1
|
Wang Y, Zhang H, Zhang X, Mu P, Zhao L, Qi R, Zhang Y, Zhu X, Dong Y. The role of IGFBP-3 in tumor development and progression: enlightenment for diagnosis and treatment. Med Oncol 2024; 41:141. [PMID: 38714554 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-024-02373-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 03/25/2024] [Indexed: 05/10/2024]
Abstract
IGFBP-3 is aberrantly expressed in many tumor types, and its serum and tumor tissue levels provide auxiliary information for assessing the degree of tumor malignancy and patient prognosis, making it a potential therapeutic target for human malignancies and conferring it remarkable clinical value for determining patient prognosis. In this review, we provide a comprehensive overview of the aberrant expression, diverse biological effects, and clinical implications of IGFBP-3 in tumors and its role as a potential prognostic marker and therapeutic target for tumors. In addition, we summarize the signaling pathways through which IGFBP-3 exerts its effects. IGFBP-3 comprises an N-terminal, an intermediate region, and a C-terminal structural domain, each exerting different biological effects in several tumor cell types in an IGF-dependent/non-independent manner. IGFBP-3 shares an intricate relationship with the tumor microenvironment, thereby affecting tumor growth. Overall, IGFBP-3 is an essential regulatory factor that mediates tumor occurrence and progression. Gaining deeper insights into the fundamental characteristics of IGFBP-3 and its role in various tumor types will provide new perspectives and allow for the development of novel strategies for cancer diagnosis, treatment, and prognostic evaluation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yudi Wang
- Department of Immunology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - He Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar, China
| | - Xuehua Zhang
- Department of Precision Biomedical Laboratory, Liaocheng People's Hospital, Liaocheng, China
| | - Peizheng Mu
- School of Computer and Control Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, China
| | - Leilei Zhao
- Department of Immunology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Ruomei Qi
- Department of Immunology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Yurui Zhang
- Department of Immunology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China
| | - Xiao Zhu
- School of Computer and Control Engineering, Yantai University, Yantai, China.
| | - Yucui Dong
- Department of Immunology, Binzhou Medical University, Yantai, China.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zhong K, Luo W, Li N, Tan X, Li Y, Yin S, Huang Y, Fang L, Ma W, Cai Y, Yin Y. CDK12 regulates angiogenesis of advanced prostate cancer by IGFBP3. Int J Oncol 2024; 64:20. [PMID: 38186306 PMCID: PMC10783938 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2024.5608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/16/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a prevalent malignancy among men, with a majority of patients presenting with distant metastases at the time of initial diagnosis. These patients are at a heightened risk of developing more aggressive castration‑resistant PCa following androgen deprivation therapy, which poses a greater challenge for treatment. Notably, the inhibition of tumor angiogenesis should not be considered an ineffective treatment strategy. The regulatory role of CDK12 in transcriptional and post‑transcriptional processes is essential for the proper functioning of various cellular processes. In the present study, the expression of CDK12 was first knocked down in cells using CRISPR or siRNA technology. Subsequently, RNA‑seq analysis, co‑immunoprecipitation, western blotting, reverse transcription‑quantitative polymerase chain reaction and the LinkedOmics database were employed to reveal that CDK12 inhibits insulin like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP3). Western blot analysis also demonstrated that CDK12 promoted VEGFA expression by inhibiting IGFBP3, which involves the Akt signaling pathway. Then, CDK12 was found to promote PCa cell proliferation, cell migration and angiogenesis by inhibiting IGFBP3 through cell proliferation assays, cell migration assays and tube formation assays, respectively. Finally, animal experiments were performed for in vivo validation. It was concluded that CDK12 promoted PCa and its angiogenesis by inhibiting IGFBP3.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kun Zhong
- Department of Pathology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Wenwu Luo
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Nan Li
- Department of Nephrology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Xin Tan
- Department of Pathology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Yuqing Li
- Department of Pathology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Shiyuan Yin
- Department of Pathology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Yuhang Huang
- Department of Pathology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Linna Fang
- Department of Pathology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Wei Ma
- Department of Pathology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
| | - Yongping Cai
- Department of Pathology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230032, P.R. China
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| | - Yu Yin
