason H Huang
- Scott & White Neuroscience Institute, Texas A & M Health Science Center, College of Medicine, Temple, TX, USA
| | - Erxi Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, USA
| | - Xuejing Wang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, China
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Wang X, Zhou S, Ding X, Ma M, Zhang J, Zhou Y, Wu E, Teng J. Activation of ER Stress and Autophagy Induced by TDP-43 A315T as Pathogenic Mechanism and the Corresponding Histological Changes in Skin as Potential Biomarker for ALS with the Mutation. Int J Biol Sci 2015; 11:1140-9. [PMID: 26327808 PMCID: PMC4551750 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.12657] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
TAR DNA binding protein 43 (TDP-43) A315T mutation (TDP-43A315T) has been found in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and frontotemporal lobar degeneration (FTLD) as a disease causing mutation with enhanced protein aggregation, formation of protease-resistant fragments, and neurotoxicity. However, the molecular mechanisms for its pathogenic effects are largely unknown. In this study, we demonstrate that TDP-43A315T enhanced neuronal toxicity via activating endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress-mediated apoptosis in SH-SY5Y cells. Moreover, autophagy was activated by overexpression of TDP-43A315T in a self-defensive manner to decrease neuronal toxicity. Inhibition of autophagy attenuates TDP-43A315T induced neuronal cell death. Furthermore, the expression levels of TDP-43, ER chaperone 78 kDa glucose-regulated protein (GRP-78), and autophagy marker microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3) in the skin tissues from ALS patients with TDP-43A315T mutation were markedly higher than those from the healthy control. Thus, our findings provide new molecular evidence for TDP-43A315T neuropathology. In addition, the pathological change in the skin tissues of the patients with TDP-43A315T mutation can be used as a quick diagnostic biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuejing Wang
- 1. Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Shuang Zhou
- 2. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58105, USA
| | - Xuebing Ding
- 1. Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
| | - Mingming Ma
- 3. Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Jiewen Zhang
- 3. Department of Neurology, People's Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450003, China
| | - Yue Zhou
- 4. Department of Statistics, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58105, USA
| | - Erxi Wu
- 2. Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND, 58105, USA
| | - Junfang Teng
- 1. Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, 450052, China
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