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, Anhui 230022, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Baxter RC. Signaling Pathways of the Insulin-like Growth Factor Binding Proteins. Endocr Rev 2023; 44:753-778. [PMID: 36974712 PMCID: PMC10502586 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnad008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 01/25/2023] [Accepted: 03/15/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
Abstract
The 6 high-affinity insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBPs) are multifunctional proteins that modulate cell signaling through multiple pathways. Their canonical function at the cellular level is to impede access of insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 and IGF-2 to their principal receptor IGF1R, but IGFBPs can also inhibit, or sometimes enhance, IGF1R signaling either through their own post-translational modifications, such as phosphorylation or limited proteolysis, or by their interactions with other regulatory proteins. Beyond the regulation of IGF1R activity, IGFBPs have been shown to modulate cell survival, migration, metabolism, and other functions through mechanisms that do not appear to involve the IGF-IGF1R system. This is achieved by interacting directly or functionally with integrins, transforming growth factor β family receptors, and other cell-surface proteins as well as intracellular ligands that are intermediates in a wide range of pathways. Within the nucleus, IGFBPs can regulate the diverse range of functions of class II nuclear hormone receptors and have roles in both cell senescence and DNA damage repair by the nonhomologous end-joining pathway, thus potentially modifying the efficacy of certain cancer therapeutics. They also modulate some immune functions and may have a role in autoimmune conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis. IGFBPs have been proposed as attractive therapeutic targets, but their ubiquity in the circulation and at the cellular level raises many challenges. By understanding the diversity of regulatory pathways with which IGFBPs interact, there may still be therapeutic opportunities based on modulation of IGFBP-dependent signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert C Baxter
- Kolling Institute of Medical Research, University of Sydney, Royal North Shore Hospital,St Leonards, NSW 2065, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Tran PM, Tang SS, Salgado-Pabón W. Staphylococcus aureus β-Toxin Exerts Anti-angiogenic Effects by Inhibiting Re-endothelialization and Neovessel Formation. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:840236. [PMID: 35185854 PMCID: PMC8851161 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.840236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Staphylococcus aureus causes severe, life-threatening infections that often are complicated by severe local and systemic pathologies with non-healing lesions. A classic example is S. aureus infective endocarditis (IE), where the secreted hemolysin β-toxin potentiates the disease via its sphingomyelinase and biofilm ligase activities. Although these activities dysregulate human aortic endothelial cell activation, β-toxin effect on endothelial cell function in wound healing has not been addressed. With the use of the ex vivo rabbit aortic ring model, we provide evidence that β-toxin prevents branching microvessel formation, highlighting its ability to interfere with tissue re-vascularization and vascular repair. We show that β-toxin specifically targets both human aortic endothelial cell proliferation and cell migration and inhibits human umbilical vein endothelial cell rearrangement into capillary-like networks in vitro. Proteome arrays specific for angiogenesis-related molecules provided evidence that β-toxin promotes an inhibitory profile in endothelial cell monolayers, specifically targeting production of TIMP-1, TIMP-4, and IGFBP-3 to counter the effect of a pro-angiogenic environment. Dysregulation in the production of these molecules is known to result in sprouting defects (including deficient cell proliferation, migration, and survival), vessel instability and/or vascular regression. When endothelial cells are grown under re-endothelialization/wound healing conditions, β-toxin decreases the pro-angiogenic molecule MMP-8 and increases the anti-angiogenic molecule endostatin. Altogether, the data indicate that β-toxin is an anti-angiogenic virulence factor and highlight a mechanism where β-toxin exacerbates S. aureus invasive infections by interfering with tissue re-vascularization and vascular repair.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Phuong M Tran
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States.,Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Roy J. and Lucille A. Carver College of Medicine, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, United States
| | - Sharon S Tang
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| | - Wilmara Salgado-Pabón
- Department of Pathobiological Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, United States
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Lehman CE, Spencer A, Hall S, Shaw JJP, Wulfkuhle J, Petricoin EF, Bekiranov S, Jameson MJ, Gioeli D. IGF1R and Src inhibition induce synergistic cytotoxicity in HNSCC through inhibition of FAK. Sci Rep 2021; 11:10826. [PMID: 34031486 PMCID: PMC8144381 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-90289-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Head and neck cancer is the sixth most common cancer worldwide with a 5-year survival of only 65%. Targeting compensatory signaling pathways may improve therapeutic responses and combat resistance. Utilizing reverse phase protein arrays (RPPA) to assess the proteome and explore mechanisms of synergistic growth inhibition in HNSCC cell lines treated with IGF1R and Src inhibitors, BMS754807 and dasatinib, respectively, we identified focal adhesion signaling as a critical node. Focal Adhesion Kinase (FAK) and Paxillin phosphorylation were decreased as early as 15 min after treatment, and treatment with a FAK inhibitor, PF-562,271, was sufficient to decrease viability in vitro. Treatment of 3D spheroids demonstrated robust cytotoxicity suggesting that the combination of BMS754807 and dasatinib is effective in multiple experimental models. Furthermore, treatment with BMS754807 and dasatinib significantly decreased cell motility, migration, and invasion in multiple HNSCC cell lines. Most strikingly, treatment with BMS754807 and dasatinib, or a FAK inhibitor alone, significantly increased cleaved-PARP in human ex-vivo HNSCC patient tissues demonstrating a potential clinical utility for targeting FAK or the combined targeting of the IGF1R with Src. This ex-vivo result further confirms FAK as a vital signaling node of this combinatorial treatment and demonstrates therapeutic potential for targeting FAK in HNSCC patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine E Lehman
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Adam Spencer
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Sarah Hall
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Jeremy J P Shaw
- Department of Experimental Pathology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Julia Wulfkuhle
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Emanuel F Petricoin
- Center for Applied Proteomics and Molecular Medicine, George Mason University, Manassas, VA, USA
| | - Stefan Bekiranov
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Mark J Jameson
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
- UVA Cancer Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Daniel Gioeli
- Department of Microbiology Immunology and Cancer Biology, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, 22908, USA.
- UVA Cancer Center, University of Virginia School of Medicine, Charlottesville, VA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Wang SH, Chen YL, Hsiao JR, Tsai FY, Jiang SS, Lee AYL, Tsai HJ, Chen YW. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 promotes radiosensitivity of oral squamous cell carcinoma cells via positive feedback on NF-κB/IL-6/ROS signaling. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2021; 40:95. [PMID: 33712045 PMCID: PMC7955639 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-01898-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Ectopic insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP3) expression has been shown to enhance cell migration and lymph node metastasis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells. However, OSCC patients with high IGFBP3 expression had improved survival compared with those with low expression. Therefore, we speculated that IGFBP3 expression may play a role in response to conventional OSCC therapies, such as radiotherapy. Methods We used in vitro and in vivo analyses to explore IGFBP3-mediated radiosensitivity. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) detection by flow cytometry was used to confirm IGFBP3-mediated ionizing radiation (IR)-induced apoptosis. Geneset enrichment analysis (GSEA) and ingenuity pathway analysis (IPA) were used to analyze the relationship between IGFBP3 and nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) signaling. Assays involving an NF-κB inhibitor, ROS scavenger or interleukin 6 (IL-6) were used to evaluate the NF-κB/IL-6/ROS signaling in IGFBP3-mediated radiosensitivity. Results Ectopic IGFBP3 expression enhanced IR-induced cell-killing in vitro. In vivo, IGFBP3 reduced tumor growth and increased apoptotic signals of tumor tissues in immunocompromised mice treated with IR. Combined with IR, ectopic IGFBP3 expression induced mitochondria-dependent apoptosis, which was apparent through mitochondrial destruction and increased ROS production. Ectopic IGFBP3 expression enhanced NK-κB activation and downstream cytokine expression. After IR exposure, IGFBP3-induced NF-κB activation was inhibited by the ROS scavenger N-acetyl-L-cysteine (NAC). IGFBP3-mediated ROS production was reduced by the NF-κB inhibitor BMS-345541, while exogenous IL-6 rescued the NF-κB-inhibited, IGFBP3-mediated ROS production. Conclusions Our data demonstrate that IGFBP3, a potential biomarker for radiosensitivity, promotes IR-mediated OSCC cell death by increasing ROS production through NF-κB activation and cytokine production. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13046-021-01898-7.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ssu-Han Wang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, 35053, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Lin Chen
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, 35053, Taiwan
| | - Jenn-Ren Hsiao
- Department of Otolaryngology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Yu Tsai
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, 35053, Taiwan
| | - Shih Sheng Jiang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, 35053, Taiwan
| | - Alan Yueh-Luen Lee
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, 35053, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Jen Tsai
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Wen Chen
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, 35, Keyan Road, Zhunan Town, Miaoli County, 35053, Taiwan. .,Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Insulin-Like Growth Factor Binding Protein-3 Exerts Its Anti-Metastatic Effect in Aerodigestive Tract Cancers by Disrupting the Protein Stability of Vimentin. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13051041. [PMID: 33801272 PMCID: PMC7958122 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13051041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Local invasion and distal metastasis are the main causes of cancer-related death and the poor prognosis of patients with aerodigestive tract cancers. Therefore, understanding the biology of invasion and metastasis is important for the development of effective therapeutic strategies. The present study shows that insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) inhibits the migration and invasion of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) and head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) cells in vitro and the development of metastasized tumors in vivo. Mechanistic studies suggest vimentin as a cellular target for the antimetastatic effect of IGFBP-3. These results contribute to a better understanding on the regulation of metastasis of cancer cells, providing the rationale to utilize IGFBP-3 as an effective therapeutic strategy targeting migration and metastasis of aerodigestive tract cancers. Abstract The proapoptotic, antiangiogenic, and antimetastatic activities of insulin-like growth factor binding protein-3 (IGFBP-3) through IGF-dependent or -independent mechanisms have been suggested in various types of human cancers. However, a mechanistic explanation of and downstream targets involved in the antimetastatic effect of IGFBP-3 is still lacking. In this study, by applying various in vitro and in vivo models, we show that IGFBP-3 suppresses migration and invasion of human head and neck squamous carcinoma (HNSCC) and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) cells. Silencing IGFBP-3 expression elevated the migration and invasion of NSCLC and HNSCC cells in vitro and their local invasion and metastasis in vivo, whereas overexpression of IGFBP-3 decreased such prometastatic changes. Local invasion of 4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide (4-NQO)-induced HNSCC tumors was consistently significantly potentiated in Igfbp3 knockout mice compared with that in wild-type mice. Mechanistically, IGFBP-3 disrupted the protein stability of vimentin via direct binding and promoting its association with the E3 ligase FBXL14, causing proteasomal degradation. The C-terminal domain of IGFBP-3 and the head domain of vimentin are essential for their interaction. These results provide a molecular framework for IGFBP-3′s IGF-independent antimetastatic and antitumor activities.
Collapse
|
8
|
Jen HW, Gu DL, Lang YD, Jou YS. PSPC1 Potentiates IGF1R Expression to Augment Cell Adhesion and Motility. Cells 2020; 9:cells9061490. [PMID: 32570949 PMCID: PMC7349238 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Revised: 06/06/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Paraspeckle protein 1 (PSPC1) overexpression in cancers is known to be the pro-metastatic switch of tumor progression associated with poor prognosis of cancer patients. However, the detail molecular mechanisms to facilitate cancer cell migration remain elusive. Here, we conducted integrated analysis of human phospho-kinase antibody array, transcriptome analysis with RNA-seq, and proteomic analysis of protein pulldown to study the molecular detail of PSPC1-potentiated phenotypical transformation, adhesion, and motility in human hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. We found that PSPC1 overexpression re-assembles and augments stress fiber formations to promote recruitment of focal adhesion contacts at the protruding edge to facilitate cell migration. PSPC1 activated focal adhesion-associated kinases especially FAK/Src signaling to enhance cell adhesion and motility toward extracellular matrix (ECM). Integrated transcriptome and gene set enrichment analysis indicated that PSPC1 modulated receptor tyrosine kinase IGF1R involved in the focal adhesion pathway and induction of diverse integrins expression. Knockdown IGF1R expression and treatment of IGF1R inhibitor suppressed PSPC1-induced cell motility. Interestingly, knockdown PSPC1-interacted paraspeckle components including NONO, FUS, and the lncRNA Neat1 abolished PSPC1-activated IGF1R expression. Together, PSPC1 overexpression induced focal adhesion formation and facilitated cell motility via activation of IGF1R signaling. PSPC1 overexpression in tumors could be a potential biomarker of target therapy with IGF1R inhibitor for improvement of HCC therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Wei Jen
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan;
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (D.-L.G.); (Y.-D.L.)
| | - De-Leung Gu
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (D.-L.G.); (Y.-D.L.)
| | - Yaw-Dong Lang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (D.-L.G.); (Y.-D.L.)
| | - Yuh-Shan Jou
- Graduate Institute of Life Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan;
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei 11529, Taiwan; (D.-L.G.); (Y.-D.L.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Lazarovici P, Marcinkiewicz C, Lelkes PI. Cell-Based Adhesion Assays for Isolation of Snake Venom's Integrin Antagonists. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2068:205-223. [PMID: 31576530 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9845-6_11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Snake venoms could lead to the development of new drugs to treat a range of life-threatening conditions like cardiovascular diseases. Most snake venoms contain a large variety of lethal toxins as well as anti-adhesive proteins such as disintegrins, which have evolved from the harmless compounds ADAMs (proteins with a disintegrin and a metalloprotease domain) and C-type lectin proteins which disturb connective tissue and cell-matrix interaction. These anti-adhesive proteins target and block integrin receptors and disrupt normal biological processes in snakes' prey such as connective tissue physiology and blood clotting. This chapter provides the experimental details of a practical, cell-based adhesion protocol to help identify and isolate disintegrins and C-type lectin proteins from snake venoms, important tools in integrin research and lead compounds for drug discovery.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Philip Lazarovici
- Faculty of Medicine, School of Pharmacy, Institute for Drug Research, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Cezary Marcinkiewicz
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Peter I Lelkes
- Department of Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Slater T, Haywood NJ, Matthews C, Cheema H, Wheatcroft SB. Insulin-like growth factor binding proteins and angiogenesis: from cancer to cardiovascular disease. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2019; 46:28-35. [PMID: 30954375 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2019.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Angiogenesis is a tightly regulated activity that is vital during embryonic development and for normal physiological repair processes and reproduction in healthy adults. Pathological angiogenesis is a driving force behind a variety of diseases including cancer and retinopathies, and inhibition of angiogenesis is a therapeutic option that has been the subject of much research, with several inhibitory agents now available for medical therapy. Conversely, therapeutic angiogenesis has been mooted as having significant potential in the treatment of ischemic conditions such as angina pectoris and peripheral arterial disease, but so far there has been less translation from lab to bedside. The insulin-like growth factor binding proteins (IGFBP) are a family of seven proteins essential for the binding and transport of the insulin-like growth factors (IGF). It is being increasingly recognised that IGFBPs have a significant role beyond simply modulating IGF activity, with evidence of both IGF dependent and independent actions through a variety of mechanisms. Moreover, the action of the IGFBPs can be stimulatory or inhibitory depending on the cell type and environment. Specifically the IGFBPs have been heavily implicated in angiogenesis, both pathological and physiological, and they have significant promise as targeted cell therapy agents for both pathological angiogenesis inhibition and therapeutic angiogenesis following ischemic injury. In this short review we will explore the current understanding of the individual impact of each IGFBP on angiogenesis, and the pathways through which these effects occur.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Slater
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie J Haywood
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Connor Matthews
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Harneet Cheema
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen B Wheatcroft
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Leeds, United Kingdom.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Mori H, Hamamura K, Yo S, Hamajima K, Ootani K, Honda M, Ishizuka K, Kondo H, Tanaka K, Kodama D, Hirai T, Miyazawa K, Goto S, Togari A. Conditioned medium from rat dental pulp reduces the number of osteoclasts via attenuation of adhesiveness in osteoclast precursors. J Oral Sci 2018; 60:352-359. [PMID: 29984785 DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.17-0342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Abstract
Dental pulp is known to play crucial roles in homeostasis of teeth and periodontal tissue. Although resorption of bone around the roots of nonvital teeth is occasionally observed in clinical practice, little is known about the role of dental pulp in osteoclastogenesis. Here we evaluated the effects of conditioned medium (CM) from rat dental pulp on osteoclastogenesis. It was found that the CM reduced the number of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP)-positive multinucleated osteoclasts, but did not alter the mRNA levels of nuclear factor of activated T-cells, cytoplasmic 1 and TRAP. To further understand the mechanism behind these results, we evaluated the effects of CM on osteoclast precursors and found that the CM removed cell processes, resulting in a significant reduction in the number of attached cells and an increase in the number of freely floating cells. Furthermore, the CM suppressed the mRNA levels of focal adhesion kinase and paxillin, which are involved in cell adhesiveness and spreading. Collectively, the present results show that CM from dental pulp serves as an inhibitor of osteoclastogenesis by reducing the number and adhesiveness of osteoclast precursors, suggesting novel therapeutic applicability for osteoporosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hironori Mori
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University.,Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University
| | - Kazunori Hamamura
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University
| | - Shoyoku Yo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University.,Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University
| | - Kosuke Hamajima
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University.,Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University
| | | | - Masaki Honda
- Department of Oral Anatomy, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University
| | - Kyoko Ishizuka
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University
| | - Hisataka Kondo
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University
| | - Kenjiro Tanaka
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University
| | - Daisuke Kodama
- Laboratory of Neuropharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University
| | - Takao Hirai
- Laboratory of Medical Resources, School of Pharmacy, Aichi Gakuin University
| | - Ken Miyazawa
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University
| | - Shigemi Goto
- Department of Orthodontics, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University
| | - Akifumi Togari
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Aziz A, Haywood NJ, Cordell PA, Smith J, Yuldasheva NY, Sengupta A, Ali N, Mercer BN, Mughal RS, Riches K, Cubbon RM, Porter KE, Kearney MT, Wheatcroft SB. Insulinlike Growth Factor-Binding Protein-1 Improves Vascular Endothelial Repair in Male Mice in the Setting of Insulin Resistance. Endocrinology 2018; 159:696-709. [PMID: 29186427 PMCID: PMC5776633 DOI: 10.1210/en.2017-00572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 11/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Insulin resistance is associated with impaired endothelial regeneration in response to mechanical injury. We recently demonstrated that insulinlike growth factor-binding protein-1 (IGFBP1) ameliorated insulin resistance and increased nitric oxide generation in the endothelium. In this study, we hypothesized that IGFBP1 would improve endothelial regeneration and restore endothelial reparative functions in the setting of insulin resistance. In male mice heterozygous for deletion of insulin receptors, endothelial regeneration after femoral artery wire injury was enhanced by transgenic expression of human IGFBP1 (hIGFBP1). This was not explained by altered abundance of circulating myeloid angiogenic cells. Incubation of human endothelial cells with hIGFBP1 increased integrin expression and enhanced their ability to adhere to and repopulate denuded human saphenous vein ex vivo. In vitro, induction of insulin resistance by tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) significantly inhibited endothelial cell migration and proliferation. Coincubation with hIGFBP1 restored endothelial migratory and proliferative capacity. At the molecular level, hIGFBP1 induced phosphorylation of focal adhesion kinase, activated RhoA and modulated TNFα-induced actin fiber anisotropy. Collectively, the effects of hIGFBP1 on endothelial cell responses and acceleration of endothelial regeneration in mice indicate that manipulating IGFBP1 could be exploited as a putative strategy to improve endothelial repair in the setting of insulin resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Amir Aziz
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine and Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie J Haywood
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine and Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Paul A Cordell
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine and Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Jess Smith
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine and Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Nadira Y Yuldasheva
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine and Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Anshuman Sengupta
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine and Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Noman Ali
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine and Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Ben N Mercer
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine and Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Romana S Mughal
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine and Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Kirsten Riches
- School of Chemistry and Biosciences, University of Bradford, Bradford, United Kingdom
| | - Richard M Cubbon
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine and Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Karen E Porter
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine and Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Mark T Kearney
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine and Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen B Wheatcroft
- Leeds Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine and Multidisciplinary Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Leeds, Leeds, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Yang L, Hu S, Tan J, Zhang X, Yuan W, Wang Q, Xu L, Liu J, Liu Z, Jia Y, Huang X. Pregnancy-specific glycoprotein 9 (PSG9), a driver for colorectal cancer, enhances angiogenesis via activation of SMAD4. Oncotarget 2018; 7:61562-61574. [PMID: 27528036 PMCID: PMC5308672 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.11146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
PSG9 is a member of the pregnancy-specific glycoprotein (PSG) family and has been shown to contribute to the progression of colorectal cancer (CRC) and cancer-related angiogenesis. Here, we aim to investigate abnormal PSG9 levels in patients with CRC and to emphasize the role of PSG9 in driving tumorigenesis. Serum from 140 patients with CRC and 125 healthy controls as well as 74 paired tumors and adjacent normal tissue were used to determine PSG9 levels. We discovered that PSG9 was significantly increased in serum (P<0.001) and in tumor tissues (P<0.001) from patients with CRC. Interestingly, the increased PSG9 levels correlated with poor survival (P=0.009) and microvessel density (MVD) (P=0.034). The overexpression of PSG9 strongly promoted the proliferation and migration of HCT-116 and HT-29 cells. However, PSG9 depletion inhibited the proliferation of SW-480 cells. Using a human umbilical vein endothelial cell tube-forming assay, we found that PSG9 promoted angiogenesis. The overexpression of PSG9 also increased the growth of tumor xenografts in nude mice. Co-immunoprecipitation experiments revealed that PSG9 was bound to SMAD4. The PSG9/SMAD4 complex recruited cytoplasmic SMAD2/3 to form a complex, which enhanced SMAD4 nuclear retention. The PSG9 and SMAD4 complex activated the expression of multiple angiogenesis-related genes (included IGFBP-3, PDGF-AA, GM-CSF, and VEGFA). Together, our findings illustrate the innovative mechanism by which PSG9 drives the progression of CRC and tumor angiogenesis. This occurs via nuclear translocation of PSG9/SMAD4, which activates angiogenic cytokines. Therefore, our study may provide evidence for novel treatment strategies by targeting PSG9 in antiangiogenic cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lei Yang
- Medical Research Center, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Shusheng Hu
- Clinical Laboratory Department, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute and Hospital, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Jinjing Tan
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xiaojing Zhang
- Oncology Department, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Wen Yuan
- Medical Research Center, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Qian Wang
- Oncology Department, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Lingling Xu
- Oncology Department, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Jian Liu
- Medical Research Center, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Zheng Liu
- Medical Research Center, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yanjun Jia
- Medical Research Center, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoxi Huang
- Medical Research Center, Beijing Chaoyang Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Bibes R, Gobron S, Vincent F, Mélin C, Vedrenne N, Perraud A, Labrousse F, Jauberteau MO, Lalloué F. SCO-spondin oligopeptide inhibits angiogenesis in glioblastoma. Oncotarget 2017; 8:85969-85983. [PMID: 29156770 PMCID: PMC5689660 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.20837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Angiogenesis plays a critical role in glioblastoma growth and progression. We therefore aimed at evaluating the anti-angiogenic properties of an oligopeptide originating from SCO-spondin (NX) on a model of human glioblastoma. To this end, we studied the impact of NX treatment on human brain endothelial cells (HBMECs) alone or co-cultured with glioblastoma cells (U87-MG) on apoptosis, proliferation, migration and release of angiogenic factors. We further investigated the anti-angiogenic potential of NX on human glioblastoma cells grown on chorio-allantoic membrane (CAM) or in glioblastoma xenografts. The results of our experiments showed that NX treatment impaired the microvascular network and induced a decrease in cell proliferation, vascularization and tumor growth in the CAM model as well as in xenotransplants. Interestingly, our in vitro experiments showed that NX impairs HBMECs migration but also regulates the release of angiogenic factors from U87-MG. These results are confirmed by the profiling of NX-treated U87-MG grown on CAM that highlighted modifications of several genes involved in angiogenesis. In conclusion, NX inhibits tumorigenesis by impairing the ability of glioblastoma cells to induce angiogenesis and by inhibiting endothelial cell migration. This molecule might therefore be an interesting candidate for future cancer therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Romain Bibes
- EA3842 Cellular Homeostasis and Diseases, University of Limoges, Faculty of Medicine, 87025 Limoges Cedex, France
| | - Stéphane Gobron
- Neuronax, Biopôle Clermont-Limagne, 63360 Saint-Beauzire, France
| | - François Vincent
- EA3842 Cellular Homeostasis and Diseases, University of Limoges, Faculty of Medicine, 87025 Limoges Cedex, France.,Limoges University Hospital, Department of Physiological Functional Investigation, 87042 Limoges Cedex, France
| | - Carole Mélin
- EA3842 Cellular Homeostasis and Diseases, University of Limoges, Faculty of Medicine, 87025 Limoges Cedex, France
| | - Nicolas Vedrenne
- EA3842 Cellular Homeostasis and Diseases, University of Limoges, Faculty of Medicine, 87025 Limoges Cedex, France
| | - Aurélie Perraud
- EA3842 Cellular Homeostasis and Diseases, University of Limoges, Faculty of Medicine, 87025 Limoges Cedex, France.,Limoges University Hospital, Department of Digestive Surgery, 87042 Limoges Cedex, France
| | - Francois Labrousse
- EA3842 Cellular Homeostasis and Diseases, University of Limoges, Faculty of Medicine, 87025 Limoges Cedex, France.,Limoges University Hospital, Department of Pathology, 87042 Limoges Cedex, France
| | - Marie-Odile Jauberteau
- EA3842 Cellular Homeostasis and Diseases, University of Limoges, Faculty of Medicine, 87025 Limoges Cedex, France.,Limoges University Hospital, Department of Immunology, 87042 Limoges Cedex, France
| | - Fabrice Lalloué
- EA3842 Cellular Homeostasis and Diseases, University of Limoges, Faculty of Medicine, 87025 Limoges Cedex, France
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Yen YC, Hsiao JR, Jiang SS, Chang JS, Wang SH, Shen YY, Chen CH, Chang IS, Chang JY, Chen YW. Insulin-like growth factor-independent insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 promotes cell migration and lymph node metastasis of oral squamous cell carcinoma cells by requirement of integrin β1. Oncotarget 2016; 6:41837-55. [PMID: 26540630 PMCID: PMC4747192 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Frequent metastasis to the cervical lymph nodes leads to poor survival of patients with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). To understand the underlying mechanisms of lymph node metastasis, two sublines were successfully isolated from cervical lymph nodes of nude mice through in vivo selection, and identified as originating from poorly metastatic parental cells. These two sublines specifically metastasized to cervical lymph nodes in 83% of mice, whereas OEC-M1 cells did not metastasize after injection into the oral cavity. After gene expression analysis, we identified insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 (IGFBP3) as one of the significantly up-regulated genes in the sublines in comparison with their parental cells. Consistently, meta-analysis of the public microarray datasets and IGFBP3 immunohistochemical analysis revealed increased both levels of IGFBP3 mRNA and protein in human OSCC tissues when compared to normal oral or adjacent nontumorous tissues. Interestingly, the up-regulated IGFBP3 mRNA expression was significantly associated with OSCC patients with lymph node metastasis. IGFBP3 knockdown in the sublines impaired and ectopic IGFBP3 expression in the parental cells promoted migration, transendothelial migration and lymph node metastasis of orthotopic transplantation. Additionally, ectopic expression of IGFBP3 with an IGF-binding defect sustained the IGFBP3-enhanced biological functions. Results indicated that IGFBP3 regulates metastasis-related functions of OSCC cells through an IGF-independent mechanism. Furthermore, exogenous IGFBP3 was sufficient to induce cell motility and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) activation. The silencing of integrin β1 was able to impair exogenous IGFBP3-mediated migration and ERK phosphorylation, suggesting a critical role of integrin β1 in IGFBP3-enchanced functions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Chen Yen
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Jenn-Ren Hsiao
- Department of Otolaryngology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shih Sheng Jiang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Jeffrey S Chang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ssu-Han Wang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Ying Shen
- Pathology Core Laboratory, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Hsing Chen
- Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - I-Shou Chang
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan.,Institute of Population Health Sciences, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan
| | - Jang-Yang Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, College of Medicine, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Ya-Wen Chen
- National Institute of Cancer Research, National Health Research Institutes, Miaoli, Taiwan.,Graduate Institute of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|